《计算机专业英语》课件 Unit 2 Computer Hardware

Lesson1ComputerComponentsLesson2ComputerPeripheralsLesson3BuyaComputerUnit2ComputerHardware85Lesson1ComputerComponentsStartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask86StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask871.Whatarethemaincomponentsofacomputer?Usethewordsfromtheboxandcompletethefollowingblanks.StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask882.Readthefollowingarticleandtalkwithyourpartneraboutthemaincomponentsofacomputer.Youcanusethefollowingwordsifnecessary.StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask89AnOverviewofComputerComponentsAcomputerismadeupofseveralkeycomponentsthatworktogethertoperformvariousfunctions.Eachcomponentplaysaspecificroleintheoveralloperationofthecomputer.Herearethemaincomponents.CentralProcessingUnit

(CPU)Thecentralprocessingunit(CPU),alsoknownasthecentralprocessor,isthe“brain”ofthecomputer.Itperformscalculationsandexecutesinstructions.ThespeedandperformanceoftheCPUdeterminehowquicklythecomputercanprocessdata.StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask90MemoryTherandomaccessmemory(RAM)isatypeofcomputermemorythatallowsdatatobereadandwrittenquickly.ItisusedtostoredataandinstructionsthattheCPUneedstoaccessfrequently.ThemoreRAMacomputerhas,themoretasksitcanhandlesimultaneously.HardDiskDrive

(HDD)The

harddiskdrive(HDD)isamagneticdata-storagedevicethatusesspinningdisksandmovingheadstoreadandwritedigitalinformation.Itofferslargecapacityatlowcostbutisslowerthansolidstatedisk(SSD).s.StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask91MotherboardThemotherboardisthemaincircuitboardofthecomputer.Itconnectsallthecomponentstogetherandallowsthemtocommunicatewitheachother.ItincludessocketsfortheCPU,memory,andexpansioncardsaswellasportsforconnectingperipherals.GraphicsCardThegraphicscardisresponsibleforrenderingimagesandvideosonthescreen.Itprocessesgraphicaldataandsendsittothemonitor.High-performancegraphicscardsareessentialforgamingandprofessionalgraphicsapplications.StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask92PowerSupplyUnit

(PSU)Thepowersupplyunit(PSU)providespowertoallthecomponentsofthecomputer.ItconvertstheACpowerfromthewalloutletintotheDCpowerneededbythecomputer’scomponents.AreliablePSUiscrucialforthestabilityandlongevityofthecomputer.StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask93PeripheralsPeripheralsareexternaldevicesthatconnecttothecomputertoenhanceitsfunctionality.Commonperipheralsincludemonitors,keyboards,mice,printers,andspeakers.CoolingSystemThecoolingsystem,whichincludesfansandheatsinks,helpstodissipateheatgeneratedbytheCPUandothercomponents.Propercoolingisessentialtopreventoverheatingandensurethecomputerrunssmoothly.StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask943.Usethewordsfromtheboxandcompletethefollowingblanks.1)The

isoftencalledthe“brain”ofthecomputer.2)Therandomaccessmemory(RAM)isatypeofcomputer

thatallowsdatatobereadandwrittenquickly.3)Theharddiskdrive(HDD)offerslarge

atlowcostbutisslowerthansolidstatedisk(SSD).4)Themotherboard

allthecomponentstogetherandallowsthemtocommunicatewitheachother.StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask951.Whatspecificmethodscanbeusedtomakeacomputerrunfaster?Youcanusethefollowingwordsifnecessary.StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask962.Listentothedialogueandfillintheblankswiththegivensentences.LiHuaandhisforeignfriendTomaretalkingaboutupgradingacomputer.(L=LiHua,T=Tom)T:Hey,LiHua!Iheardyou’rethinkingaboutupgradingyourcomputer.1)L:Yeah,Iwanttomakemycomputerfaster,butIdon’tknowwheretostart.2)T:Well,themostcommonupgradesaretheCPU,RAM,andstorage.Ifyouwantbetterperformance,upgradingtheCPUwouldbeagoodchoice.Butitcanbeexpensive.L:HowaboutRAM?I’veheardthatmoreRAMcanmakeabigdifference.StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask97T:That’strue.AddingmoreRAMcandefinitelyhelp,especiallyifyourunmultipleapplicationsatthesametime.It’salsorelativelycheapandeasytoinstall.L:Whataboutstorage?IhaveatraditionalHDD,butI’veheardSSDsaremuchfaster.T:Absolutely!AnSSDcansignificantlyspeedupyourcomputer’sboottimeandoverallperformance.Plus,they’rebecomingmoreaffordablethesedays.L:3)

Butwhataboutcompatibility?HowdoIknowiftheseupgradeswillworkwithmycurrentcomputer?StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask98T:Goodquestion.Youneedtocheckyourmotherboard’sspecificationstomakesurethenewcomponentsarecompatible.Also,4)installedforanynewhardware.L:Thanks,Tom!IthinkI’llstartwiththeRAMandSSD.Theyseemliketheeasiestupgradestodo.T:5)

Ifyouneedanyhelp,justletmeknow.Goodluck!L:Thanks!I’lldefinitelyreachoutifIgetstuck.StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask993.Learnaboutthelanguage.1)HowaboutRAM?随机存储器怎么样呢？Howabout...?:提出建议或询问对方意见。2)WhatshouldIupgradefirst?我应该先升级什么？shoulddo:应该做某事，常用于需要指导或建议时。3)Ifyouwantbetterperformance,upgradingtheCPUwouldbeagoodchoice.如果你想要更好的性能，升级CPU会是个不错的选择。本句是if引导的条件句，用来给出基于某个目标的具体建议。StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask1004)Youneedtocheckyourmotherboard’sspecificationstomakesurethenewcomponentsarecompatible.你需要检查主板的规格说明，确保新部件能够兼容。needtodo:

需要做某事，表示直接的建议，强调某件事情是必要的或必需的。StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask101StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask1021.WhatarethekeystepstoassembleadesktopPC?Youcanusethefollowingwordsifnecessary.StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask1032.ReadthefollowingarticleandtalkwithyourpartneraboutthekeystepstoassembleabasicdesktopPC.HowtoAssembleaBasicDesktopPCIntroductionAssemblingabasicdesktopPCislikebuildingaLegomodel.Itmightlookdifficult,butit’sactuallyfunandeasyifyoufollowthesteps.Inthispart,wewilllearnhowtoputtogetherasimplecomputer.Beforeyoustart,makesureyouhaveallthepartsandtoolsready.StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask104Step-by-StepGuide1)PreparetheComputerCaseOpenthecomputercasebyremovingthesidepanel.Usually,youneedascrewdrivertotakeoutthescrews.Putontheanti-staticwristbandandconnectittothecomputercase.Thishelpsprotectthepartsfromstaticelectricity.StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask1052)InstalltheMotherboardFindthemotherboardstandoffs(littlemetalpieces)insidethecase.Thesearelikesmalllegsthatholdupthemotherboard.Screwthestandoffsintothecase.Carefullyplacethemotherboardontopofthestandoffsandscrewitin.Begentle!StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask1063)InstalltheCPUFindtheCPUsocketonthemotherboard(itlookslikeasmallsquarewithacover).LiftthecoverandputtheCPUingently.Itonlyfitsoneway,sodon’tforceit.Closethecoverandlockit.StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask1074)InstalltheRAMFindtheRAMslotsonthemotherboard(theylooklikelittletracks).PushtheRAMstickintotheslotuntilitclicks.Youmightneedtopushdownonbothsides.5)InstalltheStorageDriveFindthedrivebaysinthecase(theylooklikelittledrawers).Slidethestoragedrive(HDDorSSD)intothebayandscrewitin.ConnectaSATAcablefromthemotherboardtothedriveandanothercablefromthepowersupplyunit.StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask1086)InstallthePowerSupplyUnitPutthepowersupplyunitinthebackofthecaseandscrewitin.Connectthebigcablefromthepowersupplyunittothemotherboard.Connectothercablestothestoragedriveandotherparts.7)ClosetheCaseMakesureallthecablesaretidyandnotblockinganything.Closethecaseandscrewitshut.StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask1098)TurnOnthePowerSupplyUnitPlugthepowercableintothepowersupplyunitandturniton.Pressthepowerbuttononthecase.Ifeverythingisconnectedcorrectly,youshouldseesomethingonthescreen!StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask1103.Discussthefollowingquestionsingroups.1)WhatarethemainpartsyouneedtoassembleabasicdesktopPC?StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask1112)ArrangethefollowingstepsinthecorrectorderforassemblingabasicdesktopPC:

.A.InstallthestoragedriveB.InstalltheCPUC.InstalltheRAMD.InstallthepowersupplyunitE.InstallthemotherboardStartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask1121.Readthefollowingarticleanddiscusswithyourpartner.TheCoolStoryofKeyboardsThekeyboard’sjourneybeganinthe1800swiththeinventionofthetypewriter.ThefirstpracticaltypewriterwaspatentedbyChristopherLathamSholesin1868.ThisearlytypewritingmachineintroducedtheQWERTYkeyboardlayout—thesameletterarrangementwestillusetoday!StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask113Atfirstglance,theQWERTYlayoutseemsrandom.Butthere’sacleverreasonbehindit:thelettersweredeliberatelymixeduptoslowtypistsdown.Earlytypewritershadmechanicalarmsthatwouldjamifpeopletypedtoofast.Byplacingcommonlyusedletterpairs(like“th”or“st”)farapart,theQWERTYlayouthelpedpreventjamsandkeptthemachinerunningsmoothly.Interestingly,eventhoughmodernkeyboardsdon’thavethismechanicalproblemanymore,theQWERTYdesignstuckaround.Itbecamesopopularthatnearlyeverycomputerandphonekeyboardstillusesittoday—provingthatsomeinventionsfromthepastareheretostay!StartingUpListeningandSpeakingReadingExtendedTask1142.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).1)TheQWERTYkeyboardlayoutwasdesignedtohelptypiststypefaster.()2)ChristopherLathamSholespatentedthefirstpracticaltypewriterin1868.()3)ModernkeyboardsstillusetheQWERTYlayouteventhoughtheydon’thavemechanicaljammingissues.()4)TheQWERTYlayoutplacescommonlyusedletterpairsclosetogether.()Lesson2ComputerPeripheralsStartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask115StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask1161.Whatcomputerperipheralsdoyouuse?Whataretheirfunctions?Youcanusethefollowingwordsifnecessary.StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask1172.Readthefollowingarticleanddiscusswithyourpartnertherolesofdifferentperipherals.AnOverviewofComputerPeripheralsComputerperipheralsareexternaldevicesconnectedtoacomputertoenhanceitsfunctionality.Theycanbecategorizedintoinputdevices,outputdevices,andstoragedevices.Herearesomecommonperipherals.StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask118KeyboardandMouseThesearethemostbasicinputdevices.Akeyboardallowsuserstotypetextandexecutecommands,whileamouseenablespointingandclickingfornavigation.Modernversionsoftenfeaturewireless(e.g.,BluetoothorWi-Fi)connectivityandergonomicdesignsforcomfort.MonitorAmonitorisanessentialoutputdevicethatdisplaysvisualinformation.Keyfeaturesincluderesolution(e.g.,1080por4K)andscreensize.High-resolutionmonitorsprovideclearerandmoredetailedimages.StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask119PrinterAstypicaloutputdevices,printersproducephysicalcopiesofdigitaldocuments.Theycomeindifferenttypes,suchasinkjetprintersorlaserprinters,andofferdifferentprintingspeedsandcompatibilitieswithvariouspapersizes.ExternalHardDiskDriveThisstoragedeviceexpandsacomputer’sstoragecapacity.ItconnectsviaUSBorotherinterfacesandisusefulforbackingupimportantdata.StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask120WebcamandMicrophoneTheseperipheralsarecrucialforremotecommunications.Awebcamcapturesvideo,whileamicrophonerecordsaudio,makingthemidealforvideocallsandonlinemeetings.StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask1213.Identifyandwritethenameofeachcomputerperipheraldisplayedinthepictures.StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask1221.Whatarethefunctionsofcommoncomputerperipherals?Youcanusethefollowingwordsifnecessary.StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask1232.Fillintheblankswiththegivensentencesandpracticethedialoguewithyourpartner.LiHuaandhisforeignfriendTomaretalkingaboutcomputerperipherals.(L=LiHua,T=Tom)StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask124L:Hey,Tom!Doyouknowwhatcomputerperipheralsare?T:Yes,theyaredevicesthatareconnectedtoacomputertoenhanceitsfunctionality.L:Right.Let’stalkaboutinputdevicesfirst.Whataresomecommoninputdevices?T:Well,thekeyboardandmousearethemostbasicones.1)L:Exactly.Andthereisalsothescanner.Itisveryusefulfordigitizingdocuments.StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask125T:Yes,itmakesiteasytoconvertphysicaldocumentsintodigitalformat.2)L:Outputdevicesareequallyimportant.Themonitorallowsustoseewhatwearedoingonthecomputer.T:Andtheprinterisessentialforproducingphysicalcopiesofdocuments.Itisveryconvenientforofficeworkandschoolassignments.StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask126L:Don’tforgetthespeakersandheadphones.Theyprovideuswithsoundoutput.3)

likewatchingmoviesorlisteningtomusic.T:Iagree.Theymakethecomputerexperiencemoreenjoyable.4)L:Absolutely.Computerperipheralsplayasignificantroleinourdailyuseofcomputers.Theymakeworking,studying,andentertainmentmoreconvenientandefficient.T:5)

StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask1273.Learnaboutthelanguage.1)Theyhelpusinputinformationintothecomputer.它们帮助我们将信息输入到计算机中。helpsb.dosth.:

帮助某人做某事。2)Theymakethecomputerexperiencemoreenjoyable.它们使计算机的使用体验变得更加愉快。make...+adj.:

使……变得……。StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask1281.Whatarethemainstagesinthedevelopmentofcomputerperipherals?Youcanusethefollowingwordsifnecessary.StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask1292.Readthefollowingarticleandsharethekeyinformationwithyourpartner.ABriefHistoryofComputerPeripheralsIntheearlydaysofcomputing,peripheralswerebasicandlimitedinfunctionality.Thefirstcomputerkeyboards,inspiredbytypewriters,werebulkyandhadonlyessentialkeys.Earlymice,introducedinthe1960s,werelargemechanicaldeviceswithlimitedprecision.Printers,suchasdot-matrixmodels,wereslowandproducedlow-resolution,monochromeoutput.StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask130Astechnologyadvanced,peripheralsunderwentsignificantimprovements.Keyboardsbecamemoreergonomic,withaddedfunctionkeysandcustomizablelayouts.Miceevolvedintoopticalandlasermodels,offeringgreateraccuracy,andwirelessversionseliminatedcableclutter.Printerssawmajorupgrades—inkjetandlaserprintersdeliveredcolor,high-definitionprintsatmuchfasterspeeds.StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask131Beyondtraditionalperipherals,newdevicesemerged.Scannerstransitionedfromslow,low-resolutionunitstohigh-speed,high-definitionmodelscapableofdigitizingdocumentsefficiently.Audioperipherals,likeheadphonesandspeakers,becamemoreportableanddeliveredsuperiorsoundqualitywithnoise-cancellingorsurround-soundfeatures.Multifunctionaldevices,suchasall-in-oneprinterscombiningprinting,scanning,andcopying,gainedpopularity.StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask132Today,computerperipheralscontinuetoevolvewithcutting-edgeinnovations.WirelessandBluetooth-enableddevicesdominatethemarket,offeringgreaterconvenience.Someperipheralsnowincorporateartificialintelligence,enablingfeatureslikevoicerecognition,adaptivelighting,andsmartautomation.Astechnologyprogresses,peripheralswilllikelybecomeevenmoreintegrated,intuitive,andessentialtofuturecomputingexperiences.StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask1333.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).1)Thefirstkeyboardswereverycomplexandhadmanykeys.()2)Micehavebecomesmallerandmorepreciseovertime.()3)Printerscannowprintincolorandproducehigh-definitionprints.()4)Scannerscanonlyscandocumentsatlowspeed.()5)Wirelessperipheralsarebecominglesspopular.()6)Someperipheralsareintegratingwithartificialintelligence.()StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask1341.Researchacomputerperipheralandpresentitsfeaturesandbenefits.Example:1)Noise-cancellingHeadphones—Features:Wireless,longbatterylife,high-qualityaudio.—Benefits:Enhancesfocus,idealforremotework.2)ErgonomicVerticalMouse—Features:Verticaldesign,programmablebuttons,wirelessconnectivity,silentclick.—Benefits:PreventsRSI(repetitivestraininjury),precisioncontrol,widecompatibility,travel-friendly.StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask1352.Doyouknowthelogosofthesecomputerperipheralbrands?1)____________(Logitech)2)____________(Razer)3)____________(Canon)Lesson3BuyaComputerStartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask1361371.Readandunderstandthefollowingwords.StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask1382.Fillinthetablewiththecorrectitems.StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask1391.Whenareyougoingtobuyacomputer?Youcanusethefollowingwordsifnecessary.StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask1402.Fillintheblankswiththegivensentencesandpracticethedialoguewithyourpartner.LiHuaandhisforeignfriendTomaretalkingaboutbuyingacomputer.(L=LiHua,T=Tom)StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask141L:Hi,Tom!Iwanttobuyacomputerformystudies.I’vebeenlookingaroundbuttherearesomanyoptions,andIreallydon’tknowwheretostart.1)T:Hey,LiHua!Sure,I’dbehappytohelp.Buyingacomputercanbetrickyifyoudon’thaveaclearideaofwhatyouneed.First,youshouldthinkabouttwo“hows”.L:Two“hows”?Whatarethey?T:2)

That’sthefirstone.Thesecondishowmuchyoucanspendonit.Thesetwowillnarrowdownyourchoicesalot.StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask142L:First,Iwilluseitformystudies.Like,Ineedtowritepapers,doresearchonline,andmaybesomecourse-relatedsoftware.T:Itdependsonwhatyouwillstudy.Youknow,differentmajorshavedifferentdemands.3)

eachsuitedfordifferenttasks.Low-gradeisusedforbasicstufflikewordprocessing,internetbrowsing,andwatchingvideos;middle-gradecanhandlemoderatemultimediawork,digitalphotographyediting,andevensomesimple3Dgraphics;high-gradeisforheavy-dutytaskslikeCADdesign,professionalvideoeditingapplications,andsomehigh-endonlinegamesthatneedstrongperformance.StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask143L:4)

SoifIneedamiddle-gradeone,it’llcostmorethanalow-gradebutlessthanahigh-grade?T:That’sright.Thepriceusuallygoesupwiththeperformance.Thenyoushouldconsiderhowmuchyoucanspend.L:Isee.MymajorisInformationTechnologyMultimedia,soIthinkI’llneedsomethingthatcanhandlemultimediaprojectssmoothly.Myparentscangiveme5,000yuan.CanyouhelpmechooseonefromtheDellwebsite?T:5)

I’mfamiliarwithDell’smodels.Iwillsearchthewebsite,checkthespecsthatfityourneedsandbudget,andletyouknowlater.Maybewecancompareacoupleofoptionstogether.StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask1443.Learnaboutthelanguage.1)First,youshouldthinkabouttwo“hows”.首先，你应该考虑两个“如何”。关键词重复强调：通过重复关键词（如two“hows”）来强调核心问题。2)Itdependsonwhatyouwillstudy.这取决于你学什么。Itdependson+疑问词+从句，其中，“It”为形式主语，真正的主语是“dependson”后的从句内容，后接疑问词（what/how/whether/where/when等）引导的从句，表示可变因素。StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask1453)Low-gradeisusedforbasicstufflikewordprocessing;middle-gradecanhandlemoderatemultimediawork;high-gradeisforheavy-dutytaskslikeCADdesign.低配版适用于基础工作如文字处理；中配版能处理中等强度的多媒体工作；高配版则用于重型任务如CAD设计。用排比结构列举不同等级的功能，省略重复动词“isused”，使表达更简洁。StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask1461.Whatkeyfactorsshouldbeconsideredwhenchoosingacomputer?Youcanusethefollowingwordsifnecessary.StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask1472.Readthefollowingarticleanddiscusswithyourpartnerhowtochooseacomputer.HowtoChooseaComputerChoosingacomputercanbedifficult.First,youshoulddecidewhatyouaregoingtousethecomputerfor.Then,youneedtothinkabouttheconfigurationandyourbudget.Lastbutnotleast,youshouldconsiderwheretobuyit.Wehopethatthefollowingsuggestionswillhelpyoumakeyourdecision.StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask148Acomputerisaworthwhileinvestment,butitsvaluegoesdownsignificantlywithtime,andwhatacomputercanhelpyouwithisendless.Ifyoudon’twanttowasteyourtimeworkinghelplesslyinfrontofaslowcomputerthatyouboughtthreeyearsago,itiswisetobuyanewone.Ifallyouneedtodoiswordprocessing,spreadsheets,homefinancemanagement,somebasicWindowsgames,email,andinternetbrowsing,youareanaverageuser.Ahigh-gradecomputerisnotnecessaryforyou.Thenyoumayconsideramiddle-gradecomputer,whichisalsosuitableformoderatemultimediaanddigitalphotography.StartingUpDialoguePracticeReadingExtendedTask149However,ifyouoftenedit4Kvideos,runprofessional-gradesoftwaresuchasAutoCAD,Blenderorlarge-scaledataanalysissuites,oryousimplywantyourmachinetostayfastforthenextfiveyears,youshouldthinkbeyondthe“middle-grade”.Lookforahigh-performanceCPU(IntelCorei7/i9processorsorAMDRyzen7/9),atleast16-32GBofRAM,adiscretegraphicscard(NVIDIARTXorAMDRadeonRXseries),andafastNVMeSSD.Gaming,VRdevelopment,3Drendering,andmachinelearningtasksallbenefitfromthesespecs.Rememberthatfuture-proofingusuallycostsmoreupfrontbutsavesyoufromanearlyupgradecycle.S