上海市徐汇区上海中学2025-2026学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题（含答案）

上海市徐汇区上海中学2025-2026学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题一、单项选择1.Onthetopofthemountain_________,offeringabreathtakingviewoftheentirevalley.A．asmalltemplestoodB．didasmalltemplestandC．stoodasmalltempleD．standasmalltemple2._________,wemustneverloseourfaithinthepowerofpersistence.A．AsthechallengesmaybegreatB．GreatasthechallengesmaybeC．HoweverthechallengesmaybegreatD．Nomattergreatthechallengesmaybe3.Onlyafterthein-depthinvestigation_________thecomplexrootcausesofthesystemicfailure.A．thecommitteerevealedB．didthecommitteerevealC．thecommitteedidrevealD．revealedthecommittee4.Notforonemoment_________thattheirquietperseverancewouldonedayrevolutionizetheentirefieldofbiotechnology.A．theyhadimaginedB．havetheyimaginedC．theyimaginedD．hadtheyimagined5.Mostteachersarguethatstudentsshouldreducescreentimetoprotecteyesight,_________thatexcessiveonlinegameswillalsoaffectacademicperformance.A．asdomostparentsB．soaremostparentsC．suchasmostparentsD．asmostparents6._________thecomplexwebofinternationalrelationships,evenaminordiplomaticerrorcanproducefar-reachingeffectsworldwide.A．ConsideringB．SinceC．BecauseD．Whereas7.Theoldlibrary,_________duringthewarasasecretmeetingplace,holdsaspecialsignificance_________isunknowntomanyofitsvisitorstoday.A．used;whichB．beingused;thatC．havingused;whatD．tobeused;/8.Heisoneofthemostinnovativescientists_________worksarenotonlypopularbutalsoposeaprofoundchallengetotheconventionalvalues_________wehavelongheld.A．whose;whomB．whom;/C．whose;whichD．that;that9.Thereasonforhissuddendeparture,_________heexplainedtomeinconfidence,wasdeeplypersonalandpainful.A．asB．whyC．whatD．that10._________thehistoricalrecordscarefullyformonths,theresearcherfinallyuncoveredakeydetailthathadbeenoverlookedfordecades.A．ToexamineB．ExaminingC．ExaminedD．Havingexamined11.Theancientcastle,_________thetoweringwallshadwitnessedcenturiesofhistory,wasfinallyopenedtothepublic.A．whichB．whoseC．ofwhichD．that12.Themuseumhousesapricelesscollectionofartifacts,many______datebacktotheBronzeAge.A．ofwhichB．whichC．ofwhomD．that13._________theancientcivilizationmanagedtobuildsuchprecisestructureswithoutmoderntechnologyremainsaprofoundmystery.A．WhatB．HowC．ThatD．Which14.Thereisnosolidevidencewhatsoever_____theeventevertookplaceasdescribedinthebook.A．whichB．whatC．thatD．whether15._________theaccident,hehesitated_________acrossthebusyroadeversince.A．Witnessing;towalkB．Havingwitnessed;towalkC．Witnessed;walkingD．Havingwitnessed;walking16.Theproposal_________bythecommitteeinvolves_________theretirementage.A．considering;raisingB．considered;raisingC．tobeconsidered;toraiseD．considered;toraise17.Foryears,thescientist_________thathistheorywouldeventuallybeproven,andnow,withthelatestexperimentaldata,itfinally_________.A．hadmaintained;hasbeenB．hasmaintained;isC．maintained;hadbeenD．hadbeenmaintaining;is18.Themanagerdecidedto_________clearguidelinestoensureeveryoneunderstoodthenewproject’sobjectives.A．setoutB．setaboutC．setasideD．setoff19.Thescientist’sfindingsweresosignificantthatthey_________throughtheacademiccommunity,influencingresearchfordecades.A．flittedB．echoedC．piledD．devoted20.Thetwotheories,thoughdevelopedindependentlybyscholarsondifferentcontinents,werestrikingly_________intheircoreprinciplesandconclusions.A．identicalB．equivalentC．challengingD．elevated21.Theoldcottage,withitssmokerisinglazilyfromthechimney,wasperfectly_________intheprotectiveembraceoftherollinghills.A．nestledB．composedC．integratedD．regulated二、选词填空Directions:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.witnessB.strippingC.unearthingD.weavingE.walkingF.sealedG.subjectiveH.transformedI.simplyJ.SpecificallyK.presenceJaneGoodall:MoreThanaScientistNowmorethanever,wemustrecognizethatanimalsdomatter.Theyaremorethanaliving___22___towildernessandunspoiledbeauty.Theydeservemoreoutoflifethantobevictimsinourfailedeffortstocoexist.Justasweappreciateindividualityinpeople,sotoomuchwevalueitinotheranimals.OnOct.1,2025,JaneGoodallpassedaway.Muchofheramazinglifeis___23___inthelegacysheleavesbehind.InColorado,GovernorJaredPolisimmediatelyproclaimedOct.1,2025,asJaneGoodallDay.Her___24___willsurelybeeverlasting.Tosharepersonalreflectionsonherlifeandlegacy,weturntotwoofherlong-timecollaborators:Marc,awildlifefilmmakerandproducerwhoworkedwithJaneforover30years,andMarlon,asciencewriterandeditorwhohelpedshapeJane’slaterwritingsandglobalmessaging.Marc:Jane’spioneeringresearch___25___ourunderstandingofchimpanzees.InNovember1960,sheobservedDavidGreybeardmakingandusingatoolby___26___leavesfromastrawsticktoextracttermites(白蚁).Thisgroundbreakingobservationwasinitiallymetwithdoubtsuntilsheprovidedvideoevidence.Nowwemustredefinetool,redefineMan,oracceptchimpanzeesashumans.Janealsonamedthechimpanzeessheobserved,forwhichshewasstronglycriticized.“Iwastoldthatnaminganimalsistoo___27___,”sherecalled,“Individualdifferencesinpersonalities___28___amountedto‘noiseinthesystem.’”Largeamountsofsubsequentresearchhaveshownhowwrongourcriticswere.Marlon:Asastrongbelieverinthepowerofstories,IhadlonglookeduptoGoodallasa(n)___29___encyclopediaforthenaturalworld.Formostofus,___30___theformativemomentsofourlivesisavoyageintovastandunchartedmemories.NotsoforGoodall,whocutsthroughthemistwithease,___31___themtogetherasiftherehadbeennodeadends.三、完形填空Theconventionalportrayalofscientificadvancementasastraightforwardgatheringofsuccessespresentsafundamentallymisleadingpicture.Authenticscientificprogressisrarelystraight;___32___,itfollowsawindingpathfilledwithunexpectedobstaclesanddefinitivefailures.Ratherthanrepresentingmereblocks,theseapparentsetbacksfrequentlyfunctionasimportant___33___thatre-orientresearchtowardmorepromisingdirectionsanddeeperunderstanding.Thediscoveryofcosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiationoffersaparticularlyinstructivecasestudy.WhenradioastronomersArnoPenziasandRobertWilsonfirstdetectedpersistentinterference(干扰)intheirmeasurements,theynaturally___34___thisusualsignalasevidenceofequipmentproblem.Thesignalconsistently___35___theirattemptstocollectcleanastronomicaldata,promptinganextensiveinvestigationintopotentialtechnicalsources.Aftersystematicallyremovingallthinkablesourcescause,theyfacedaninescapablereality:theinterferencepersisteddespitetheirmostdiligentefforts.___36___,thisverypersistencepushedthemtoconsidermoreextraordinaryexplanations.Whatbeganasatechnical___37___ultimatelyturnedintooneofthemostsignificantcosmologicaldiscoveriesofthemodernera.Thishistoricalepisodeilluminatesacrucialprincipleofscientificmethods:thegenuinevalueofaninvestigationoftenliesnotinconfirmingexpectedresults,butinhowresearchersrespondtodifferencesbetweentheoryand___38___.Whenexperimentaldataconsistentlycontradicttheoreticalpredictions,themostinnovativescientistsperceivenotfailurebutopportunity—an___39___toreexaminefundamentalassumptionsandtheoreticalframeworks.Suchmomentsofconflictfrequentlycatalyzescientificbreakthroughs,stimulatingthedevelopmentofmorecomprehensivetheories.Theseinsightscarryprofoundimplicationsforscience___40___.Traditionalteachingapproachesthatemphasizepredeterminedoutcomesandrapidsuccessmayaccidentallyholdbackthedevelopmentofauthenticscientific___41___.Amorephilosophicallyinformedmethodologywouldcreatelearningenvironmentsthatnotonlytoleratebutactively___42___theproductivefailuresthatnaturallyoccurduringgenuineinvestigation.Byengagingthoughtfullywithunexpectedresults,studentsdevelopthemethodicalunderstandingandintellectual___43___essentialforinnovativeresearch.Ultimately,recognizingtheindispensableroleoffailure___44___changesourunderstandingofscientificprogressitself.Themostgroundbreakingadvancesfrequentlyemergenotinspiteoffailuresbutbecauseofthe___45___tensiontheyreveal.Asophisticatedunderstandingofscientificmethodologythereforerequiresustoregardfailurenotastheendofinquiry,butasa(n)___46___andgenerativedimensionofthescientificenterprise.32.A．insteadB．thereforeC．meanwhileD．besides33.A．guidesB．conclusionsC．rewardsD．theories34.A．predictedB．interpretedC．encounteredD．ignored35.A．improvedB．confirmedC．frustratedD．simplified36.A．EspeciallyB．FurthermoreC．NeverthelessD．Moreover37.A．successB．approachC．failureD．achievement38.A．predictionB．observationC．intuitionD．imagination39.A．invitationB．obligationC．limitationD．repetition40.A．policyB．educationC．fundingD．publication41.A．accuracyB．curiosityC．frameD．agreement42.A．avoidB．fearC．embraceD．document43.A．disciplineB．flexibilityC．stabilityD．certainty44.A．temporarilyB．accidentallyC．fundamentallyD．typically45.A．conceptualB．physicalC．emotionalD．creative46.A．optionalB．essentialC．terminalD．symbolic四、阅读理解A(ThefollowingisanexcerptfromRobinsonCrusoe,Chapter1.)Iwasbornintheyear1632,inthecityofYork,ofagoodfamily,thoughnotofthatcountry,myfatherbeingaforeignerofBremen,whosettledfirstatHull.Hegotagoodestatebymerchandise,andleavingoffhistrade,livedafterwardsatYork,fromwhencehehadmarriedmymother.Ihadtwoelderbrothers,oneofwhomwasalieutenant-colonelkilledinbattle.AsIwasthethirdsonandnotbredtoanytrade,myheadbegantobefilledearlywithwanderingthoughts.Myfatherdesignedmeforthelaw,butIwouldbesatisfiedwithnothingbutgoingtosea.Mydesireledmesostronglyagainstthewillofmyfatherandtheappealsofmymotherthatthereseemedtobesomethingunavoidableinthat

propensity

ofnature,tendingdirectlytothelifeofmiserywhichwastohappentome.Myfather,awiseman,gavemeseriouscounsel.Hetoldmeitwasmenofdesperatefortunesorofaspiringoneswhowentabroadonadventures.Thesethingswerealleithertoofarabovemeortoofarbelowme;thatminewasthemiddlestate.Hehadfoundbylongexperiencethatthiswasthebeststateintheworld,themostsuitedtohumanhappiness.Itwasnotexposedtothehardshipsofthelowerclass,norembarrassedwiththeprideoftheupperclass.Hesaidthetragediesoflifeweresharedamongtheupperandlowerpartsofmankind,butthemiddlestationhadthefewestdisasters.Itwascalculatedforallkindsofvirtuesandenjoyments;thatpeaceandplenty,temperance,moderation,andhealthweretheblessingsattendingit.Hepressedmeearnestlynottoplungemyselfintomiseries.Tocloseall,hetoldmeIhadmyelderbrotherforanexample,towhomhehadusedthesamepersuasionstokeephimfromthewars,butcouldnotwin.HetoldmeifIdidtakethisfoolishstep,Godwouldnotblessme.Iobservedthetearsrunningdownhisface.Iwassincerelyaffected,andIresolvednottothinkofgoingabroadanymore,buttosettleathomeaccordingtomyfather’sdesire.Butalas!Afewdaysworeitalloff.InafewweeksIresolvedtorunaway.Itoldmymotherthatmythoughtswereentirelybentuponseeingtheworld.Iwasnoweighteen.Ibeggedhertopersuademyfathertoletmegoononevoyage,promisingifIcamebackanddidnotlikeit,Iwouldgonomore.47.Whichofthefollowingisthemainconflictinthispassage?A．Astrugglebetweenthenarrator’sdesireandhisfather’swish.B．Afamilydisputeoverthecorrectwaytohonorasonkilledinwar.C．Thenarrator’sinternalstrugglebetweenstudyinglaworbusiness.D．Thechallengesofanimmigrantfatheradaptingtonewsociety.48.Theword“propensity”inparagraph2mostprobablymeans.A．anaturalpreferenceortendencyB．afoolishandhastydecisionC．acarefullyconsideredplanD．atemporaryandpassinginterest49.Whatwasthefather’smainargumentforthenarratoracceptinga“middlestate”inlife?A．Itofferedthegreatestopportunityforfameandadventure.B．Itwastheeasiestwaytoaccumulateavastfortune.C．Itwasmostlikelytoleadtoalifeofpeaceandhappiness.D．Itwasthesocialclasshewasbornintoandcouldnotescape.50.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaboutthepassage?A．Thenarrator’sfatherwasborninYorkandmadeafortunebypracticinglaw.B．Thenarratorsoughthismother’shelptosupporthisgoalofgoingtosea.C．Thenarratormadeanunconditionalpromisetohisfatherthathewouldn’tgotosea.D．Thenarratorpermanentlygaveuphisvoyagedreamafterseeinghisfather’stears.BTheAnnapurnaCircuitwithTilichoLakeTrekTheAnnapurnaCircuitwithTilichoLakeTrekisacharmingadventurethatshowcasesthebreathtakingbeautyoftheAnnapurnaregioninNepal.ThistrekcombinestherenownedcircuitwithavisittoTilichoLake,oneofthehighestlakesintheworld,offeringanadventurethroughstunninglandscapesandculturaltreasures.MajorAttractionsofAnnapurnaTilichoLakeTrekAmajorhighlightistheclimbtoTilichoLake(4,919meters),apurealpineoasissituatedamongtoweringpeaks.ThetrailalsoleadstothesacredMuktinathTemple(3,710meters),asiteofdeepsignificanceforbothHindusandBuddhists.ThejourneypeaksintheexcitingcrossingofThorongLaPass(5,416meters),thehighestpassintheworld.Alongtheway,trekkersaretreatedtostunningviewsofsnow-cappedpeaks,glaciallakes,anddiverseterrain.TrekkingDifficultyandFitnessRequirementThetrekpresentsamoderatetochallenginglevelofdifficulty.Youmustpossessgoodphysicalendurancetonavigateruggedterrainfor5to8hoursdaily.Gettingaccustomedtohighaltitudeiscrucialtominimizesickness.Thetrailincludessteepascentsanddescents,andcrossingglacialstreams.Whiletechnicalclimbingskillsarenotrequired,priorhikingexperienceandadequatefitnessarenecessary.BestTimeforAnnapurnaCircuitwithTilichoLakeTrekThetrekisbestexperiencedduringeitherthe

spring(MarchtoMay)

ortheautumn(SeptembertoNovember).Bothseasonsofferfavorableweather,clearskies,andstunningviews.Springfeaturesvibrantrhododendron(杜鹃花)blooms,whileautumnboastsstableweatherandgoldenleaves.Despiteitschallenges,therewardsareimmeasurable.FromthewarmthofNepalesehospitalityinteahousestotheprofoundsenseofachievement,thistrekoffersanunforgettablejourneyofadventureanddiscoveryintheheartoftheHimalayas.Weofferopportunitiestocustomizeyourtrip!ConsideraddingaKathmandusightseeingtour,otheradventureactivities,ordaytripsaroundNepalbeforeorafteryourtrek.Feelfreetocontactus.(Pleaseunderstandthatourtravelplanmightneedadjustmentsduetounforeseencircumstanceslikeflightdelays,weatherconditions,ornaturaldisasters.Insuchcases,we’llworkdiligentlytofindthebestalternativesolutionstoensureyouhaveasafeandenjoyabletrek.Yourcooperationandflexibilityarehighlyappreciatedduringthesetimes.)51.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasachallengeofthetrek?A．Crossingglacialstreams.B．Adaptingtohighaltitudes.C．Technicalclimbingrequirements.D．Longdailywalkinghours.52.WhatcanbeconcludedabouttheAnnapurnaCircuitwithTilichoLakeTrekfromthepassage?A．Itisasuitabletrekforpeopleofallfitnesslevels.B．Itfocusesmoreonscenerythanculturalexperiences.C．Itrequiresbothphysicalpreparednessandmentalflexibility.D．Itismostdangerousduringthecoldwinterseasons.53.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A．TopromoteandcelebratetheuniquecultureofNepal.B．ToattracttouriststojoinatrekintheAnnapurnaregion.C．ToanalyzethegeographyandecosystemsofTilichoLake.D．Towarnaboutthesafetyrisksofhigh-altitudetrekking.CWhatisouridealofathoroughlyliberaleducation?Supposeitwerecertainthatthelifeandfortuneofeveryoneofuswoulddependuponwinningorlosingagameofchess.Shouldwenotallconsideritaprimarydutytolearnthegame?Weshouldlaughatanyonewhogrewupnotknowingapawn(兵)fromaknight.Yet,thelifeandhappinessofeveryoneofusdodependuponourknowingsomethingoftherulesofagameinfinitelymoredifficultthanchess.Thechess-boardistheworld,thepiecesarethephenomenaoftheuniverse,therulesarethelawsofNature.Theplayerontheothersideishiddenfromus.Weknowthathisplayisalwaysfair,justandpatient.Butwealsoknow,toourcost,thatheneveroverlooksamistake,ormakesthesmallestallowanceforignorance.Tothemanwhoplayswell,thehigheststakesarepaid.Andonewhoplaysillischeckmated(将死；输棋)withouthaste,butwithoutpity.WhatImeanbyEducationislearningtherulesofthismightygame.ItistheinstructionoftheintellectinthelawsofNature,andthefashioningofthewilltomoveinharmonywiththoselaws.Forme,educationmeansneithermorenorlessthanthis.Instrictness,thereisnosuchthingasanuneducatedman.Supposethatanadultmancouldbesuddenlyplacedintheworld,asAdamissaidtohavebeen.Howlongwouldhebeleftuneducated?Notfiveminutes.Naturewouldteachhimthroughtheeye,theear,andthetouch.Painandpleasurewouldtellhimwhattodoandavoid;andbyslowdegreeshewouldreceiveaneducationwhich,ifnarrow,wouldbethorough,real,andadequatetohiscircumstances.Theknowledgefromexperienceisvaluable,butlimited.Thisiswhereartificialeducationcomesin.Itsobjectistomakeupfornaturaleducation’sdefects,enablingthechildtoinherittheknowledgetheracehasacquired,storedinbooksandtraditions.AndwhatisLiberalEducation?ItisaneducationwhichnotonlytrainsamantoavoidtheevilsfromdisobediencetoNature’slawsbutalsoenableshimtosecuretherewardswhichNaturescatters.Itisaneducationwhichmakesamanaright-thinkingandright-actingbeing,inharmonywiththeuniverse.IfwewanttoknowwhataLiberalEducationis,wemustconsiderwhatamanis.Manisacomplexbeing,consistingofbody,mind,andspirit.Therefore,aLiberalEducationshouldincludephysical,intellectual,andmoraltraining.Itaimstocreateapersonwhocanusehisbody,mind,andspirittothebestadvantage,makinghimausefulmemberofsociety.54.Theauthorintroducesthegameofchessinthefirsttwoparagraphsprimarilyto.A．illustratethecomplexityandimportanceofunderstandingNature’slawsB．criticizethegeneralpublicfortheirneglectofstrategicthinkingindailylifeC．emphasizethecompetitivenatureofhumanexistenceintheuniverseD．proposethatchessshouldbeincludedasacompulsorycourseinliberaleducation55.Accordingtotheauthor,whatistheprimarypurposeofa“liberaleducation”?A．Tointegrateanindividual’scompletebeingintothefundamentalorderoftheuniverse.B．Toachievepersonaladvantagebystrategicallyapplyingnaturallawsforsuccess.C．Toaccumulatetheoreticalknowledgeaboutnaturethroughsystematicstudy.D．Todefeatnature’schallengesthroughsuperiorunderstandingofitsrule-basedsystems.56.Whatcanbeinferredfromtheauthor’sviewonthemanplacedintheworldlikeAdam?A．Hisnaturalreasoningpowerallowshimtoskiptheslowprocessofexperientiallearning.B．Hisstruggleshighlightthefundamentalnecessityofsocialandhistoricalknowledge.C．Hewouldachieveacomprehensiveunderstandingofnaturallawsthroughobservation.D．Herepresentsalivingcritiqueoftheunnecessarycomplexityofschooleducation.57.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．TheLawsofNatureandHumanDestinyB．TheImportanceofChessinIntellectualTrainingC．TheShortcomingsofNaturalEducationD．Education:LearningtheRulesofLife’sGameDTheSymbiotic(共生的)City:RethinkingFutureUrbanLivingTheunprecedentedscaleandspeedof21st-centuryurbanizationhaveplacedimmensepressureonglobalecosystemsandsocialstructures,worseningissuessuchasresourceshortage,environmentalpollution,andsystemicinequality.Inresponse,thecityofthefuturecannotbesatisfiedwithsmallupgradesorsuperficialtechnologicalfixes.Itmustundergoafundamentalredefinitionofitsformandfunction.

58

Thisconcept,termedtheSymbioticCity,representsashiftbeyondconventionalsustainabilitywaysofthinking,envisioninganurbanenvironmentwherehumanandnaturalsystemsarenotmerelybalanced,butactivelyenhanceoneanotherthroughcontinuousinteractionandmutualadaptation.Centraltothisvisionisasystematicrestructuringofurbaninfrastructure,changingitfromaresource-intensiveburdenintoaforcethatrenews.Buildings,forinstance,shouldbereimaginednotasstatic(静止的)energysinksbutasdynamicconnectionsbetweenman-madeandnaturalenvironments.

59

Watersystems,too,mustchangefromsimple“useandthrowaway”modelstocircularwatersystems.Thisincludestheintegratedmanagementofrainwatercollection,recycledwaterfornon-drinkinguses,andgettingnutrientsbackfromwastewatertosupportcityfarming-effectivelyclosingresourceloopsattheneighborhoodandcityscale.Yettechnologicalandinfrastructuralinnovationaloneisinsufficient.Thismaterialtransformationmustbeaccompaniedbyaparallelshiftinsocio-economicmodelsandgovernancestructures.Thedigitallayerofthe“smartcity,”oftencriticizedforreinforcingcorporatecontrolorgovernmentmonitoring,couldinsteadbeusedtofosteropenness,civicparticipation,andsharedresourcegovernance.

60

Suchopenaccesstoreal-timedataonhowacityusesresourceswouldletcommunitiesworktogethertomanagespread-outenergysystems,improvesharedtransportnetworks,andcheckonlocalenvironmentalhealth-strengtheningsocialcapitalwhilereducingecologicalfootprints.Nevertheless,thetransitiontowardsymbioticurbanismfacesprofoundobstacles.Thescaleofinvestmentrequiredismonumental,andexistinginstitutionalframeworksoftenlacktheinterdisciplinarycoordinationandlong-termvisionneededtoimplementsuchintegratedplanning.

61

Trulystrongandregenerativecitieswillemergenotonlyfromnewtechnologiesorpolicies,butfromadeeperevolutionincollectivevalues—ashiftfromseekingdominionovernaturetorecognizingthatwearepartofbiosphericsystemsandmustshouldertheresponsibilitytowardfuturegenerations.A．Forexample,buildingsurfacescouldgrowwaterplantstocapturecarbonandproducefood.B．Real-timedatafromsensorswouldthenempowercitizenstomanageresources.C．Itmustbecomeanecologicalsystem,achievingsymbiosiswithnature.D．However,achievingthisrequiresaprofoundshiftinourvaluesandmindset.E．Forinstance,self-drivingcarscouldmakeprivatevehicleownershipunnecessary.F．Therefore,theprimarygoalshouldbemaximizingtheefficiencyofexistingurbanfacilities.五、语法填空Directions:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.TheFlame,NottheVesselWereSocratestoenteramodernclassroom,hewouldbeholdstudentsdiligentlywritingdownnotesandpursuingpredeterminedanswers.Afterobservingthis,thephilosopherwouldposehisdefiningquestion:“Whattrulyconstituteslearning?”Tothethinker

62

methodswouldshapeWesternphilosophy,educationwasneveraboutinformationaccumulation.Heenvisioneditas“thekindlingofaflame,notthefillingofavessel.”Inoureraofstandardizedtesting,this2,400-year-oldperspectiveremainsnotmerelyrelevant,buturgentlynecessary

63

(defend).Moderneducationlargelyoperateson

64

mightbetermedthe“emptyvessel”model.Knowledgeflowsoneway-fromteachertostudent-withsuccessmeasuredbyexamperformance.Socratesvaluedinformationbutchallengedthisprocessasmisunderstandinge