初升高完美衔接教材 英语教学 句子成分与结构

第二篇

词法句法英语学科模块1

句子成分与结构1热身训练2知识对接3难点突破4自主训练1热身训练2知识对接3难点突破4自主训练训练

分析下列句子的成分1.They

are

working

on

the

farm

now._________________________________________________________________________2.Seeing

is

believing.____________________________________________________3.All

of

us

like

the

singer

very

much.__________________________________________________________________They（主语）

are

working（谓语）

on

the

farm（地点状语）

now（时间状语）Seeing（动名词作主语）

is

believing（系表结构作谓语）All

of

us（主语）

like（谓语）

the

singer（宾语）

very

much

（状语）4.She

became

a

doctor

in

1998._______________________________________________________________5.The

book

lying

on

the

floor

is

mine.____________________________________________________________________6.Suddenly

it

began

to

rain.________________________________________________________She（主语）

became（谓语）

a

doctor（宾语）

in

1998（时间状语）The

book（主语）

lying

on

the

floor（定语）

is

mine（系表结构作谓语）Suddenly（状语）

it（主语）

began（谓语）

to

rain（宾语）7.To

catch

the

train,

I

got

up

at

five

o'clock

yesterday.______________________________________________________________________________________________8.I

always

find

her

happy._____________________________________________________________________To

catch

the

train（目的状语）

I（主语）

got

up（谓语）

at

five

o'clock

yesterday（时间状语）I（主语）

always（状语）

find（谓语）

her（宾语）

happy（宾语补足语）接点1

句子成分

英语的句子成分主要有七种：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。除了这七种主要成分之外，还有同位语和独立成分的说法。其中独立成分与句子的其他成分没有语法上的联系。能用作独立成分的有感叹语、呼语和插入语。接点2

句子的五种基本结构1.句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型，掌握这五种基本句型是掌握各种句子结构的基础。2.五种基本句型结构如下：①S

V

（主+谓）He

never

lies.②

S

V

O

（主+谓+宾）I

like

apples.③

S

V

IO

DO

（主+谓+间宾+直宾）My

parents

bought

me

a

new

backpack.④

S

V

O

OC

（主+谓+宾+宾补）I

saw

a

boy

playing

basketball.⑤

S

P

（主+系表）The

milk

went

sour.注：主语（Subject）动词（Verb）宾语（Object）表语（Predicative）间接宾语（Indirect

Object）直接宾语（Direct

Object）宾语补足语（Object

Complement）突破1

主语

主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。可以作主语的有名词（短语）、代词、数词、名词化的形容词（如the

rich）、动词不定式、动名词、从句等。He

is

a

clever

boy.（代词作主语）用下划线画出下列句子的主语，并说明其所属的词性或语法结构1.During

the

1990s,

American

country

music

has

become

more

and

more

popular.【答案】During

the

1990s,

American

country

music

has

become

more

and

more

popular.（名词短语）2.We

often

speak

English

in

class.【答案】Weoften

speak

English

in

class.（代词）3.One-third

of

the

students

in

this

class

are

girls.【答案】One-thirdof

the

students

in

this

class

are

girls.（数词）4.To

swim

in

the

pool

is

a

great

pleasure.【答案】To

swimin

the

pool

is

a

great

pleasure.（动词不定式）5.Smoking

does

harm

to

the

health.【答案】Smokingdoes

harm

to

the

health.（动名词）6.The

rich

should

help

the

poor.【答案】The

richshould

help

the

poor.（名词化的形容词）7.When

we

are

going

to

have

an

English

test

has

not

been

decided.【答案】When

we

are

going

to

have

an

English

testhas

not

been

decided.（从句）8.It

is

necessary

to

master

a

foreign

language.【答案】Itis

necessary

to

master

a

foreign

language.（It为代词，作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的动词不定式）9.That

he

isn't

at

home

is

not

true.【答案】That

he

isn't

at

homeis

not

true.（从句）突破2

谓语

谓语通常由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1.简单谓语简单谓语由动词或动词短语构成。He

practices

running

every

morning.（动词practices作谓语）We

usually

listen

to

music

on

weekends.（动词短语listen

to作谓语）2.复合谓语（1）由“情态动词或其他助动词+动词原形”构成。You

may

keep

the

book

for

two

weeks.He

didn't

catch

a

bad

cold.（2）由“系动词+表语”构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，而要和表语一起作谓语。We

are

students.Your

idea

sounds

great.用下划线画出下列句子的谓语，并说明其构成方式1.My

sister

cried

just

now.【答案】My

sister

cried

just

now.（简单谓语）2.The

cake

tastes

sweet.【答案】The

cake

tastes

sweet.（复合谓语）3.I

would

stay

at

home

all

day.【答案】I

would

stay

at

home

all

day.（复合谓语）突破3

表语

表语用以说明主语的身份、特征或状态，一般位于系动词（如be、

keep、

stay、

remain、

seem、

appear、

look、

smell、

sound、

feel、

taste、

become、

get、

grow、

go、

turn、

prove等）之后。可以作表语的有形容词（短语）、名词（短语）、代词、数词、分词（短语）、动词不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词、从句等。She

is

very

beautiful.（形容词作表语）用下划线画出下列句子的表语，并说明其所属的词性或语法结构1.Our

English

teacher

is

an

American.【答案】Our

English

teacher

is

an

American.（名词短语）2.Is

it

yours?【答案】Is

it

yours?

（代词）3.The

weather

has

turned

cold.【答案】The

weather

has

turned

cold.（形容词）4.The

speech

is

exciting.【答案】The

speech

is

exciting.（形容词）5.Three

times

seven

is

twenty-one.【答案】Three

times

seven

is

twenty-one.（数词）6.His

job

is

to

teach

English.【答案】His

job

is

to

teach

English.（动词不定式）7.The

machine

must

be

under

repair.【答案】The

machine

must

be

under

repair.（介词短语）8.The

truth

is

that

he

has

never

been

abroad.【答案】The

truth

is

that

he

has

never

been

abroad.（从句）突破4

宾语

宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾结构和介宾结构。可以作宾语的有名词（短语）、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等。They

went

to

see

an

exhibition

yesterday.（名词短语作宾语）用下划线画出下列句子的宾语，并说明其所属的词性或语法结构1.They

planted

many

trees

yesterday.【答案】They

planted

many

trees

yesterday.（名词短语）2.—How

many

dictionaries

do

you

have?—I

have

five.【答案】—How

many

dictionaries

do

you

have?—I

have

five.（名词；数词）3.They

helped

the

old

with

their

housework

yesterday.【答案】They

helped

the

old

with

their

housework

yesterday.（名词化的形容词）4.I

wanted

to

buy

a

car.【答案】I

wanted

to

buy

a

car.（动词不定式）5.He

pretended

not

to

see

me.【答案】He

pretended

not

to

see

me.（动词不定式）6.I

am

fond

of

popular

music.【答案】I

am

fond

of

popular

music.（名词短语）7.I

think

that

he

has

left.【答案】I

think

that

he

has

left.（从句）突破5

补语1.宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词后接宾语时意义仍不完整，还要有一个宾语补足语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为“主语+谓语（某些及物动词，如make、

see、

find等）+宾语+宾语补足语”。宾语补足语可由名词（短语）、形容词（短语）、副词、动词不定式、分词（短语）、介词短语和从句等充当。Disney

called

it

Mickey

Mouse.（专有名词作宾语补足语）2.主语补足语主语补足语就是对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态后，即宾语变成主语时，原来的宾语补足语就成了主语补足语。He

was

elected

monitor.She

was

found

singing

in

the

next

room.He

was

advised

to

teach

the

lazy

boy

a

lesson.用下划线画出下列句子的补语，并说明其所属的词性或语法结构1.His

father

named

him

Dongming.【答案】His

father

named

him

Dongming.（专有名词）2.They

painted

their

boat

white.【答案】They

painted

their

boat

white.（形容词）3.Let

the

fresh

air

in.【答案】Let

the

fresh

air

in.（副词）4.You

mustn't

force

him

to

lend

his

money

to

you.【答案】You

mustn't

force

him

to

lend

his

money

to

you.（动词不定式）5.We

saw

her

cleaning

the

room.【答案】We

saw

her

cleaning

the

room.（现在分词短语）6.We

found

everything

in

the

lab

in

good

order.【答案】We

found

everything

in

the

lab

in

good

order.（介词短语）7.We

will

soon

make

our

city

what

your

city

is

now.【答案】We

will

soon

make

our

city

what

your

city

is

now.（从句）8.I

want

your

homework

done

on

time.【答案】I

want

your

homework

done

on

time.（过去分词短语）9.He

was

elected

president

of

that

country

last

year.【答案】He

was

elected

president

of

that

country

last

year.（名词短语）突破6

定语

定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的单词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“……的”表示。可以作定语的有形容词（短语）、名词（短语）、代词、数词、副词、动词不定式、分词（短语）、介词短语、从句等。Guilin

is

a

beautiful

city.（形容词作定语）定语后置的情况：1.副词作定语时一般要后置。People

there

are

very

friendly.He

didn't

like

the

man

downstairs.2.介词短语作定语时要后置。The

boy

under

the

tree

is

Tom.The

tallest

boy

in

our

class

is

John.3.现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语时常后置。I

have

something

to

say.The

boy

crying

over

there

is

my

classmate.The

house

built

last

year

is

impressive.用下划线画出下列句子的定语，并说明其构成方式1.The

letter

on

the

desk

is

for

Mr

Wu.【答案】The

letter

on

the

desk

is

for

Mr

Wu.（介词短语）2.The

woman

with

long

hair

is

waiting

for

you.【答案】The

woman

with

long

hair

is

waiting

for

you.（介词短语）3.We

need

a

place

twice

larger

than

this

one.【答案】We

need

a

place

twice

larger

than

this

one.（形容词短语）4.She

carried

a

basket

full

of

eggs.【答案】She

carried

a

basket

full

of

eggs.（形容词短语）5.It's

a

book

worth

no

more

than

one

dollar.【答案】It's

a

book

worth

no

more

than

one

dollar.（形容词短语）6.It's

a

city

far

from

the

coast.【答案】It's

a

city

far

from

the

coast.（形容词短语）7.I

don't

have

money

to

buy

a

car.【答案】I

don't

have

money

to

buy

a

car.（动词不定式）8.The

man

downstairs

was

trying

to

sleep.【答案】The

man

downstairs

was

trying

to

sleep.（副词）9.There

are

places

of

interest

needing

repairing

in

our

city.【答案】There

are

places

of

interest

needing

repairing

in

our

city.（现在分词短语）突破7

状语

状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。状语可由副词、介词短语、分词（短语）、从句等充当。He

writes

carefully.（副词修饰动词，作状语）This

material

is

environmentally

friendly.（副词修饰形容词，作状语）He

runs

very

slowly.（副词修饰副词，作状语）Unfortunately,

he

lost

all

of

his

money.（副词修饰整个句子，作状语）1.一个句子中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是“方式状语→地点状语→时间状语”。He

worked

hard

at

his

lessons

last

year.I

found

a

lost

pen

outside

our

school

yesterday

morning.He

was

walking

slowly

outside

the

park

at

that

moment.2.频度副词often、

always、

usually、

sometimes、

never等在句中一般位于情态动词、系动词、助动词之后,

实义动词之前。You

can

never

tell

what

he

will

do.He

is

often

late.He

is

always

helping

others.3.在句子中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认。如果一个单词、短语或从句不属于以上几个成分中的任何一个，那它很可能就是状语。状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式和让步等。分析下列画线部分属于什么状语1.How

about

meeting

again

at

six?【答案】How

about

meeting

again

at

six?（时间状语）2.Mr

Smith

lives

on

the

third

floor.【答案】Mr

Smith

lives

on

the

third

floor.（地点状语）3.Last

nightshe

didn't

go

to

the

dance

party

because

of

the

rain.【答案】Last

nightshe

didn't

go

to

the

dance

party

because

of

the

rain.（时间状语；原因状语）4.She

put

the

eggs

into

the

basket

with

great

care.【答案】She

put

the

eggs

into

the

basket

with

great

care.（方式状语）5.She

came

in

with

a

dictionary

in

her

hand.【答案】She

came

in

with

a

dictionary

in

her

hand.（方式状语）6.In

order

to

catch

up

with

others,

I

must

work

harder.【答案】In

order

to

catch

up

with

others,

I

must

work

harder.（目的状语）突破8

同位语

同位语是在名词或代词之后并对其加以说明的成分。We

students

should

study

hard.

（students是We的同位语）选择正确答案，并指出句中的同位语1.The

young

man,

___,

works

in

the

office.A.me

brother

B.my

brotherC.my

brothers

D.meB【答案】同位语：my

brother2.___,

some

workers,

are

busy

repairing

the

train.A.Them

B.He

C.They

D.TheirsC【答案】同位语：some

workers突破9

简单句的五种基本结构基本句型一：S

V

（主+谓）

用下划线画出下列句子的主语和谓语1.It

is

raining

now.

2.We

have

worked

for

5

hours.

3.The

meeting

lasted

for

half

an

hour.

4.Time

flies.

基本句型二：

S

V

O

（主+谓+宾）

用下划线画出下列句子的主语、谓语和宾语1.Many

people

speak

English.

2.Jim

cannot

dress

himself.

3.All

of

us

believe

that

Jack

is

an

honest

boy.

4.He

did

not

know

what

to

say.

5.He

just

wanted

to

stay

at

home.

6.He

practices

speaking

English

every

day.

基本句型三：

S

V

IO

DO

（主+谓+间宾+直宾）

2.常跟双宾语的及物动词（1）常见的间接宾语置于直接宾语之后需要借助to的及物动词有bring、

give、

grant、

hand、

leave、

lend、

offer、

owe、

pass、

pay、

promise、

read、

sell、

send、

show、

teach、

tell、

write等。（2）常见的间接宾语置于直接宾语之后需要借助for

的及物动词有buy、

choose、

fetch、

get、

make、

order、

play（播放）、

spare等。He

sent

me

an

English-Chinese

dictionary.=He

sent

an

English-Chinese

dictionary

to

me.She

bought

John

a

book.=She

bought

a

book

for

John.用下划线画出下列句子的间接宾语和直接宾语1.She

ordered

herself

a

new

dress.

2.He

brought

you

a

dictionary.

3.I

showed

him

my

pictures.

4.I

gave

my

car

a

wash.

5.I

told

him

that

the

bus

was

late.

基本句型四：S

V

O

OC

（主+谓+宾+宾补）

用下划线画出下列句子的宾语补足语1.They

appointed

him

manager.

2.They

painted

the

door

green.

3.He

pushed

the

door

open.

4.They

found

the

house

deserted.

5.What

makes

him

think

so?

6.We

saw

him

out.

7.He

asked

me

to

come

back

soon.

8.I

saw

them

getting

on

the

bus.

9.I

will

have

my

bike

repaired.

基本句型五：

S

P

（主+系表）

★常见的系动词:1.状态系动词只有be动词，用来表示主语状态。He

is

a

teacher.2.持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep、

remain、

stay、

lie、

stand。He

kept

silent

at

the

meeting.This

matter

remains

a

mystery.The

food

stays

fresh

in

the

fridge.He

lies

awake

in

bed.The

house

stood

empty

for

years.3.表象系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem、

appear。Something

seems

wrong.He

appears

young.4.感官系动词感官系动词主要有look“看起来”、feel“摸起来”、

smell“闻起来”、

sound“听起来”、

taste“尝起来”。This

kind

of

cloth

feels

very

soft.This

flower

smells

very

sweet.5.变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样。变化系动词主要有become、

grow、

turn、

fall、

get、

go、

come、

run。He

became

mad

after

that.She

grew

rich

within

a

short

time.He

fell

ill

yesterday.Eggs

go

bad

easily

in

summer.His

face

went

red.What

he

had

dreamt

of

came

true.6.终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，如prove，相当于turn

out,

表示“证明是;结果是”。The

rumor

proved

false.His

plan

turned

out

a

success.Ⅰ.辨别下列句子中斜体的动词是系动词还是实义动词1.The

door

stays

open

at

night.

________2.He

tasted

the

food,

and

the

food

tasted

delicious.

________________3.The

book

still

lies

open

on

the

desk.

________4.What

he

said

proved

true.

________5.He

can't

prove

his

theory.

__________系动词实义动词;系动词系动词系动词实义动词Ⅱ.用下划线画出下列句子中的系动词1.His

advice

proved

right.【答案】His

advice

proved

right.2.The

shop

stays

open

till

8

o'clock.【答案】The

shop

stays

open

till

8

o'clock.3.The

machine

went

wrong.【答案】The

machine

went

wrong.4.All

these

efforts

seem

in

vain.【答案】All

these

efforts

seem

in

vain.5.These

words

sound

reasonable.【答案】These

words

sound

reasonable.6.The

room

soon

became

crowded.【答案】The

room

soon

became

crowded.7.Trees

turn

green

in

spring.【答案】Trees

turn

green

in

spring.8.What

you

said

sounds

great.【答案】What

you

said

sounds

great.简单句五种基本句型巧记歌诀英语句子万万千，五大句型把线牵。句型种类看动词，后接成分是关键。系词之后接表语，不及物后无须连。及物又可分三类，单宾双宾最常见。还有宾语补足语，各种搭配记心间。Ⅰ.选出下列句子中画线部分的成分1.We

all

study

hard

at

English.(

)

CA.主语

B.谓语

C.宾语

D.表语2.Betty

likes

her

new

bike

very

much.(

)

BA.主语

B.谓语

C.宾语

D.表语3.My

brother

is

a

policeman.(

)

DA.主语

B.谓语

C.宾补

D.表语4.Were

you

at

home

last

night?(

)

BA.定语

B.状语

C.宾补

D.表语5.Winter

is

the

coldest

season

of

the

year.(

)

AA.定语

B.状语

C.宾补

D.表语6.He

often

walks

in

the

park.(

)

BA.定语

B.状语

C.宾语

D.表语7.Mary

asked

me

to

help

her

yesterday.(

)

CA.定语

B.状语

C.宾补

D.表语8.He

bought

me

a

nice

present

last

week.(

)

CA.表语

B.直接宾语

C.间接宾语

D.宾补9.His

parents

are

doctors.(

)

CA.宾语

B.状语

C.表语

D.定语10.I'll

get

you

some

tea

now.(

)

BA.主语

B.直接宾语

C.间接宾语

D.宾补11.My

mother

told

us

an

interesting

story

last

night.(

)

BA.表语

B.直接宾语

C.间接宾语

D.宾补12.He

has

read

the

book

twice.(

)

BA.主语

B.谓语

C.表语

D.宾语13.They

seemed

unhappy

when

they

heard

the

news.(

)

AA.表语

B.谓语

C.宾语

D.定语14.Do

you

have

something

to

eat?(

)

BA.状语

B.定语

C.宾语

D.宾补15.We

made

him

our

monitor.(

)

DA.宾语

B.定语

C.状语

D.宾补Ⅱ.判断下列句子的句型结构1.A

clock,

a

watch

or

a

cell

phone

can

help

us.(

)

BA.S+V

B.S+V+O

C.S+V+IO+DO

D.S+P2.What

he

said

seems

reasonable.(

)

DA.S+V+O+OC

B.S+V+O

C.S+V+IO+DO

D.S+P3.We

find

him

an

honest

person.(

)

AA.S+V+O+OC

B.S+V+O

C.S+V+IO+DO

D.S+P4.He

painted

the

wall

white.(

)

AA.S+V+O+OC

B.S+V+O

C.S+V+IO+DO

D.S+P5.