2026年自考英语(一)专项试题及答案

2026年自考英语(一)专项试题及答案PartIVocabularyandStructure(20points,1pointeach)Directions:ChoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.1.Thecommitteeinsistedthateveryapplicant______adetailedresumeinbothEnglishandChinese.A.submitsB.submitC.submittedD.submitting2.Bythetimetherescueteamarrived,theinjuredclimbers______foralmosteighteenhoursinsub-zerotemperatures.A.hadbeentrappedB.weretrappedC.havebeentrappedD.wouldbetrapped3.Thenewregulationwillcomeintoforceon1January,______allsingle-useplasticsinthemunicipalparks.A.tobanB.banningC.bannedD.ban4.Notuntilthefinalwhistle______thattheunderdogteamhadsecuredahistoricvictory.A.thespectatorsrealizedB.didthespectatorsrealizeC.thespectatorshadrealizedD.hadthespectatorsrealized5.Theprofessorrefusedtoacceptthehypothesis,______thattheexperimentaldatawereinconsistent.A.tonoteB.notingC.havingnotedD.noted6.______theglobaleconomicdownturn,thestart-upmanagedtodoubleitsrevenuewithinayear.A.DespiteB.InspiteC.AlthoughD.However7.Thelibrarianrequestedthatallbooks______totheiroriginalshelvesbefore10p.m.A.bereturnedB.arereturnedC.returnedD.returning8.Themorefrequentlytheinstrumentiscalibrated,______accuratethereadingswillbe.A.themoreB.themostC.themuchD.thevery9.Thewitness’saccountwasso______thatitleftnoroomfordoubt.A.ambiguousB.coherentC.obscureD.redundant10.Onlyaftertheaircrafthadreachedcruisingaltitude______thepassengersuseelectronicdevices.A.couldB.shouldC.wouldD.must11.Themergerisexpectedtogeneratesynergies______atapproximately120milliondollarsannually.A.valuedB.evaluatingC.tovalueD.evaluate12.Thejournalistdeclinedtorevealthesource,citingthe______ofconfidentiality.A.sacrednessB.sanctityC.secrecyD.security13.Theexperimentwasconductedunderdouble-blindconditions______eliminatesubjectivebias.A.soastoB.sothatC.inorderthatD.forto14.TheCEO’sresignationcameasashock,______thecompany’srecordquarterlyearnings.A.followedB.followingC.havingfollowedD.tofollow15.Thedelegatesagreedtoresumenegotiations______thepreconditionthatallhostilitiescease.A.onB.withC.underD.for16.Thenovel’sprotagonistisportrayedasafigure______byremorseandexistentialdoubt.A.tormentedB.tormentingC.tormentD.torments17.Theauditoremphasizedthatevena______discrepancyintheledgercouldindicatefraud.A.minuteB.minimalC.miniatureD.minor18.Thepolicyaimstocreatea______environmentinwhichinnovationcanflourish.A.permissiveB.permissibleC.permittingD.permissively19.Theresearchteamwasgranted______accesstotheclassifiedarchives.A.unprecedentedB.unaccountedC.unrequitedD.unabated20.Thelecturewassointellectually______thatmanystudentsstayedlongafteritendedtoaskquestions.A.provocativeB.provokingC.provocationD.provokedPartIIClozeTest(10points,1pointeach)Directions:Readthepassagebelowandchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoices.Thenotionthatlanguageshapesthoughthasintriguedscholarsforcenturies.Inthe1930s,BenjaminLeeWhorfarguedthatthestructureofalanguagedeterminesorgreatlyinfluencesthemodesofthoughtandbehaviorcharacteristicofthecultureinwhichitisspoken.AlthoughWhorf’sstrongestclaimshavesincebeen21______,empiricalresearchcontinuestorevealsubtlebutmeasurableeffectsoflinguisticcategoriesoncognition.Forinstance,somelanguagesobligespeakersto22______aspecteverytimetheyuseaverb,therebyhabituallydirectingattentiontothetemporalcontoursofevents.Experimentalevidenceshowsthatspeakersofsuchlanguagesare23______fasteratsortingactivitiesaccordingtodurationthanspeakersoflanguagesthatlackobligatoryaspectmarking.Conversely,languagesthatencodeabsolutespatialdirections(e.g.,north,south)ratherthanegocentricones(e.g.,left,right)fosteranunusuallykeensenseoforientation.Evenyoungchildrenwhogrowup24______theselinguisticconventionscanpointaccuratelytocardinaldirectionswhenblindfoldedandspunaround,askillthat25______manyadultsinothersocieties.Thesefindingsdonotimplythatspeakersofdifferentlanguagesinhabitincommensurablementalworlds;rather,theysuggestthatlanguageactsasa26______lens,amplifyingcertainfeaturesofexperiencewhilebackgroundingothers.Theeffectsareoften27______,emergingonlyundercontrolledlaboratoryconditionsorinparticularlydemandingtasks.Nevertheless,thecumulativeevidencechallengesthetraditionalviewthatthoughtisapristine,language-independentfaculty.Instead,itappearsthatlinguisticpracticesare28______wovenintothefabricofcognition,shapingmemory,perception,andeventheformationofconcepts.Theimplicationsareprofound.Educationalsystemsthatignorethelinguistic29______oftheirpupilsmayinadvertentlydisadvantagethem,whiledesignersofartificialintelligencesystemsmightprofitfromincorporatinglinguisticbiasesthatmirrorhumancognition.Ultimately,understandinghowlanguagemoldsthoughtcould30______moreeffectivecross-culturalcommunicationandmitigateconflictsrootedindivergentworldviews.21.A.validatedB.moderatedC.refutedD.transcended22.A.encodeB.evadeC.abbreviateD.suspend23.A.significantlyB.marginallyC.notionallyD.reversely24.A.deprivedofB.immersedinC.indifferenttoD.skepticalof25.A.eludesB.surpassesC.intimidatesD.replicates26.A.neutralB.distortingC.magnifyingD.tinted27.A.dramaticB.robustC.ephemeralD.subtle28.A.looselyB.intimatelyC.superficiallyD.precariously29.A.deficitsB.repertoiresC.ideologiesD.heritages30.A.entailB.fosterC.obscureD.precedePartIIIReadingComprehension(20points,2pointseach)Directions:Readthepassagesandchoosethebestanswer.PassageAIn2024,theEuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA)launchedtheArielmission,dedicatedtosurveyingtheatmospheresofatleastonethousandexoplanets.Unlikeearliermissionsthatdetectedplanetsthroughtransitphotometry,Arielwillperformtransitspectroscopy:starlightfilteredthroughaplanet’satmosphereleaveschemicalfingerprintsthatcanbedecodedtodeterminetheabundanceofmoleculessuchaswatervapor,methane,andcarbondioxide.Thespacecraftcarriesa1.1-metermirrorandthreespectrometerscoveringwavelengthsfrom0.5to7.8microns.Bymaintainingastableoperatingtemperatureof55K,thedetectorsachieveaphotometricprecisionof10partspermillion,sufficienttodetectthespectralsignatureofahypotheticalVenus-likeworldorbitingaSun-likestar100light-yearsaway.Ariel’ssurveyisdesignedtobestatisticallyrepresentative,ensuringthatitstargetlistspansawiderangeofplanetarymasses,orbitaldistances,andstellartypes.Thisbreadthiscriticalfortestingtheoriesofplanetaryformationandevolution.Forexample,ifplanetsthatformedbeyondthesnowlinebutlatermigratedinwardretainhigherwaterfractions,thecorrelationshouldemergeclearlyinAriel’sdataset.31.TheprimaryscientificobjectiveofArielisto______.A.discovernewexoplanetsviatransitphotometryB.mapthesurfacegeologyofknownexoplanetsC.characterizeatmosphericcompositionsinbulkD.measurestellaroscillationstorefineageestimates32.Theoperatingtemperatureof55Kismentionedtoemphasize______.A.thecryogenicefficiencyofthepropellantB.thethermalstabilityrequiredforhigh-precisionspectroscopyC.theriskofdetectordegradationnearJupiterD.theinsulationprovidedbythespacecraft’ssunshield33.Astatisticallyrepresentativesampleisessentialbecauseit______.A.minimizesfuelconsumptionduringorbitalmaneuversB.allowsgeneralizationsaboutplanetarypopulationsC.satisfiestheethicalrequirementsoftheOuterSpaceTreatyD.shortensthecommunicationlagwithEarthPassageBThe“righttobeforgotten”(RTBF)wasenshrinedinEUlawbytheGeneralDataProtectionRegulation(GDPR).Itempowersindividualstorequesttheerasureofpersonaldatathatis“inadequate,irrelevantornolongerrelevant.”Sinceitsinception,theRTBFhasgeneratedtensionbetweenprivacyadvocatesandfree-speechproponents,particularlywhensearchenginesareaskedtodelistURLs.Google’sTransparencyReportrevealsthat58%ofRTBFrequestsconcernformercriminalconvictions,18%relatetoprofessionalmisconduct,and10%involvepoliticalactivity.Courtshavegrappledwithwhetherthepublic’srighttoaccessinformationoutweighstheindividual’srighttoprivacy.In2023,theCourtofJusticeoftheEuropeanUnion(CJEU)ruledthatsearchenginesmustconsiderthe“roleplayedbythedatasubjectinpubliclife”beforegrantingdelisting.CriticsarguethattheRTBFenables“rewritinghistory,”whilesupporterscontendthatitpreventstheperpetualstigmatizationofindividualswhohaveservedtheirsentences.Empiricalstudiesindicatethat84%ofdelistedlinksbelongtoprivatecitizensratherthanpublicfigures,suggestingthattheprovisionisprimarilyusedbyordinarypeopleseekingtorebuildtheirlives.34.TheGDPR’swording“nolongerrelevant”impliesthatdatacanbecome______.A.encryptedB.obsoleteC.anonymizedD.transferable35.TheCJEU’s2023rulingrequiressearchenginesto______.A.notifynewsoutletsofeverydelistingrequestB.balancepublicinterestagainstprivacyclaimsC.archivedelistedpagesinagovernmentdatabaseD.chargeafeeforprocessingRTBFapplications36.Thestatisticthat84%ofdelistedlinksconcernprivatecitizensisusedto______.A.demonstratetheprovision’sdisproportionateimpactonjournalismB.refuteclaimsthattheRTBFisexploitedbypoliticiansC.justifyexpandingthelawtoincludecorporatedataD.highlightthetechnicalcomplexityofgeofencingPassageCPermafrost,definedasgroundremainingatorbelow0°Cforatleasttwoconsecutiveyears,underlies22%ofexposedlandintheNorthernHemisphere.Climatewarmingiscausingtheactivelayer—theseasonallythawedsurface—todeepen,releasingpreviouslyfrozenorganiccarbon.Microbialdecompositionofthiscarbonproducescarbondioxideandmethane,creatingapositivefeedbackloop.Recentestimatesusingradiocarbondatingindicatethattheageofrespiredcarbonincreaseswithdepth,withsomefractionsexceeding20,000years.This“old”carbonreleaseisparticularlyconcerningbecauseitrepresentsatransferofcarbonfromalong-termreservoirtotheactiveatmosphere.FieldcampaignsinSiberiahavedocumentedabruptthawevents—localizedlandslidesthatexposedeeppermafrost.Althoughtheseeventsoccupylessthan5%ofthepermafrostzone,theymayaccountformorethan50%oftotalcarbonreleaseby2100duetotheirhighintensityandrapidprogression.37.Thepositivefeedbackloopmentionedinthepassageinvolves______.A.increasedalbedoacceleratingsnowmeltB.greenhousegasemissionsenhancingthawC.vegetationexpansionshadingthesoilD.wildfiresreducingatmospherichumidity38.Radiocarbondatingisemployedto______.A.predictnextyear’sactive-layerthicknessB.determinethevintageofrespiredcarbonC.mapmineralresourcesbeneathpermafrostD.calibratesatelliteinfraredsensors39.Abruptthaweventsaresignificantbecausethey______.A.occurpredictablyalonglatitudinalgradientsB.releasedisproportionateamountsofcarbonC.lowerthepHofArcticriversD.triggervolcanicactivityinthetaigaPartIVTranslation(15points)Directions:TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.40.人工智能伦理治理的核心挑战在于如何在促进技术创新的同时，确保算法决策的透明度与可问责性，从而防止权力不对称的进一步加剧。41.随着量子通信网络的部署，传统基于大数分解的加密范式将面临根本性重构，密码学界因此加速研发抗量子算法。42.该流域实施的生态补偿机制通过纵向财政转移与横向市场化交易相结合，显著提升了上游地区保护森林的积极性。PartVWriting(15points)Directions:Writeanessayof160–200wordsonthefollowingtopic.Topic:Shouldgovernmentssubsidizeshort-termvocationaltrainingprogramsinsteadoffour-yearuniversitydegrees?Givereasonsandexamplestosupportyourview.PartVIAnswerKey&Explanations1.B.虚拟语气在insist后的宾语从句中用动词原形。2.A.过去完成进行时强调动作持续到过去某时刻。3.B.现在分词作伴随状语，表示即将生效的禁令。4.B.Notuntil位于句首需部分倒装。5.B.现在分词作原因状语，表示“指出”。6.A.Despite后接名词短语，表让步。7.A.request引导的从句用虚拟语气bereturned。8.A.“the+比较级，the+比较级”固定结构。9.B.coherent“连贯的”，符合“无容置疑”的语境。10.A.Onlyafter倒装，could表示许可。11.A.valued过去分词作后置定语，表示“被估值”。12.B.sanctityofconfidentiality固定搭配“保密的神圣性”。13.A.soastodo表示目的，后接动词原形。14.B.现在分词作时间状语，“在……之后”。15.A.onthepreconditionthat固定搭配。16.A.tormented过去分词作后置定语，“被折磨的”。17.A.minute“微小的”，强调极细微。18.A.permissiveenvironment“宽容的环境”。19.A.unprecedented“前所未有的”。20.A.provocative“发人深省的”。21.C.后文说“最强主张已被反驳”。22.A.encodeaspect“编码体”。23.A.significantlyfaster显著更快。24.B.immersedin“沉浸于”。25.A.eludes“难倒”。26.D.tintedlens“带色透镜”。27.D.subtle“微妙的”。28.B.intimately“紧密地”。29.B.linguisticrepertoires“语言库”。30.B.foster“促进”。31.C.首段明确“characterizeatmosphericcompositions”。32.B.低温保证探测器精度。33.B.代表性样本才能推广到总体。34.B.“不再相关”即过时。35.B.法院要求权衡公共利益与隐私。36.B.数据反驳“被政客滥用”的说法。37.B.释放温室气体→加剧融化→再释放。38.B.用碳-14测定碳的年龄。39.B.突发融化事件释放大量碳。40.ThecentralchallengeinAIethicalgovernanceliesinfosteringtechnologicalinnovationwhileensuringthetransparencyandaccountabilityofalgorithmicdec