英语教师用书 Green

Unit4GreenshieldforcropsExploringworldagricultureScriptsAI-poweredrobotsreshapethefutureoffarmingOurplanet’spopulationisgrowingataratewherewe’llsee10billionpeopleby2050,andeveryoneneedstoeat.Scientists,engineersandgrowersareracingtofindefficientwaystogrowmorefoodwithoutcompromisingtheearth.Thecapabilitiesthisrobotholdsaresomethingthatagriculturehasneverseenbefore.We’regoingtomeetthefoundersbehinditandfindoutwhatittakestodevelopapotentiallyindustry-changingtechnologythatcanhelpbetterfeedtheworld.We’reintheCuyamaValleyofcentralCalifornia,whereyouwon’tfindmuchofanythingexceptfarming.Whatcomestomindwhenyouthinkaboutfarming?Tractors?Corn?Whataboutrobots?Autonomousrobotsarechangingthewaywefarmandaregoingtobeessentialinfeedingourgrowingpopulation.ButwhilemostofthemhelpmoveobjectsfromAtoB,therealvalueisintherobotsthatmakestrategicgrowingdecisionsthatresultinbigger,healthierfood.Sowhat’sbehindmerightnowisVerdantRobotics’organicweedingmachine.Andwealsodofertilizationwiththismachine.(It)usescomputervisionandmachinelearningtoseeobjectsofinterest,andthenactonthoseobjectsofinterest.Soit’sanintelligentsharpshooter.We’llgetintohowallofthisworksinamoment,butfirst,let’stalkaboutwhatit’sdoing.Theserobotsidentifyeachplanttheyhoverover.Theydecidewhethertofertilizeorkillit,andthenusesub-centimeterprecision.Itshootsitwiththenecessaryproduct.Thisallowsittouse95%lesschemicalsthantraditionalspraytechniques.Onethingtounderstandaboutourrobotandhowitinteractswithplantsisthatit’llactuallyremembereverysingleplant.Astherobotrollsoverafield,high-rescamerasscaneverysingleplantandcreateadigitalcopyofthewholefarm.Thisallowstherobottogeo-locateeachplant.We’rereallyfarmingatthecentimeterlevelbasishere.Sothisisallowingustofarmeveryplantindividually.Everysingleplant?Howmanyplantsareinhere?Probablyfourmillion.Growershavebeenabletoextractdatafromtheirfieldsfordecades,butneveratthislevel.However,mostgrowersalreadyhavewaymoredatathantheycanpossiblycomprehend.Whattheyreallywantisatoolthatcancrunchallthatdata,findinsightsandthenautonomouslydothejob.Thatsoundslikeaprojectforanengineer.ThisisGabeSibley,andhe’stheengineeringbrainbehindtheserobots.Theproblemthatwe’reoptimizingforishowtogrowmoreprofitable(and)healthierproduce.Andso,really,whatwedoiswetakecameras.We’reessentiallyfilmingaswe’rerollingbyatveryhighresolutions,veryhighfrequencies,really,tobringtolightthetypesofphenomenathatagronomistswouldneedtoseeinthefieldinordertomakedecisions.Really,whatwe’redoingisbuildingaCADmodelofthefarm,youknow,likeavideogame.Andthattransformstheproblemintoonethat’samenabletocomputation.Nowthisisthekey:Therobotcanknoweverysquarecentimeterofafarm.Itthenusesthatknowledgetoautonomouslyfarmthecropsinwaysnothumanlypossible.Onethingthatwedoinapples,forinstance,iswhenakingblossomopens.Wecanhitthatwithpollen,andthenafewdayslater,whenthelateralblossomsopen,wecanapplyotherthingsthatactuallyprevent(their)pollination.Thatallowsustodothinningsomuchmorepreciselyandtherebygrowlargerapples.Thisishowyougrowgreateryields,largerproduce,andmorenutritiousfood.Thisishowyoureallyunlocksuperhumanfarming.ViewingandpracticingViewingandsynthesizingWatchthevideoclipandcompletethetablewithwhatyouhear.ChallengeoffeedingagrowingworldTheglobalpopulationisprojectedtoreach10billionby2050.Scientists,engineersandgrowersaredevelopingefficientwaystogrowmorefoodwithout1.______________theearth.IntroductionofanewrobotTheVerdantRoboticsisanautonomousagriculturalmachinethatcombines2.____________and3.____________.ItusesadvancedAI-driventechnologytoseeandthenactonobjectsofinterestwithsub-centimeter4.____________,significantlyreducingchemicalusecomparedtotraditionalspraytechniques.Equippedwith5.___________cameras,therobotscansandgeo-locateseachplant,creatingadigitalcopyofthefarm.BuildingtherobotTheengineercreatesaCADmodelofthefarm,transformingthefarmingproblemintoonethat’s6._____________tocomputationandenablingthemachinetousethatknowledgetoautonomouslyfarmthecrops.Answerscompromisingcomputervisionmachinelearningprecisionhigh-resamenableViewingandinterviewingWatchthevideoclipagainandcompletethedialoguebetweenahost(H)andanexpert(E).PrecisionagriculturewithVerdantRoboticsH:Welcometo“Challengers,”Gabe!YourrobotsatVerdantRoboticsarerevolutionizingfarming.Let’sstartwiththebasics:Whatmakesyourrobotuniquecomparedtotraditionalfarmingtools?E:Thanks!Ourrobotisn’tjustaboutmovingthings–it’sastrategicdecision-maker.Ituses1.__________and2.__________toidentifyeveryplant,decidewhethertofertilizeoreliminateit,andactwithsub-centimeterprecision.Thisreduceschemicaluseby3.__________versusconventionalmethods.H:Howdoestherobot“remember”individualplants?E:High-resolutioncamerasscaneachplantwhilemoving,creatinga(n)4.__________ofthefarm.Thisallowsprecisegeo-locationandmanagement.H:Howdoesthisdatahelpgrowers?E:Ourrobotprocessesgrowers’dataandautonomouslyactsonit.Inapplefarming,whena(n)5.__________opens,weapplypollen,thenpreventpollinationon6.__________tothincropsaccurately,producingmorenutritiousfood.H:What’syourultimategoal?E:Togrowlargeryieldssustainably–feeding10billionpeopleby2050withoutharmingtheplanet.Answerscomputervisionmachinelearning95%digitalcopykingblossomlateralblossomsDecodingthefutureoffarmingTextannotationsTheexcesschemicalsareknowntorunoffontoincreasinglyfragilelandandseepintowatercourses,withdamagingenvironmentalandhealtheffects.(Para.1)[Meaning]Peopleknowthatextrapesticidesflowintoweakfarmlandandenterriversslowly,andthiscausesharmtotheenvironmentandpeople’shealth.[Knowledgefocus]Agriculturalnon-pointsourcepollutionTheoveruseofpesticidescanleadtorunoffintosoilandwater,causingsignificantenvironmentalandhealthrisks.Pesticidescanleachintogroundwater,flowintosurfacewatersourceslikeriversandlakesthroughrunoff,andbedepositedviaatmosphericdepositionafterbeingsprayed.Thiscontaminationposesathreattoaquaticecosystems,affectingfish,amphibians,andinvertebrates,andcanimpacthumandrinkingwatersupplies.Pesticidesalsohaveasignificantimpactonsoilhealth,harmingbeneficialsoilorganismsandleadingtosoildegradationandreducedfertility.Long-termpesticideusecancontributetobiodiversityloss,particularlythroughtheindiscriminateeffectsofinsecticidesonbeneficialpollinatorsandimportantplantspecies.Thephenomenonofcolonycollapsedisorderinbeepopulationsisstronglylinkedtoneonicotinoidinsecticides.▶Pesticideoveruse→runoff→soil&waterpollution→environmental&health[Words&Phrases]excessa.additionalandnotneededbecausethereisalreadyenoughofsth.过多的e.g.,Excessuseoffertilizerwilldamagethesoil.[Notes]Thestructure“with+noun”functionsasanadverbialofresultinacademicEnglish.Itisfrequentlyusedtoindicateconsequencesoreffectsthatcomealongwiththeactionmentioned.Thepassivestructure“beknownto”iscommonlyusedinscientificandtechnicalwriting.Ithelpsexpressideasobjectivelyandformally,avoidingpersonalsubjectsandemphasizingfactsratherthanspeakers’opinions.Thesystemthenindividuallyturnsthebooms’spraynozzlesonoroffwheneveradoseofherbicideneedstobeapplied.(Para.3)[Meaning]Whenthesystemfindsweeds,itcontrolseachspraynozzleonthelongarmseparately:Itspraysonlywhereneeded.[Knowledgefocus]PrecisionsprayinginagricultureCamerastakepictures.AIimagerecognitionidentifiesweeds.Systemturnsnozzleson/offindividually.Herbicideissprayedonlyonweeds,notthewholefield.[Notes]Thepassivevoice“needstobeapplied”highlightstheaffectedobjects(nozzles/herbicide)ratherthanthedoeroftheaction,whichisconsistentwiththeobjectivestyleofscientificandtechnicalwriting.Itssystemworksnotjustforherbicidesbutalsoforfungicidesandinsecticides,whichrepresentabouthalfthepesticidemarketandwhichtendtobesprayedalloverafieldtocovertheentirecrop.(Para.5)[Meaning]Thisnewsystemcanbeusedforthreekindsofpesticides:herbicides,fungicides,andinsecticides.Thesethreemakeupabout50%ofthewholepesticidemarket.[Knowledgefocus]:TypesofpesticidesHerbicides除草剂Insecticides杀虫剂Fungicides杀菌剂[Words&Phrases]representvt.formorbesth.占（比例）e.g.,Wheatandcornrepresent60%ofthecountry’sgrainoutput.Theresultsareshowninrealtimeonadisplayinthedriver’scab,givingasimplepercentageofspraysuccess.(Para.8)[Meaning]Thesprayeffectisshownimmediatelyonascreeninthetractor’scab.Farmerscanseeaclearpercentagenumbertoknowhowwellthesprayworks.[Knowledgefocus]Thesmartagriculturalmachinerycabisanintelligentcontrolcenter.Ithasreal-timemonitoringandhuman-machineinteractionfunctions,enablingfarmerstoviewdataandadjustequipmentprecisely,realizingdata-basedintelligentfarming.[Words&Phrases]cabn.thepartofatractorortruckinwhichthedriversits（拖拉机、卡车）驾驶室e.g.,Allinformationisshownonascreeninthecab.Forfarmerswillingtotrythesenewtechnologies,thepossibilitybeckonsofeliminatingthemostnoxiouspestofall:waste.(Para.10)[Meaning]Iffarmersarereadytousethesenewtechnologies,theywillhaveagoodchancetogetridoftheworstharmfulproblem-waste.[Knowledgefocus]Finalgoalofsmartagriculture:zerowaste.Traditionalfarmingwasteslargeamountsofpesticides,water,andfertilizers.AI-poweredprecisionagriculturecancutpesticidesbyupto90%,greatlyreducewaste,andprotecttheenvironmentandhumanhealth.ReadingandsynthesizingGlobalunderstandingReadthepassageandcompletethetable.Pesticideproblem•Annualglobalspray:about1.______tons•Excessharm:runoffontoland,seepintowatercourses,damage2.______&healthTraditionalsolutionsforreducingoversprayAdjuvants○Composition:non-activesprayingredients,likesurfactants○Function:improvingthespray’sabilityto3.______leavesElectrostaticspraying○Source:fromcarpaint-spraying○Effect:enablingdropletsto4.______foliagePrecisionsprayingtechniquesCamera-basedsystem○Camerasonbooms:recognizing5.______withsoftware○Spraynozzles:beingturnedon/offfor6.______applicationRealCoverage○Sensors:twocamerasoneachboomarm○Function:calculatingthenumberof7.______onleaves;showingresults8.______onthedriver’scabdisplayEnhanceCoverage○Adjuvantinjection:puttingintoa(n)9.______containerandinjectingintothenozzlewhendropletsareformed○Effects:“cloaking”thedropletsinadditives,betteradhesiontofoliage,andimprovingthe10.ofherbicidesAnswers3milliontheenvironmentremainonandpenetratesticktoweedsherbicidedropletsinrealtimesecondspot-sprayingDetailedunderstandingReadthepassageagainandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestion.1.WhatdosomenewAI-poweredsprayingmethodspromisetodo?A.Increasetheamountofpesticidesby90%.B.Cuttheamountofpesticidesby90%.C.Keeptheamountofpesticidesunchanged.D.Cuttheamountofpesticidesby50%.2.Whichuniversityisthestart-upbehindRealCoverageassociatedwith?A.Harvard.B.Stanford.C.MIT.D.Cornell.3.WhydidKripaVaranasiandVishnuJayaprakashsetaboutcollectingdatathemselves?A.Becausetheywantedtoprovetheirnewnozzlewasbetter.

B.Becausetheydidn’ttrustthedatafromsuppliers.

C.Becausetheyneededfulldatatosellthenewnozzle.

D.Becausenodataexistedfortheirnewnozzle’sperformance.4.WhichfactordoesNOTaffecttraditionalsprayersetup?A.Plantage.B.Soilcolor.C.Humidity.D.Tractorspeed.5.Whyisprecisionsprayingconsideredthefutureofagriculture?A.Itallowscompleteeliminationofpesticides.B.Itdramaticallyreduceschemicalwaste.C.Itmakesfarmingcompletelyautomated.D.Itreducestheneedforsoiltesting.AnswersBCDBBSharingcross-disciplinaryinsightsReferenceanswersThehighinitialinvestmentinAI-poweredsprayingsystemsisfullyjustifiedfromenvironmentalandeconomicperspectives.Environmentally,thesesystemscutpesticideusebyupto90%,reducingrunoffandwater/soilpollution,protectingfragileecosystemsandhumanhealth–benefitsthatfaroutweighshort-termcosts.Economically,thoughupfrontcostsarehigh,long-termsavingsfromreducedpesticidepurchases(30-50%chemicalcostcutpertrial)andimprovedcropqualityoffsettheinvestment.Moreover,theyalignwithsustainableagriculturetrends,helpingfarmersavoidpotentialenvironmentalfinesandmeetgrowingdemandforeco-friendlyproduce.Inthelongrun,theenvironmentalandeconomicgainsmaketheinitialinvestmentarationalandworthwhilechoice.Fromtheperspectiveofagriculturalengineeringanddatascience,combiningadvancednozzles(e.g.,EnhanceCoverage)withreal-timemonitoring(RealCoverage)innovatesfarmingbyenablingprecise,data-drivenspraying.Engineeringensuresbetterdropletadhesionandtargetedchemicaldelivery,whiledatascienceprocessesreal-timeleafcoverageandenvironmentaldatatooptimizeoperations.Thisintegrationtransformsexperience-basedfarmingintoprecisionagriculture,boostingefficiencyandreducingwaste.However,challengesexist:interdisciplinaryintegrationrequirestechnicalcompatibilitybetweenhardware(nozzles,sensors)andsoftware(AIalgorithms);hightechnicalthresholdsmayhindersmall-scalefarmers’adoption;andensuringreal-timedataaccuracyincomplexfieldconditions(e.g.,extremeweather)remainsakeychallenge.RefininglanguageskillsAgriculturalvocabularyAnswersSprayingDetectionEquipment•backpacksprayer•boom•chemicaltank•nozzle•camera-basedsensorTechnology•precisionspraying•spot-spraying•AIalgorithm•image-recognitionsoftwareTranslationofthepassage农场中的人工智能世界上农药泛滥成灾。据认为，每年全球向农作物喷洒的农药高达300万吨，其中只有一小部分是真正需要的。过量的化学物质会流入日益脆弱的土地并渗入水道，对环境和健康造成破坏性影响。这一趋势有望改变。一些采用人工智能的新型喷洒方法正在商业化，有望将农民需要喷洒的农药量大幅减少90%。农业行业在减少过度喷洒方面已经取得了一些进展。可以将多种不同的添加剂（称为助剂）混入喷雾器的化学品罐中。这些助剂不含任何活性喷洒成分，而是由其他化学物质（如表面活性剂、乳化剂和油类）组成，它们可以提高喷雾在叶片上停留和渗透的能力。一些作物喷雾器还配备了从汽车工厂使用的喷漆工艺中借鉴而来的系统。这些系统会在液滴上产生静电荷，以增强它们附着在叶片上的能力，不过一些农民认为该系统在汽车上的效果比在植物上更好。然而，精准喷洒才是未来。这正是人工智能算法大显身手的地方。例如，一些农业企业正在使用一种新开发的工艺，该工艺涉及沿着农用喷雾器长吊杆布置的一系列摄像头。这些摄像头拍摄的图像通过经过训练可识别杂草的图像识别软件进行分析。然后，每当需要施用一定剂量的除草剂时，系统就会单独打开或关闭吊杆上的喷嘴。这项技术最初用于处理小麦，现在已被用于喷洒其他作物，包括油菜、玉米和土豆。据估计，除草剂的用量减少了70%至90%。麻省理工学院衍生出的一家创新型初创公司承诺将实现更高水平的精准喷洒。其系统不仅适用于除草剂，还适用于杀菌剂和杀虫剂，这两类农药约占农药市场的一半，而且通常会被喷洒到整个田地上以覆盖全部作物。该公司由KripaVaranasi和VishnuJayaprakash于2020年成立，旨在将一种新型喷雾喷嘴商业化。液体行为专家KripaVaranasi博士表示，问题在于他们需要将自己的喷嘴性能与现有技术进行比较。由于这类数据几乎不存在，他们便自己开始收集。VishnuJayaprakash博士在印度的一个小型农场长大，非常熟悉使用背负式喷雾器。他说，要知道任何一次施药是否成功是极其困难的。问题在于，农民在设置喷雾器时需要考虑太多变量，从决定混合物的化学成分到测量温度、湿度和植株的龄期——同时还要决定驾驶拖拉机的最佳速度。为了从这些复杂因素中理出头绪，团队想出了一个名为RealCoverage的监测系统，该系统现在已经作为一个独立产品推出。RealCoverage可以加装在现有喷雾器上，它在每个喷雾吊杆臂上安装两个基于摄像头的传感器，一个稍靠前，另一个稍靠后。当喷雾器移动时，系统的算法会识别第一个摄像头捕获的叶片图像，并将其与第二个摄像头获取的图像进行比较。这样就可以计算出残留在叶片上的液滴数量。该算法还会考虑许多外部因素（如天气状况），以计算喷雾的效果。结果会实时显示在驾驶室的显示屏上，给出一个简单的喷雾成功率百分比。人工智能模型还可以提出改进建议，因此驾驶员可以调整喷嘴、升高或降低吊杆，或者开得稍快或稍慢，以实现更好的覆盖率。一天工作结束后，会生成一幅显示田地喷洒情况的数字地图，日后可以与作物的最终生长情况进行比较。这一切都极大地增加了农民可获得的深度知识，本质上使他们能够以每片叶片多少毫升而不是每公顷多少升来衡量喷洒效果。这家初创公司表示，在美国和欧洲的农场进行的试验使农民节省了30%至50%的化学品成本。由于该系统还可以与其他喷洒技术配合使用，该公司正在与设备供应商和合同喷洒企业讨论可能的合作。随着RealCoverage现已上市，该公司的目标是明年推出其最初的构想。这是一种名为EnhanceCoverage的独特喷雾喷嘴。它不是将助剂混合到喷雾罐中，而是将助剂放入第二个容器中，并在液滴形成时将其注入喷嘴。KripaVaranasi博士说，这会产生在液滴上“包裹”添加剂的效果，从而使其更好地附着在叶片上。这种新型喷嘴可以进一步改进除草剂的定点喷洒。不过，该公司表示，其更广泛的好处在于，与测量系统一起使用时，它可以将整个作物上喷洒的杀菌剂和杀虫剂总量减少约90%，同时还能减少所需助剂的用量。对于愿意尝试这些新技术的农民来说，一个消除所有害虫中最有害的一种——浪费——的可能性正在招手。

PresentingChina’sinitiativesChinacooperateswithBeltandRoadpartnercountriesontransboundarypestcontrolThefallarmyworm(FAW),originatingfromthetropicalregionsoftheAmericas,isastrongflyerandhasrapidlyspreadandproliferatedacrosstheentireAfricanandAsiancontinents,aswellastheSouthPacificislandnations.Whenthelarvaeareverynumerous,theydefoliatethepreferredplantsandconsumenearlyallvegetationintheirpath.WithinjustfiveyearssinceitsfirstreportedinvasioninNigeriain2016,ithasposedaseverethreattoglobalfoodsecurity,accordingtoXiaJingyuan,thespecialadvisortotheDirector-GeneraloftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO).Croppestsanddiseasesaremajorbiologicaldisasterswithasignificantimpactonglobalfoodsecurity,causinga40%lossincropyieldeveryyear,equivalenttoapproximately220billionU.S.dollars.Inresponsetothesethreats,ChinesescientistsattheInstituteofPlantProtection,partoftheChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences(CAAS),detectedtheinitialinvasionofFAWinChinainDecember2018.TheyidentifiedseasonalmigrationpatternsofthepestintheborderregionsbetweenChinaandMyanmar,Laos,andVietnam.TheInstitutehascooperatedwithtopplantprotectionresearchinstitutionsinChinatocombatinvasiveFAW.Utilizinginformationtechnologyandcomputervision,Chinesescientistsdevelopedsystemsforautomaticidentification,dynamicmonitoring,andpreciseearlywarningofthepests,accordingtotheInstitute.Througheffectivemanagement,theannualaverageoccurrenceareaofFAWinChinahasbeenreducedbyabout5.33millionhectarescomparedtoexpectation,avoidinganannuallossoffivebilliontosixbillionkgincornproduction.TocombatthemajortransboundarycroppestsanddiseasessuchasFAW,ChinahasinitiatedcooperationwithcountriesparticipatingintheBeltandRoadInitiative,sharingitsexperience,technologiesandproductswithcountriesinSoutheastAsiaandAfricatoenhancetheirabilitytorespondtomajorbiosafetythreatsandestablishdefensebarriersagainstthem.TheInstituteofPlantProtection,CAAS,hasalsosupportedtheFAOGlobalActiononFAWcontrolandimplementedtheFAO-ChinaSouth-SouthcooperationprojectinAfricaandSoutheastAsia.InafielddemonstrationmeetingheldbytheInstit