2026年全国英语等级考试（PETS）五级经典试题及答案

2026年全国英语等级考试（PETS）五级经典试题及答案SectionI:ListeningComprehensionInstructions:ThissectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Thefollowingtranscriptsrepresenttheaudiomaterialsyouwouldhear.Readthetranscriptsandanswerthequestionsbelow.PartA:ConversationsYouwillhearaconversationbetweentwoindividuals.Answerquestions1-5basedontheconversation.Transcript:Dr.Aris:Welcometothesymposium,Dr.Vance.Yourrecentpaperontheepigeneticinheritanceoftraumahasgeneratedconsiderablediscourse.CouldyouelucidatetheprimarymechanismbywhichenvironmentalstressorsaltergeneexpressionwithoutmodifyingtheunderlyingDNAsequence?Dr.Vance:Thankyou,Dr.Aris.Certainly.ThecruxofthematterliesinDNAmethylationandhistonemodification.Whenanorganismexperiencessevereenvironmentalstress,suchasfamineorprolongedpsychologicaltrauma,methylgroupsattachtospecificDNAsequences.Thisdoesn'tchangethegeneticcodeitself,butitactsasamolecularswitch,silencingoractivatinggenes.Whatisfascinating,andperhapsalarming,isthatthesemethylationpatternscanbepasseddowntosubsequentgenerations.Dr.Aris:Thatimpliesasortofbiologicalmemory.Howdoyourespondtocriticswhoarguethattheseepigeneticmarksaredilutedanderasedoversuccessivegenerations,renderingthephenomenonstatisticallyinsignificantinthelongterm?Dr.Vance:Thatisavalidempiricalcontention.However,recentlongitudinalstudiesonmammalianmodelsindicatethatwhilesomelociundergodemethylationduringembryogenesis,othersareremarkablyresilient.We'veobservedtransgenerationalepigeneticinheritanceuptotheF3generation.Theimplicationsforpublichealthareprofound,suggestingthatthetraumaofourancestorsmightpredisposecontemporarypopulationstocertainmetabolicorpsychiatricvulnerabilities.Dr.Aris:Predispositions,notdestinies,Ipresume?Theremustbeamitigatingfactor.Dr.Vance:Precisely.Theepigenomeismalleable.Therapeuticinterventions,enrichedenvironments,andevendietaryadjustmentscanreversemaladaptivemethylationpatterns.Itisadynamicinterplaybetweennatureandnurture,wherenurturecanretroactivelyrewritecertainaspectsofournature.1.WhatistheprimaryfocusofDr.Vance’sresearchasdiscussedintheconversation?A.ModifyingDNAsequencestocuregeneticdiseases.B.TheinheritanceofpsychologicaltraumathroughDNAmutation.C.HowenvironmentalstressorsaffectgeneexpressionwithoutchangingtheDNAsequence.D.Eradicatingtransgenerationaltraumathroughdietaryadjustments.2.AccordingtoDr.Vance,howdoenvironmentalstressorsaffectgenes?A.Bypermanentlyalteringthenucleotidesequence.B.ByattachingmethylgroupstoDNAsequences,actingasamolecularswitch.C.Bydilutingthegeneticcodeoverthreegenerations.D.Bypreventingembryogenesisinmammalianmodels.3.WhatisthemainargumentofthecriticsmentionedbyDr.Aris?A.ThatepigeneticchangesonlyaffecttheF3generation.B.ThatDNAmethylationcannotbeinheritedbyoffspring.C.Thatepigeneticmarksareweakenedanderasedovergenerations,makingthemstatisticallyunimportant.D.Thatenvironmentalstressorsdonotcausepsychologicaltrauma.4.WhatdoesDr.Vancemeanby"Predispositions,notdestinies"?A.Geneticchangesareirreversibleanddictateanindividual'sfuture.B.Epigeneticvulnerabilitiescanbealteredandreversedthroughinterventions.C.Publichealthpoliciescannotmitigateintergenerationaltrauma.D.Dietaryadjustmentsaretheonlywaytocurepsychiatricvulnerabilities.5.Whatistheoveralltoneoftheconversation?A.Contentiousanddefensive.B.Academic,analytical,andcollaborative.C.Pessimisticanddeterministic.D.Superficialanddismissive.PartB:InterviewandNote-TakingYouwillhearaninterviewabouturbanecology.Completethenotesbelowusinguptothreewordsforeachanswer.Transcript:Interviewer:Today,weareexploringtheconceptof"wildlifecorridors"inurbanlandscapeswithDr.SarahJenkins.Dr.Jenkins,whatexactlyisawildlifecorridor,andwhyaretheyvitalinmoderncityplanning?Dr.Jenkins:Awildlifecorridorisessentiallyalinkofhabitat,connectingisolatedpopulationsoffloraandfauna.Inourrapidlyurbanizingworld,naturalhabitatsarefragmentedintoislands.Thisfragmentationrestrictsanimalmigration,limitsaccesstofood,andreducesgeneticdiversityduetoinbreeding.Wildlifecorridors—whethertheyareoverpasses,underpasses,orgreenroofs—bridgethesegaps,allowingsafepassageforspecies,whichiscrucialformaintainingresilientecosystems.Interviewer:Howdoestheimplementationofthesecorridorsimpactthehumanresidentsofthecity?Dr.Jenkins:Thebenefitsaretwofold.Ecologically,theyrestorethebalanceoflocalecosystems,whichcannaturallycontrolpestpopulations.Sociologically,studiesshowthataccesstogreenspacesandwildlifesignificantlyimprovesurbanmentalhealth.However,themainchallengeisspatial.Urbanplannersoftenhavetorepurposeexistinginfrastructure,whichispoliticallyandeconomicallyexpensive.6.Awildlifecorridorconnectsisolatedpopulationsof_____________.7.Fragmentationrestrictsanimalmigration,limitsfoodaccess,andreduces_____________.8.Corridorsbridgegaps,allowingsafepassageforspecies,whichiscrucialformaintaining_____________.9.Ecologicalbenefitsincluderestoringecosystembalanceandnaturallycontrolling_____________.10.Themainchallengeinimplementingcorridorsisthe_____________.PartC:Monologues/TalksListentothefollowingtalkonbehavioraleconomics.Answerquestions11-15.Transcript:Theconceptof"lossaversion"isafoundationalpillarinbehavioraleconomics.FirstidentifiedbyDanielKahnemanandAmosTversky,lossaversionreferstothepsychologicalrealitythatthepainoflosingispsychologicallyabouttwiceaspowerfulasthepleasureofgaining.Ineconomicterms,a100los11.Accordingtothetalk,howmuchmorepowerfulisthepainoflosingcomparedtothepleasureofgaining?A.Exactlythesame.B.Abouttwiceaspowerful.C.Abouthalfaspowerful.D.Threetimesaspowerful.12.Howdoeslossaversionaffectstockmarketinvestors?A.Theyselllosingstocksquicklytocuttheirlosses.B.Theyholdontolosingstockstoolongandsellwinningstockstooearly.C.Theyonlybuystocksthatguaranteelong-termgains.D.Theyalwaysbasetheirdecisionsonfutureutility.13.Whatdoesthe"rationalactormodel"ofclassicaleconomicsassume?A.Humansareemotionallyattachedtofinanciallosses.B.Humansmakedecisionsbasedonsunkcosts.C.Humansmakedecisionsbasedonfutureutility.D.Humansarenaturallyrisk-averse.14.Howcanpolicymakersuselossaversiontopromoteenergyconservation?A.Byofferingtaxrebatesforinsulation.B.Byframingthelackofactionasafinancialloss.C.Byexplainingthemathematicalequivalenceofsavings.D.Bymakingenergycostsartificiallylow.15.Whatisthemainsubjectofthistalk?A.Thehistoryofthestockmarket.B.Therationalactormodelinclassicaleconomics.C.Thepsychologicalimpactoffinancialgains.D.Lossaversionanditsimpactondecision-making.SectionII:UseofEnglishPartA:Multiple-ChoiceClozeReadthefollowingtextandchoosethebestwordtofilleachblankfromthefouroptionsprovided.Thephenomenonofurbanbeekeepinghaswitnessedanunprecedentedsurgeinpopularityoverthepastdecade.Drivenbyaburgeoningawarenessofpollinatordeclineandaromanticizedvisionofurbanagriculture,citydwellersareincreasingly(16)________hivesonrooftopsandbalconies.However,theecologicalrealityofthistrendiscomplexandoften(17)________.Whileitistruethaturbanenvironmentscanofferadiverseforaginggroundduetothevarietyofornamentalplantsingardensandparks,thedensityofhivesincertaincitieshasreached(18)________levels.Ecologistswarnthatanexcessiveconcentrationofhoneybees—thedomesticatedspeciestypicallykeptbyapiarists—canoutcompetewildpollinators,suchasbumblebeesandsolitarybees.Thesewildspeciesareoftenmore(19)________tolocalflorabutlackthenumericaladvantageandcommunicationefficiencyofhoneybeecolonies.Asinglehoneybeehivecancontainupto50,000individuals,creatingaformidable(20)________forfinitefloralresources.Consequently,well-intentionedurbanbeekeepersmightinadvertentlybe(21)________theverybiodiversitytheyaimtoprotect.Tomitigatethisissue,expertsadvocateforaparadigmshift.Insteadofsolelyfocusingonhoneybee(22)________,urbanconservationeffortsshouldprioritizethecreationofhabitatstailoredtowildpollinators.Thisinvolvesleavingdeadwood,minimizingpesticideuse,andplantingnativespeciesthat(23)________thenutritionalneedsofspecializedwildbees.Furthermore,municipalregulationsshouldbe(24)________tolimitthedensityofhoneybeehivespersquarekilometer,ensuringthattheurbanecosystemremainsa(25)________spaceforallpollinatorspecies,notjustthecommerciallyconvenientones.16.A.installingB.constructingC.deployingD.erecting17.A.beneficialB.paradoxicalC.simplisticD.transparent18.A.sustainableB.negligibleC.saturationD.detrimental19.A.adaptedB.opposedC.indifferentD.alien20.A.competitorB.demandC.supplyD.congregation21.A.preservingB.jeopardizingC.cultivatingD.initiating22.A.declineB.husbandryC.extinctionD.migration23.A.compromiseB.caterC.challengeD.restrict24.A.enactedB.repealedC.ignoredD.discouraged25.A.competitiveB.barrenC.sharedD.monopolizedPartB:OpenClozeReadthefollowingtextandthinkofonewordwhichbestfitseachgap.Theconceptofneuroplasticityhasrevolutionizedourunderstandingofthehumanbrain.Fordecades,thescientificconsensusheld(26)________theadultbrainwasastaticorgan,incapableofgeneratingnewneuronsorsignificantlyrewiringitscircuitsafteracriticalperiodofchildhooddevelopment.Thisdogma,however,hasbeencomprehensivelydismantled(27)________theadventofadvancedneuroimagingtechnologies.Wenowknowthatthebrainremainshighlymalleablethroughoutaperson'slife.Whenanindividuallearnsanewskill,(28)________itbeplayingthepianoorspeakingaforeignlanguage,thebrainundergoesstructuralchanges.Neuronsformnewsynapticconnections,aprocess(29)________assynaptogenesis.Furthermore,theprincipleof"useitorloseit"appliesstrictlytoneuralpathways.Connectionsthatarefrequentlyactivatedbecomestrongerandmoreefficient,aphenomenontermedlong-termpotentiation,(30)________thosethatliedormantaregraduallyprunedaway.Thisrevelationhasprofoundimplicationsforstrokerehabilitation.Patientswhohavesuffereddamagetomotorcortexareascansometimesregainlostfunctionsbecauseadjacent,undamagedareasofthebraincan(31)________overtheresponsibilitiesoftheimpairedregions.Thisfunctionalreorganizationdoesnothappenpassively;itrequiresintense,repetitive,andtask-specifictraining.Thebrainessentiallyrewiresitself(32)________tothedemandsplaceduponit.Moreover,neuroplasticityisadouble-edgedsword.Justasthebraincanrewireitselftolearnhealthyhabits,itcan(33)________adapttopathologicalstates.Addiction,forexample,isaformofmaladaptiveneuroplasticitywherethebrain'srewardcircuitsarehijackedandfundamentallyalteredbyrepeatedexposuretodrugs.Understandingboththepositiveandnegativeaspectsofneuroplasticityisparamountifwearetodevelop(34)________effectivetreatmentsforawidearrayofneurologicalandpsychiatricconditions,ultimatelyallowingustoharnessthebrain's(35)________capacityforself-repair.SectionIII:ReadingComprehensionPartA:Multiple-ChoiceQuestionsReadthefollowingtextsandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthecorrectoption.Text1:TheFermiParadoxandtheGreatFilterTheFermiParadoxistheapparentcontradictionbetweenthehighprobabilityofextraterrestrialcivilizationsexistingandthelackofcontactwith,orevidencefor,suchcivilizations.Theuniverseisunimaginablyvastandold;givenbillionsofstarsandplanets,andampletimeforlifetoevolve,thegalaxyshouldbeteemingwithintelligentlife.Yet,weobserveadeafeningsilence.Toexplainthis,RobinHansonproposedtheconceptofthe"GreatFilter."TheGreatFilterisahypotheticalevolutionarystepthatisextremelyimprobableforlifetosurpass.Itactsasabarrierpreventingtheprogressionfromsimple,deadmattertoanexpanding,interstellarcivilization.Thecriticalquestionis:whereisthefilterlocated?Ifitisbehindus—meaningthegenesisoflifeortheleapfromsingle-celledtomulti-celledorganismsisthehardpart—thenweareextraordinarilylucky,andtheuniverseisoursforthetaking.However,iftheGreatFilterliesaheadofus,itsuggeststhatnearlyeverycivilizationreachesacertaintechnologicalmaturityandthendestroysitself,perhapsthroughnuclearwar,artificialintelligence,orenvironmentalcollapse.ThediscoveryoflifeonMarsorEuropawouldbescientificallyfascinating,butitwouldbeterrifyingfortheproponentsoftheGreatFiltertheory.Findingindependentlyevolvedlifeonotherplanetswouldimplythatthegenesisoflifeisnotthefilter.Iflifeisubiquitous,andwestillseenoadvancedcivilizations,thefiltermustbeahead.Thisrealizationshouldserveasastarkwarning.Wemustbeexceedinglycarefulwithtechnologiesthatpossessexistentialriskpotential,astheoddssuggestthatsurvivingthemisstatisticallyrare.36.WhatisthecorecontradictiondescribedintheFermiParadox?A.Theuniverseistoooldtosupportlife.B.Highprobabilityofalienlifevs.lackofevidenceforit.C.Theimpossibilityofinterstellartravelvs.thevastnessoftheuniverse.D.Theconflictbetweentechnologicalmaturityandenvironmentalcollapse.37.AccordingtoRobinHanson,whatisthe"GreatFilter"?A.Aphysicalbarrierthatpreventsinterstellartravel.B.Adeviceusedtodetectextraterrestrialsignals.C.Ahighlyimprobableevolutionarystepthatpreventscivilizationsfromadvancing.D.Anaturaldisasterthatperiodicallywipesoutplanetarylife.38.WhywouldthediscoveryofsimplelifeonMarsbe"terrifying"accordingtothetext?A.BecauseitwouldimplythataliensmightinvadeEarth.B.Becauseitwouldmeanlifeisrare,andwearealone.C.BecauseitwouldsuggesttheGreatFilterisbehindus,meaningwewillsoonbedestroyed.D.BecauseitwouldindicatethattheGreatFilterliesaheadofhumancivilization.39.WhatdoestheauthorsuggesthumanityshoulddobasedontheGreatFiltertheory?A.Investheavilyininterstellarcolonization.B.Exerciseextremecautionregardingexistentialrisks.C.Searchformoreextraterrestrialsignals.D.AbandonspaceexplorationtofocusonEarth.40.Theword"ubiquitous"inthefinalparagraphmostnearlymeans:A.Rareandunique.B.Presenteverywhere.C.Highlydangerous.D.Technologicallyadvanced.Text2:TheEconomicsofUniversalBasicIncomeUniversalBasicIncome(UBI)isarecurring,unconditionalcashpaymentdeliveredtoallcitizensregardlessoftheiremploymentstatusorwealth.Asautomationthreatenstodisplaceasignificantportionoftheworkforce,UBIhastransitionedfromafringeutopianideatoamainstreameconomicdebate.ProponentsarguethatUBIwoulderadicateextremepoverty,provideasafetynetinapost-worksociety,andempowerindividualstopursueeducationorcaregivingwithouttheimmediatepressureofsurvival.However,detractorsraisesignificanteconomicconcerns,primarilyregardingfunding.Providingalivableincometomillionsofpeoplewouldrequiremassivegovernmentrevenue,likelynecessitatingsubstantialtaxincreasesorcutstoexistingsocialprograms.Economistsalsowarnofinflationarypressures;ifeveryonesuddenlyreceives$1,000amonth,landlordsandbusinessesmightsimplyraiseprices,negatingthepurchasingpowerofthegrant.Furthermore,thereisthe"disincentivetowork"argument.Criticsworrythataguaranteedincomewouldreducelaborforceparticipation,leadingtoadeclineineconomicproductivityandastagnationofsocietalprogress.PilotprogramsinFinland,Canada,andKenyahaveyieldednuancedresults.Whilerecipientsreportedlowerstresslevels,improvedhealth,andnosignificantreductioninemployment,thesetrialswereoftentemporallylimited,makingitdifficulttopredictlong-termmacroeconomiceffects.TheultimateviabilityofUBImaydependonitsdesign:whetheritreplacesallotherwelfareprograms(alibertarianmodel)orsupplementsthem(aprogressivemodel),andhowitisfinanced.Asthenatureofworkfundamentallyshifts,thedebateoverUBIisnotmerelyabouteconomics,butaboutthephilosophicaldefinitionofhumanvalueinanageofmachines.41.WhatistheprimaryreasonUBIhasbecomeamainstreameconomictopicrecently?A.Theriseofautomationdisplacingworkers.B.ThesuccessofUBIprogramsinFinlandandCanada.C.Theneedtoincreasegovernmenttaxrevenues.D.Thedeclineinglobalpovertyrates.42.WhichofthefollowingisNOTaconcernraisedbydetractorsofUBI?A.Theneedforsubstantialtaxincreases.B.Thepotentialforinflationarypressures.C.Adecreaseinlaborforceparticipation.D.Theoverproductionofconsumergoods.43.Whatdothepilotprogramsmentionedinthetextsuggest?A.UBIcompletelyeliminatestheneedfortraditionalwelfare.B.UBIleadstomassiveinflationimmediately.C.Recipientsexperiencedimprovedwell-beingwithoutquittingtheirjobs.D.Long-termmacroeconomiceffectsarenowfullyunderstood.44.Whatdoestheword"disincentive"inthesecondparagraphmostlikelymean?A.Areasontoworkharder.B.Afactorthatdiscouragesanaction.C.Afinancialbonusforemployers.D.Atypeoftaxation.45.Accordingtothetext,whatwilldeterminetheultimatesuccessofUBI?A.Itsphilosophicalalignmentwithhumanvalues.B.Thecompletereplacementofallotherwelfareprograms.C.Thespecificdesignandfinancingoftheprogram.D.Thecessationoftechnologicaladvancement.PartB:Matching/SkimmingandScanningYouaregoingtoreadanarticleaboutsustainablearchitecture.Fiveparagraphshavebeenremoved.ChoosethemostsuitableparagraphfromthelistA-Fforeachgap(46-50).Thereisoneextraparagraphyoudonotneed.SustainableArchitecture:BeyondtheGreenFacadeModernsustainablearchitecturehashistoricallystruggledwithafundamentalcontradiction:thepursuitofhigh-tech,eco-friendlysolutionsoftenresultsinbuildingsthatconsumemassiveamountsofresourcesduringconstruction.Toachievegenuinesustainability,theindustrymustreconsidernotjustoperationalenergyuse,buttheembodiedenergyofthematerialsthemselves.(46)_________.Fordecades,concretehasbeenthefoundationofmoderndevelopment,yetitsproductionaccountsforapproximately8%ofglobalcarbondioxideemissions.TransitioningawayfromtraditionalPortlandcementtoalternativeslikegeopolymerconcrete,whichutilizesindustrialbyproducts,representsanecessaryevolution.(47)_________.Timber,specificallycross-laminatedtimber(CLT),hasemergedasaviablestructuralalternative.CLTinvolvesgluinglayersoftimberatrightangles,creatingpanelswiththestrengthofsteel.Thisnotonlysequesterscarbonwithinthebuildingbutalsoreducesconstructiontimeandnoisepollution.(48)_________.However,thebiologicalnatureoftimbernecessitatesrigorousfiresafetyengineering.Whilemasstimbercharspredictablyandretainsstructuralintegritylongerthanexposedsteel,buildingcodesremaincautious.Overcomingregulatoryhurdlesisthenextmajorfrontierforhigh-risetimberconstruction.(49)_________.Beyondstructuralmaterials,theintegrationoflivingsystemsintobuildingfacadesoffersdualbenefits.Greenroofsandverticalgardensprovidethermalinsulation,reducetheurbanheatislandeffect,andmanagestormwaterrunoff,transformingsterileconcretejunglesintoactiveecologicalsystems.(50)_________.Ultimately,trulysustainablearchitectureisnotaboutboltingsolarpanelsontoinefficientstructures.Itisaholisticapproachthatdemandsanunderstandingoftheentirelifecycleofmaterials,fromextractiontodemolition,andaprofoundrespectfortheecologicalfootprintofthebuiltenvironment.MissingParagraphs:A.Despitetheseclearadvantages,thewidespreadadoptionoftimberisnotwithoutsignificantchallenges.Regulatoryframeworksinmanycountriesareheavilybiasedtowardsteelandconcreteconstruction.B.Oneofthemostpromisingshiftsinmaterialscienceistheresurgenceofwood.Farfrombeingarelicofpre-industrialeras,modernengineeredwoodproductsarerevolutionizingthestructuralcapabilitiesoforganicmaterials.C.Furthermore,theaestheticandpsychologicalbenefitsofbiophilicdesignshouldnotbeunderestimated.Studiesconsistentlyshowthatoccupantsofbuildingswithnaturallightandgreeneryexhibitlowerstressandhigherproductivity.D.Themostglaringissueisthecontinuedrelianceoncarbon-intensivematerials.Theconstructionindustryhasbeennotoriouslyslowtoadoptmaterialsthatreducethisinitialcarbondebt.E.Thisbiologicalintegrationrequiressophisticatedirrigationandstructuralengineering,butthelong-termecologicalandeconomicreturnsjustifytheinitialinvestmentininfrastructure.F.Thisregulatoryconservatismmeansthatarchitectsmustoftenengageinlengthy,expensivetestingprocessestoprovethesafetyofmasstimberbuildings,slowingdownthetransitiontolow-carbonconstruction.PartC:ShortAnswerQuestionsReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsusingamaximumof10wordsperanswer.TheMicrobiomeandtheGut-BrainAxisThehumanmicrobiome,acomplexecosystemoftrillionsofmicroorganismsresidingprimarilyinourgastrointestinaltract,hasshiftedfrombeingviewedasmeredigestiveaidstobeingrecognizedasacrucialendocrineorgan.Thegut-brainaxis,abidirectionalcommunicationnetworklinkingtheentericandcentralnervoussystems,ismediatedbyimmune,hormonal,andneuralpathways.Recentresearchhasuncoveredthatgutmicrobiotaproduceneurotransmitterssuchasserotonin,dopamine,andGABA.Infact,approximately90%ofthebody'sserotoninissynthesizedinthedigestivetract.Thesemicrobialmetabolitescaninfluencebrainfunction,affectingmood,stressresponse,andevencognitivedevelopment.Dysbiosis,astateofmicrobialimbalance,hasbeencorrelatedwitharangeofpsychiatricconditions,includingdepression,anxiety,andautismspectrumdisorders.However,thedirectionalityoftherelationshipbetweenthemicrobiomeandthebrainremainsasubjectofintensescientificscrutiny.Whileanimalmodels—suchasfecalmicrobiotatransplantsfromdepressedhumanstogerm-freemiceinducingdepressivebehaviors—suggestacausallink,humanstudiesremainlargelycorrelational.Nonetheless,thepotentialforpsychobiotics—specificstrainsofbacteriathatconfermentalhealthbenefits—opensanovelfrontierinneuropsychiatrictreatment,movingawayfromsyntheticpharmaceuticalstowardecologicalmodulationofourinternalenvironments.51.Howwasthegutmicrobiometraditionallyviewed?52.Whatnetworkconnectsthegutandthebrain?53.Whereisthemajorityofthebody'sserotoninproduced?54.Whatisthetermusedforamicrobialimbalance?55.Whatdoanimalmodelssuggestaboutthemicrobiomeanddepression?SectionIV:WritingPartA:SummaryWritingReadthefollowingtextaboutdeep-seamining.Writeasummaryofapproximately100-120words.Yoursummarymustbewritteninyourownwordsandshouldincludethemainpointsofthepassage.Thedeepocean,anabyssalexpanseoncethoughttobeabarrenvoid,isnowatthecenterofafiercegeopoliticalandenvironmentaldispute.Theseabedisrichinpolymetallicnodules—rockconcretionscontainingmanganese,cobalt,nickel,andcopper.Thesemineralsareessentialcomponentsforlithium-ionbatteriesandarethereforecriticalforthetransitiontorenewableenergytechnologieslikeelectricvehiclesandwindturbines.Asterrestrialsourcesofthesemetalsdepleteandbecomeincreasinglyenvironmentallydestructivetomine,theallureofthedeepseaisundeniable.However,theextractionofthesenodulesposescatastrophicriskstoafragileandprofoundlyunderstudiedecosystem.Theabyssalplainisahighlystableenvironmentcharacterizedbyextremepressure,cold,anddarkness.Lifetheregrowsataglacialpace;anoduletakesmillionsofyearstoform.Theprocessofmininginvolvesdeployingmassiveroboticcollectorsthatscrapetheseafloor,generatingsedimentplumesthatcansmotherbenthicorganismsanddisruptthebiologicalcarbonpump,acrucialprocessbywhichtheoceansequesterscarbon.TheInternationalSeabedAuthority(ISA),theUNbodytaskedwithregulatingdeep-seaminingininternationalwaters,iscurrentlydraftingtheexploitationregulations.EnvironmentalistsarguethattheISAisprioritizingmininginterestsoveritsmandatetoprotectthemarineenvironment,pointingoutthatwecannoteffectivelymanageanecosystemwebarelyunderstand.Theyadvocateforamoratoriumondeep-seamininguntilcomprehensivescientificbaselinesandrobustenvironmentalimpactassessmentsareestablished.Thetensionbetweentheurgentneedforrenewableenergyinfrastructureandtheimperativetoprotectdeep-seabiodiversityrepresentsoneofthedefiningenvironmentaldilemmasofthe21stcentury.PartB:EssayWritingWriteanessayofapproximately250wordsonthefollowingtopic."Thewidespreaduseofartificialintelligenceincreativeindustries(suchasliterature,art,andmusic)willeventuallyleadtothedevaluationofhumancreativity."Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisstatement?Providereasonsandexamplestosupportyourposition.AnswerKeyandDetailedExplanationsSectionI:ListeningComprehension1.C.Dr.Vance’spaperfocuseson"epigeneticinheritance,"whichisthealterationofgeneexpressionwithoutmodifyingtheDNAsequence,causedbyenvironmentalstressors.OptionAisincorrectasitmentionsmodifyingDNA.OptionBconfusesepigeneticchangeswithDNAmutation.2.B.Dr.Vanceexplicitlystatesthat"methylgroupsattachtospecificDNAseque