2026八年级物理试卷

新八年级物理上册开学预习摸底测试卷学校：__________班级：__________姓名：__________得分：__________2026年新八年级物理上册开学预习摸底测试卷测量、声现象、物态变化与光学入门，含实验探究题解析适用对象新八年级学生、物理起始阶段预习检测与开学摸底考试时间60分钟满分100分，附加模块20分试卷结构选择题30分，填空题16分，实验探究30分，计算应用24分考查重点基本测量、声学基础、物态变化、光的直线传播与平面镜成像考生须知·请在规定时间内独立完成，书写清楚，答题位置规范。·选择题请将答案填入答题表；非选择题应写出必要过程、依据或表达要点。·教师可根据班级实际情况选择整卷检测，也可拆分为基础诊断、能力提升和专项训练模块。·本卷含学生版、答题区、参考答案、评分细则与错因诊断表，适用于开学前后摸底、分层辅导与课堂讲评。

一、选择题（10小题，每小题3分，共30分）1.下列估测最接近实际的是（）A.一支铅笔长约18cmB.教室门高约1mC.人正常体温约50℃D.中学生步行速度约10m/s2.用刻度尺测长度时，正确做法是（）A.视线斜看刻度B.零刻度线必须对准物体一端C.读数需估读到分度值下一位D.只读整数部分3.声音的传播需要（）A.真空B.介质C.光D.电流4.控制噪声的下列措施中，属于在声源处减弱的是（）A.戴耳塞B.建隔音墙C.给机器加消声器D.关闭门窗5.下列现象属于熔化的是（）A.冰雪变成水B.水变成水蒸气C.水蒸气变成小水珠D.铁水变成铁块6.夏天从冰箱拿出的饮料瓶外壁出现水珠，这是（）A.汽化B.液化C.升华D.凝固7.光在同种均匀介质中沿（）传播。A.曲线B.折线C.直线D.任意路线8.平面镜成像的特点是（）A.像比物大B.像比物小C.像与物等大D.像在镜面上9.小孔成像说明了（）A.光的反射B.光的直线传播C.光的折射D.光的色散10.下列单位中，速度的单位是（）A.kgB.m/sC.℃D.N二、填空题（8小题，每小题2分，共16分）11.刻度尺的分度值越小，测量结果通常越__________。12.声音的三个特性是音调、响度和__________。13.“闻其声而知其人”主要是根据声音的__________来判断。14.物质由气态直接变为固态的过程叫__________。15.水沸腾时继续吸热，温度__________。16.光从空气斜射入水中，传播方向通常会发生改变，这种现象叫光的__________。17.速度公式为v=__________。18.一辆车10s通过100m，它的平均速度为__________m/s。三、实验与探究题（3小题，每小题10分，共30分）19.用刻度尺测量物理课本长度。

（1）读数时视线应与尺面__________；

（2）若三次测量结果为25.86cm、25.88cm、25.87cm，平均值为多少？

（3）为什么要多次测量取平均值？________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________20.探究“水沸腾时温度变化特点”。

（1）实验中温度计玻璃泡应__________水中；

（2）水沸腾后继续加热，温度变化特点是什么？

（3）若撤去酒精灯，水很快停止沸腾，说明沸腾需要什么条件？________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________21.探究“平面镜成像特点”。

（1）实验中常用薄玻璃板代替平面镜，目的是便于确定__________；

（2）将未点燃的蜡烛放在像的位置，若与像重合，说明像与物大小__________；

（3）平面镜所成的像能否用光屏承接？说明原因。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________四、计算与应用题（3小题，每小题8分，共24分）22.小华步行从家到学校，路程900m，用时15min。求小华的平均速度，结果用m/s表示。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________23.一次校运会百米赛跑，小明用12.5s跑完全程。求他的平均速度；若另一名同学平均速度为7.5m/s，跑完100m约需多少秒？________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________24.雷雨天，小亮看到闪电后3s听到雷声。若声音在空气中的传播速度约为340m/s，求小亮离打雷处约多远？为什么可忽略光传播所用时间？________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

附加模块开学预习素养题（20分）P1.请设计一个简单实验，说明声音不能在真空中传播。写出器材、现象和结论。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________P2.生活中常见“白气”的现象有哪些？请选择一个并说明它不是水蒸气，而是小水滴。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________P3.画出物体AB在平面镜中的像A'B'的作图步骤。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________P4.同一段路程，甲用20s，乙用25s。谁运动得更快？请用速度观点说明。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

答题卡选择题（1-10）12345678910填空题：11.______12.______13.______14.______15.______16.______17.______18.______19.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________20.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________21.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________22.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________23.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________24.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

参考答案与评分细则选择题：1.A2.C3.B4.C5.A6.B7.C8.C9.B10.B填空题：11.精确12.音色13.音色14.凝华15.保持不变16.折射17.s/t18.1019.（1）垂直。（2）平均值=(2