复旦大学-全球人工智能治理新趋势+Global+Artificial+Intelligence+Governance+Trends

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GlobalArtificialIntelligence

GovernanceTrends:ObservationsSince

theGlobalAIGovernanceActionPlan

YaoXuetal.

REPORTSERIES

WAIC2026Forum

AIGlobalGovernanceandSustainable

CenterforGlobalAIInnovativeGovernance

FudanDevelopmentInstitute,FudanUniversity

Development:ChallengesandCountermeasures

CENTERFORGLOBALAIINNOVATIVECOVERNANCE

复旦智库

工

FUDANREPORTSERIES

GlobalArtificialIntelligenceGovernanceTrends:

ObservationsSincetheGlobalAIGovernanceActionPlan

YaoXuetal.

CenterforGlobalAIInnovativeGovernance

FudanDevelopmentInstitute,FudanUniversity

July2026

P

Projectteamleader:

YaoXu,SecretaryGeneralofCenterforGlobalAIInnovativeGovernance,AssociateResearchFellowatFudanDevelopmentInstitute

Projectteammembers:

JiangTianjiao,ResearcherattheCenterfor

ZhangAo,ResearchAssistant,Centerfor

GlobalAIInnovativeGovernance,AssociateProfatFudanDevelopmentInstitute

GlobalAIInnovativeGovernance

WangYibo,ResearchAssistant,Centerfor

XinYanyan,DeputySecretary-generaloftheCenterforGlobalAIInnovativeGovernance,

GlobalAIInnovativeGovernance

AssistantProfatFudanDevelopmentInstitute

YuanLuming,ResearchAssistant,CenterforGlobalAIInnovativeGovernance

ShenQi,ProjectDirectorofCenterfor

GlobalAIInnovativeGovernance

HuXiangyu,ResearchAssistant,CenterforGlobalAIInnovativeGovernance

LuoHaoyue,ProjectDirectorofCenterfor

GlobalAIInnovativeGovernance

WangYexu,ResearchAssistant,CenterforGlobalAIInnovativeGovernance

ZhangShuyan,ResearchAssistant,Centerfor

GlobalAIInnovativeGovernance

JiangJunji,ResearchAssistant,CenterforGlobalAIInnovativeGovernance

YangZhao,ResearchAssistant,CenterforGlobalAIInnovativeGovernance

Contents

Corecontent 01

PartITheGlobalGovernanceLandscapeofArtificialIntelligence 04

(I)NewDevelopmentsintheGlobalAIGovernanceSystem 06

(II)MajorPowerCompetitioninArtificialIntelligence 12

(III)ExistingChallengesandGovernanceParadoxes 19

(IV)FutureDirectionsofGlobalAIGovernance 22

PartIIArtificialIntelligenceSecurityRisksandPolicyResponses 26

(I)AITechnologicalSecurityRisks 27

(II)RisksAssociatedwithAIApplications 33

(III)SocietalSpilloverRisksofArtificialIntelligence 39

(IV)PolicyResponses 42

PartIIIGlobalAIGovernanceandNorth–SouthCooperation 46

(I)TheWideningGlobalAIDivide:IntensifyingDevelopmentInequalitiesBetweentheGlobalNorth

andtheGlobalSouth 47

(II)TheImportanceandPracticalConstraintsofNorth-SouthCooperationonArtificialIntelligence 5

5

(III)FeasiblePathwaysforAdvancingGlobalNorth-SouthCooperationonAI 6

0

PartIVChina’sRoleinGlobalNorth–SouthCooperationonArtificialIntelligence 65

(I)PracticalPathwaysforChinatoAdvanceNorth-SouthCooperation 66

(II)China’sLatestPracticesinBuildingAIasanInternationalPublicGood 7

1

Corecontent

SincetheGlobalAIGovernanceAction

Planwasproposedatthe2025World

ArtificialIntelligenceConference(WAIC),theglobalgovernanceofartificialintelligenceismovingfromaprincipledinitiativetoanewstageofmechanismundertaking,capacitybuildingandprojectimplementation.At

present,theglobaldevelopmentofartificialintelligencestillshowsasignificant

imbalance:afewcountriesandleading

enterprisescontinuetoconcentrate

advantagesincomputingpower,data,

models,platforms,andstandardsetting,

whilealargenumberofdeveloping

countriesgenerallyfaceconstraintssuch

asinsufficientinfrastructure,highcosts

oftechnologyaccess,weaklocallanguagesupport,limitedgovernancecapabilities,

andinadequateparticipationininternationalrule-making.Whetherartificialintelligencecantrulybecomeatechnologicalresourceservingshareddevelopmentdepends

notonlyonthecapabilitiesofthemodels

themselves,butalsoonwhethercountriescanparticipateequitablyingovernance,

obtainaffordabletechnologicalcapabilities,developlocalapplicationecosystems,andestablishcorrespondingfoundationsfor

safetygovernance.

Globalartificialintelligencegovernanceis

enteringanewstagecharacterizedbyequal

emphasisondevelopmentandsecurity.

Securityrisksremainabottom-line

issuethattheinternationalcommunity

mustsafeguard,butcapacitybuilding,

inclusivedevelopment,industrial

applications,andtechnologicalaccessibility

arebecomingincreasinglyprominentitems

ontheagenda.GlobalAIgovernanceis

enteringanewstageof“equalemphasis

ondevelopmentandsecurity”.Security

risksarestillabottom-lineissuethat

theinternationalcommunitymust

adhereto,butcapacitybuilding,inclusive

development,industrialapplicationand

technologyaccessibilityarebecoming

moreprominentontheagenda.Future

governancewillnolongerjustdiscuss“how

topreventrisks”,butalsoanswer“howto

makeAItrulyaccessible,affordableand

well-usedtomorecountries.

The“intelligencedivide”isemergingasa

newformofstructuralinequalityfollowing

thedigitaldivide.

Imbalancesincomputingpower,

data,algorithms,languages,talent,

andapplicationscenarioshaveled

countriesintheGlobalSouthtoface

deepertechnologicaldependencyand

passiverule-takingintheeraofartificial

intelligence.Withouteffectivecooperation,

developingcountriesmayremainfora

longtimeinpositionsofdataproviders,

marketconsumers,andruleadopters,

makingitdifficultforthemtomoveinto

highervalue-addedareassuchasmodel

development,platformgovernance,and

standard-setting.

Greatpowercompetitionisexacerbating

thefragmentationofglobalgovernance.

Competitionoversemiconductors,computingpower,foundationmodels,

criticalminerals,dataflows,and

technologicalstandardsisreshapingthe

institutionalenvironmentforartificial

intelligencegovernance.Ontheonehand,

suchcompetitionacceleratestechnological

iteration;ontheotherhand,export

controls,technologyalliances,andthe

divergenceofstandardsmayalsoconstrain

thepolicyspaceofsmallerandmedium-

sizedcountries,increasethecostsof

cross-bordercooperation,andweakenthe

efficiencyofglobalpublicgoodsprovision.

ThefocusofNorth–Southcooperation

shouldshiftfrom“technologytransfer”to“capacityco-building.”

Trulyeffectiveartificialintelligence

cooperationshouldnotremainatthe

levelofequipmentprocurement,platformaccess,orshort-termtraining,butshouldbeorientedtowardlong-termdevelopmentinareassuchaslocalcomputing

infrastructure,datagovernancecapacity,

talentdevelopmentsystems,low-resourcelanguagemodels,industry-specific

applicationscenarios,andsafetyevaluationtools.Itsgoalisnottocreatenewforms

oftechnologicaldependency,buttohelpdevelopingcountriesbuildsustainable

andautonomouscapabilitiesforartificialintelligencedevelopment.

China’sprovisionofinternational

publicgoodsinartificialintelligenceisbecominganimportantvariableinglobalgovernance.

CenteredontheActionPlanfor

GlobalAIGovernance,Chinaisadvancingalignmentwithmultilateralmechanisms,thesupplyofopen-sourcemodels,

capacity-buildinginitiatives,cooperationindigitalinfrastructure,andindustrial

01GlobalArtificialIntelligenceGovernanceTrends:

ObservationsSincetheGlobalAIGovernanceActionPlan

CAAVAVVAC

CorecontentWORLDAICONFERENCE2026|Forum02

applicationscenarios,therebypromotingthetransformationofAItechnologies

fromcompetitiveresourcescontrolled

byasmallnumberofcountriesand

enterprisesintodevelopmenttoolsthat

aremorewidelyaccessible,participatory,andtransferable.ThisprocessisnotonlyrelatedtoChina’sownrolepositioninginglobalAIgovernance,butalsotowhetherartificialintelligencecantrulyserve

shareddevelopment.

Lookingahead,thekeytoglobal

governanceofartificialintelligence

doesnotlieinestablishingaclosedrulesystemdefinedbyasmallnumberof

countries,butinformingamoreopen,

inclusive,andsustainablenetworkof

cooperation.IfChinacontinuestobase

itseffortsongenuinemultilateralism,

lowertechnologicalbarriersthrough

open-sourceandopenness,strengthen

developmentfoundationsthrough

capacitybuilding,andrespondtopeople’slivelihoodneedsthroughscenario-basedcooperation,itmaybeabletoprovide

morepracticallymeaningfulinternationalpublicgoodsinnarrowingtheglobal

intelligencedivide,enhancinggovernancecapacityindevelopingcountries,and

promotingthebeneficialdevelopmentofartificialintelligence.

CAIG

CENTERFORCLOBALAIINNOVATIVEGOVERNANCE

03GlobalArtificialIntelligenceGovernanceTrends:

ObservationsSincetheGlobalAIGovernanceActionPlan

PartITheGlobalGovernanceLandscapeofArtificialIntelligence

Artificialintelligencerepresentsan

unprecedentedtechnologicalparadigm.

TuringAwardlaureateand“fatherof

reinforcementlearning”RichardS.Suttonhasarguedthat“artificialintelligenceistheinevitablenextstepintheevolution

oftheuniverse,andhumanityshouldembraceitwithcourage,pride,anda

spiritofadventure.”Atpresent,AIhas

beenappliedacrossallindustries,with

applicationscenariosspanninghealthcare,finance,transportation,agriculture,

manufacturing,andretail.Therapid

iterationandwide-rangingapplications

ofAIhavealsoplacedhigherdemandsonglobalgovernance.Thissectionreviews

PartITheGlobalGovernanceLandscapeWORLDAICONFERENCE2026|Forum04ofArtificialIntelligence

globalAIgovernancedevelopments

since2025andfindsthatsignificant

newprogresshasbeenmadeinthe

globalAIgovernancesystem.Countries

haveintroducedpoliciesencouraging

technologicaldevelopment,whilesecurity-relatedissueshaverelativelyweakened

inemphasis.InternationalcooperationmechanismscenteredontheUnited

Nationsasthemainchannelaregraduallybeingimproved,formingagovernance

patternofcoordinationbetweentheUN

andregionalmechanisms.Governance

approachesareundergoingtransformation

05GlobalArtificialIntelligenceGovernanceTrends:

ObservationsSincetheGlobalAIGovernanceActionPlan

andupgrading,movingtowardapplication-oriented,front-loaded,andmore

scientificdevelopment.However,globalAIgovernancealsofaceschallenges:great-powercompetitionandcooperationhave

becomethenorm,andmultiplegovernancecontradictionscoexist.Lookingahead,

advancingtheglobalAIgovernancesystemrequiresseekingcommongroundwhile

reservingdifferencesondevelopment

issues,drawingclearredlinesonsecurityissues,activelyleveragingtheroleoftheGlobalSouth,andpromotinginternationalcooperationtoreachanewlevel.

CENTERFORCLOBALAIINNOVATIVEGOVERNANCE

(I)NewDevelopmentsintheGlobalAIGovernanceSystem

Since2025,threemajordevelopmentshaveemergedinglobalAIgovernance.At

thenationallevel,promotingdevelopmenthasbecomethecentralthemeofAI

policymaking.Attheinternationallevel,

theUnitedNationshascontinuedto

strengthenitsgovernancemechanisms

andisincreasinglyservingastheprimary

channelforglobalAIgovernance.Interms

ofgovernanceapproaches,increasing

emphasishasbeenplacedonapplication-orientedgovernance,upstreamgovernance,andevidence-basedgovernance.

a)ShiftsinNationalAIPolicies

Artificialintelligencehasincreasinglybecomeastrategicengineofnational

development,promptinggovernments

aroundtheworldtoelevateAItothelevelofnationalstrategy.Againstthebroaderbackdropofbalancinginnovationand

regulation,development-orientedpolicieshavebecomeincreasinglyprominentas

countriesseektosecureacompetitive

advantageinthenextwaveofindustrialtransformation.

ChinahaspromotedAIcapacity

buildingonmultiplefronts.Atthe

conceptuallevel,ithasemphasizedthe

coordinatedadvancementofdevelopmentandsecuritybyissuingtheGuiding

OpinionsontheIn-depthImplementation

ofthe“AIPlus”Initiative,promotingthe

deepintegrationofAIacrossindustries

whilestrengtheningthelegalandsecurityfoundationsforAIdevelopment.Atthe

technologicallevel,the15thFive-YearPlanOutlineproposesanintegratedinnovationstrategyspanningmodels,chips,cloud

infrastructure,andapplications,fosteringcoordinatedinnovationacrosstheentireAIvaluechain.Institutionally,ChinareleasedtheAISafetyGovernanceFramework

(Version2.0),whichbuildsuponpracticalexperienceandincorporatesemergingtechnologiesandgovernanceconceptstocomprehensivelyrefinegovernance

principles,riskclassification,technical

PartITheGlobalGovernanceLandscapeWORLDAICONFERENCE2026|Forum06ofArtificialIntelligence

measures,governancemechanisms,andimplementationguidelines.

TheUnitedStatesandseveralother

Westerncountrieshaveundergonea

markedshiftintheirAIpolicies,with

theirstrategicfocusmovingfurtherfromriskpreventiontowardtechnological

competitiveness,industrialdevelopment,andinfrastructureexpansion.

Domestically,thepolicyorientation

hasbecomeincreasinglyderegulatory.

FollowingthestartofPresidentTrump’s

secondterm,theUnitedStatesissued

ExecutiveOrder14179,RemovingBarrierstoAmericanLeadershipinArtificial

Intelligence,rescindedExecutiveOrder

14110,anddirectedthedevelopmentofanewnationalAIactionplan.InJuly2025,

theWhiteHousereleasedAmerica’sAI

ActionPlan,whichsetsoutpolicyactionsaroundacceleratinginnovation,buildingAIinfrastructure,andleadingininternationaldiplomacyandsecurity.InNovember

2025,theadministrationfurtherlaunchedtheGenesisMission,seekingtomobilizenationallaboratories,scientificdata,

computingresources,andpublic–privatecollaborationtoaccelerateAI-enabled

scientificdiscovery.

CountriesacrosstheGlobalSouthare

pursuingsovereignAIstrategiestoachieve

secureandautonomousdevelopment.

India,Brazil,Malaysia,andseveralother

countrieshaveintroducedarangeof

nationalAIstrategies.TheIndiaAIMission

identifiessevenstrategicpillarsforbuilding

sovereignAIandisdevelopingdatasets

coveringmorethantwenty-twoIndian

languagesthroughtheBhashiniinitiative

whilesupportingthedevelopmentofthe

indigenousfull-stackAIplatformSarvamAI.

BrazilianPresidentLuizInácioLuladaSilva

hasrepeatedlycriticizedthemonopolization

ofAIbymajortechnologycompanies.Under

theBrazilianArtificialIntelligenceInvestment

Plan(PBIA2024–2028),Brazilplanstoinvest

BRL23billion(approximatelyUSD4billion)

inAIdevelopmentoverafour-yearperiod.

Malaysiahasbecomethefirstcountryin

SoutheastAsiatoestablishasovereignfull-

stackAIecosystem.Malaysiancompany

SkyvastCloudoperatesAIinfrastructure

basedonChineseAIchipsandDeepSeek’s

open-sourcemodels.Meanwhile,Malaysia’s

nationalMaaSplatformandthenational

sovereignAItalentdevelopmentlaboratory,

Z·UMAILab,havelocallyoptimized

Z.ai

’s

open-sourcefoundationmodelstomaintain

asovereignty-centereddatasecurity

architectureandensuretheautonomyof

thecountry’snationalAIplatform.

Countrieshaveadoptedincreasinglydifferentiatedapproachestointernational

AIpolicy.Chinahaspromotedglobal

AIcooperationonmultiplefronts.At

theconceptuallevel,itadvocatesopen

innovation,inclusivedevelopment,and

safeandtrustworthyAI.In2025,China

successivelyreleasedtheActionPlanfor

GlobalAIGovernanceandtheInternational

CooperationInitiativeon“AIPlus”,promoting

AIasaninternationalpublicgoodthat

benefitsallhumanity.Atthetechnological

level,ChinalaunchedtheInternationalOpen-

SourceAICooperationInitiative,aimingto

fosteraglobalopen-sourceecosystem

throughinternationalcollaboration.

TheDeepSeek-R1modelhasalso

demonstratedanewtechnologicalpathway

throughitsopen-source,low-cost,and

high-performancedevelopmentmodel.At

theinstitutionallevel,Chinahasproposed

establishingaWorldAICooperation

Organizationasakeyinternationalpublic

cooperationplatformfortheGlobal

South,withthegoalofpromotingamore

equitableandopenglobalAIgovernance

framework.Bycontrast,Westerncountries

havegraduallyde-emphasizedAIsafetyin

theirinternationalagendas.TheParisAI

ActionSummitandthe2026IndiaAIImpactSummitshiftedtheirfocusawayfromAI

safetytowarddevelopment,innovation,

andinvestment.TheUnitedKingdomand

theUnitedStatesalsorenamedtheirAI

SafetyInstitutes,reflectingatransition

fromsettingguardrailsforAItechnologiestodevelopingtechnicalstandardsand

addressingrisksarisingfrominternationaltechnologicalcompetition.Similarly,theG7StatementonAIforProsperity,releasedin

June2025,furtherdeemphasizedasingularsecurity-centerednarrative.

b)InstitutionalizationofGovernanceMechanismswithinInternational

Organizations

GlobalAIgovernanceisshiftingfromafragmentedsetofparallelprocesses

towardaUN-centeredmultilateral

cooperationarchitecture,gradually

consolidatingintoamorestructured

governanceconfigurationcharacterizedbycoordinatedinteractionbetweentheUnitedNationssystemandregional

mechanisms.

TheUnitedNationshasfurther

consolidateditsroleastheprincipal

channelforglobalgovernancethrough

07GlobalArtificialIntelligenceGovernanceTrends:

ObservationsSincetheGlobalAIGovernanceActionPlan

CENTERFORCLOBALAIINNOVATIVEGOVERNANCE

PartITheGlobalGovernanceLandscapeofArtificialIntelligence

WORLDAICONFERENCE2026|Forum08

asetofreinforcinginstitutional

developments,includinginternalreforms,theestablishmentofspecializedscientificauthority,andtheinstitutionalizationof

policydialoguemechanisms.Inearly

2025,theOfficeoftheUNTechEnvoywasformallyrenamedtheUnitedNationsOfficeforDigitalandEmergingTechnologies,

whichnowservesasthesystem-wide

coordinationhubfordigitalissues,

signalingamorecoherentandclearly

delineatedarchitectureforAIgovernancewithintheUNsystem.Inparallel,

theUNestablishedtheIndependent

InternationalScientificPanelonArtificialIntelligenceunderGeneralAssembly

ResolutionA/RES/79/325.Composed

of40expertswithbroadgeographical

representationandinterdisciplinary

expertise,thePanelismandated

toprovideindependentscientific

assessmentsforglobalAIgovernance.InJuly2026,thefirstGlobalDialogue

onAIGovernanceconvenedinGeneva

anddiscussedthePanel’spreliminary

findings,whilefollow-upworkandmoredetailedassessmentsareexpectedto

continueinsubsequentUNprocesses.Atthesametime,theGlobalDialogueonAIGovernance,launchedinSeptember2025,hasbecomeastructuredplatform

forpolicyexchange,coordination,and

normativealignmentaimedatnarrowing

thetechnologicalandregulatorydivide

betweentheGlobalNorthandtheGlobal

South,whileinDecember2025theUN

GeneralAssemblyformallydesignated

theInternetGovernanceForum(IGF)as

apermanentinstitutionalmechanism,

endingitstwo-decadeprovisional

statusandstrengtheningthelong-term

institutionalizationofmultistakeholder

governanceinthedigitaldomain.

Regionalmultilateralmechanisms

areincreasinglyinteractinginamutually

reinforcingmannerwiththeUN-centered

framework,givingrisetoanemerging

architectureinwhichregionalnodes

interfacewithaglobalgovernancecore,

asillustratedbydevelopmentswithinthe

G20,BRICS,andtheShanghaiCooperation

Organization(SCO).WithintheG20,under

SouthAfrica’s2025Presidency,theAIfor

Africa’sDevelopmentinitiativeintegrates

AIgovernancewiththesustainable

developmentagendabyplanningthe

establishmentoffiveAIinnovationcenters

acrossAfricatosupportapplicationsin

agriculture,healthcare,education,and

otherpublicwelfaredomains,whilealigning

withtheUnitedNations2030Sustainable

DevelopmentGoalsandfacilitatingthe

translationofG20-levelconsensusinto

coordinatedglobalactionwithintheUN

framework.WithintheBRICSmechanism,

leadersadoptedtheDeclarationon

GlobalAIGovernance,explicitlyrejecting

fragmentationandduplicationinglobalAI

governancearchitecturesandreaffirming

thattheUnitedNationsshouldremainthe

centralpillarofglobalAIgovernance.Within

theShanghaiCooperationOrganization

(SCO),theCouncilofHeadsofStateadopted

theTianjinDeclaration,reaffirmingsupport

fortheUN’scentralcoordinatingroleand

issuingaStatementonStrengtheningthe

DevelopmentoftheDigitalEconomy,calling

fordeepercooperationondigitaleconomy

developmentundertheSCOframework.

c)TransformationandUpgradingof

GovernancePathways

WiththeexpansionofglobalAIgovernancepracticesandintensified

internationalinteraction,accumulated

experiencehasledtoagradualmaturation

ofgovernancepathways,whichare

increasinglycharacterizedbythree

convergingapproaches:scenario-based

governance,front-endgovernance,and

science-basedgovernance.

Scenario-basedgovernancehas

becomeacentralfocusofcontemporary

AIregulation.Unliketheearlier

technology-centricapproachthatprimarilytargetedalgorithmsandfoundation

modelsthemselves,currentgovernance

frameworksincreasinglyemphasize

application-orientedoversightacross

sectorsandlevels,highlightingtherisks

emergingwhenfoundationmodelsare

deployedinspecificreal-worldcontexts

andinteractwithcomplexsocio-technicalenvironments,systems,andhumanusers.Chinahasadoptedascenario-specific

regulatoryapproach,issuingdepartmentalregulationsandtechnicalstandards

coveringalgorithmicrecommendation

systems,deepsynthesistechnologies,

generativeAI,anthropomorphicinteractiveservices,andintelligentagentsecurity.

TheEuropeanUnion,throughthe

ArtificialIntelligenceAct,hasestablishedarisk-basedclassificationframework,

complementedbysoft-lawinstruments

suchastheCodeofPracticeforGeneral-

PurposeAIandtheTransparencyGuidelinesforGenerativeAI,whichencourageex-antecompliancebyfirmsandfurtherspecify

requirementsrelatedtotransparency,copyrightprotection,andsystemicriskmanagement.

09GlobalArtificialIntelligenceGovernanceTrends:

ObservationsSincetheGlobalAIGovernanceActionPlan

CENTERFORCLOBALAIINNOVATIVEGOVERNANCE

PartITheGlobalGovernanceLandscapeofArtificialIntelligence

WORLDAICONFERENCE2026|Forum10

ThefocusofAIgovernanceisalso

shiftingupwardalongthetechnological

stack.Unlikeearlierstages,which

concentratedonalgorithmicdiscriminationandprivacyviolations,contemporaryAI

safetygovernanceincreasinglytargets

frontiermodelsandhigh-capability

general-purposesystems.Atthe2025

WorldArtificialIntelligenceConference

(WAIC),numerousexpertsemphasized

theurgencyofstrengtheningsafety

governance,notingthatoncemodel

capabilitiessurpasscertainthresholds,

risksmayincreaseinanonlinearand

potentiallydiscontinuousmanner,and

suchhigh-capabilitysystemsmayexhibitbehaviorsthataredifficulttoaddress

throughtraditionalregulatorytools.Theyfurtherstressedthatsafetyconsiderationsmustbeintegratedatthefrontendof

modeldevelopmentanddeployment

ratherthantreatedasex-postcorrectivemeasures.Consequently,theglobalAI

safetyagendaisincreasinglyfocused

onestablishinggovernanceguardrails

atthemodellevel,includingcapability

evaluations,red-teamingexercises,and

threshold-basedmonitoringmechanisms.

AIgovernanceisincreasingly

becomingmorescience-driven,withAI

safetygovernanceinparticularemergingasapotentialcommondenominatoracrossjurisdictions.Ontheonehand,despite

fluctuationsinthepoliticalprioritization

ofsafetyissues,scientificcommunities

continuetoadvancecooperation,witha

landmarkdevelopmentbeingtherelease

oftheInternationalAISafetyReportin

January2025.Effortsareunderwayto

buildconsensusaroundtechnicaltools

suchasevaluationbenchmarks,risk

assessmentframeworks,andincident

reportingsystems,withtheaimof

transformingtheseinstrumentsinto

globalpublicgoodsthatcanreduce

divergencesinriskperception,provide

actionableregulatorytools,andoffera

politicallylower-sensitivityentrypointforinternationalcooperation.Ontheother

hand,AIsafetygovernanceisbecoming

increasingly“engineered,”reflectedin

theemergenceofstandards,structured

managementsystems,andauditablesafetymechanisms,signalingabroadershift

towardgovernancesystemsthataremoretraceable,verifiable,andaccountable.

(II)MajorPowerCompetitioninArtificialIntelligence

Artificialintelligencehasevolved

beyonditsroleasadriverofindustrial

upgradingandeconomicgrowth,becomingdeeplyembeddedinnationalsecurity,

militarycapability,socialgovernance,

andinternationalrule-making.Ithas

emergedasapivotalvariableingreat

powerstrategiccompetition.Againstthisbackdrop,majorpowersareengaging

incomprehensivecompetitionacross

keynodes—includingdata,computing

power,models,applications,governancestandards,andinfrastructure—thereby

introducingnewdynamicsintotheglobalAIgovernancelandscape.

a)CoreArenasofGreatPowerAICompetition

First,datagovernancehasbecomea

centralbattleground.AgainstthebackdropofrapidadvancesingenerativeAI,

competitionoverdataamongmajorpowersisshiftingfromafocusonscaleandvolumetothequalityofgovernancecapabilities.

Keyprocesses—includingcompliantdata

collection,cleaningandannotation,licenseddatasharing,cross-borderdatatransfer

riskassessment,andliabilitytraceability—collectivelyformthecriticalchainthroughwhichrawdataistransformedinto

intelligentcapabilities.Theextenttowhichcountriescanestablishstable,scalable,a