2026年全国英语等级考试（PETS）五级练习题及答案三

2026年全国英语等级考试（PETS）五级练习题及答案三SectionIListeningComprehensionPartAYouwillhearatalkaboutthedeep-seaminingindustryanditsenvironmentalimplications.Asyoulisten,answerquestions1-5.Completethesentenceswithnomorethanthreewords.Youwillhearthetalkonlyonce.1.Thespeakermentionsthatthedeepoceanwasonceconsideredabarrendesert,butitisnowrecognizedasahighlycomplexand________ecosystem.2.Polymetallicnodulesfoundontheabyssalplainstakemillionsofyearstoformthroughtheprecipitationofmineralsfrom________.3.Oneoftheprimaryconcernsregardingdeep-seaminingisthesedimentplumecreatedbythecollectorvehicles,whichcansuffocatebenthicorganismsanddisruptthe________.4.TheInternationalSeabedAuthorityiscurrentlydraftingregulations,butcriticsarguethatthecurrent________frameworkisinsufficienttopreventirreversibledamage.5.Proponentsofdeep-seaminingarguethatitisnecessarytomeettheescalatingdemandformineralsrequiredfortheglobal________.PartBYouwillhearfiveshortconversationsortalks.Foreach,choosethebestanswerfromA,B,C,orD.Youwillheareachpieceonlyonce.6.Youhearauniversityprofessordiscussingthehistoricalmethodology.Whatistheprofessor'sprimarycritiqueoftraditionalhistoricalnarratives?A.Theyfocustoomuchontheeconomicstructuresratherthanculturaldevelopments.B.Theytendtomarginalizetherolesofwomenandminoritygroupsinshapinghistoricalevents.C.Theyrelyexclusivelyonwrittendocuments,ignoringthevalueofarchaeologicalevidence.D.Theyfailtoaccountforthepsychologicalimpactsofindustrializationonruralpopulations.7.Youhearaconversationbetweentwosoftwareengineersaboutanewprojectmanagementframework.WhydoesthewomansuggestadoptingtheKanbanmethodoverScrum?A.Kanbandoesnotrequiredailystand-upmeetings,whichsavestime.B.Kanban'scontinuousflowismoresuitablefortheirunpredictablemaintenancetasks.C.Scrum'ssprintplanningistoorigidfortheirteam'sflexibleworkinghours.D.Kanbanallowsforeasiertrackingofindividualemployeeproductivitymetrics.8.Youheararadioprogramabouturbanbeekeeping.Whatisthemainpointthespeakermakesabouturbanhoneycomparedtoruralhoney?A.Urbanhoneyisgenerallysweeterduetothevarietyofornamentalflowers.B.Urbanhoneycontainsfewerpesticidesbecausecityregulationsprohibitchemicalspraying.C.Urbanhoneyreflectsthediversebotanicalenvironmentofthecity,makingitsflavorprofileunique.D.Urbanhoneyyieldsaresignificantlyhigherduetothewarmermicroclimatesincities.9.Youhearamuseumcuratorguidingvisitorsthroughacontemporaryartexhibition.Howdoesthecuratordefinethecentralthemeoftheexhibition?A.Theintersectionofdigitaltechnologyandhumansensoryperception.B.Thecritiqueofmodernconsumerismthroughtheuseofdiscardedmaterials.C.Theexplorationofmemoryandidentitythroughabstractexpressionism.D.Thedocumentationofclimatechangeeffectsviatime-basedmedia.10.Youhearaneconomisttalkingabouttheconceptof"degrowth".Whatistheeconomist'sfundamentalargumentregardingthedegrowthmovement?A.Itadvocatesforaplannedreductionofeconomicproductiontoachieveecologicalsustainability.B.Itsuggeststhattechnologicalinnovationwillnaturallyleadtoadecreaseinresourceconsumption.C.Itproposesthatdevelopingnationsshouldhalttheireconomicgrowthtoallowdevelopednationstocatchup.D.ItarguesthatGDPisaflawedmetricandshouldbereplaced,withoutnecessarilyshrinkingtheeconomy.PartCYouwillheartwolongerdialoguesortalks.Foreach,choosethebestanswerfromA,B,C,orD.Youwillheareachpieceonlyonce.Questions11-15arebasedonthefollowinginterviewwithamarinebiologist.11.WhatpromptedDr.ThornetoinitiallystudythemigratorypatternsoftheArcticTern?A.SheobservedadrasticdeclineintheirpopulationduringafieldtriptoIceland.B.Shewasfascinatedbyapreliminarystudysuggestingtheyflewoverthepoletwiceayear.C.Shewantedtoprovethattheirmigrationdistancewaslongerthanthatofthealbatross.D.Shenoticedthatprevioustrackingtechnologieshadfailedtocapturetheirexactflightpaths.12.AccordingtoDr.Thorne,howdoArcticTernsmanagetheirenergyexpenditureduringthelongmigration?A.Theyutilizetailwindsbyflyingatextremelyhighaltitudeswherejetstreamsarepresent.B.Theyalternatebetweenflappingflightandglidingtoconservemuscleenergy.C.Theyfrequentlyrestonfloatingicebergstosleepduringthepolarsummer.D.Theyrelyonaspecializedmetabolicprocessthatallowsthemtoburnfatreservesefficiently.13.WhatwasthesurprisingdiscoverymadebyDr.Thorne’steamregardingthebirds'stopoverintheNorthAtlantic?A.ThebirdsspentseveralweeksrestingonremoteislandsoffthecoastofScotland.B.Thebirdsengagedinamassivefeedingfrenzytoprepareforthesoutherncrossing.C.Thebirdsformedamassivecyclonicformationtowaitoutseverestorms.D.Thebirdsnavigatedtospecificoceaniceddiesthatconcentratedtheirprey.14.WhydoesDr.ThorneexpressconcernaboutthefutureoftheArcticTern?A.Themeltingofpolariceisdirectlydestroyingtheirprimarybreedinggrounds.B.OverfishingintheNorthAtlantichassignificantlyreducedtheirfoodsupply.C.Climatechangeiscausingshiftsinoceancurrents,affectingthelocationoftheirfeedinggrounds.D.IncreasedhumanactivityintheArcticisleadingtohigherratesofhuman-induceddisturbance.15.Intheinterview,Dr.Thornementionstheconceptof"phenologicalmismatch."WhatdoesthisrefertointhecontextoftheArcticTern?A.Thephysicalchangesinthebirds'plumagenotaligningwiththeirseasonalmigrationtiming.B.Thebirdsarrivingattheirbreedinggroundswhentheirprimaryfoodsourcehasalreadypeaked.C.Thedivergenceinmigrationtimingbetweenmaleandfemalebirdsofthesamespecies.D.Theinabilityofthebirdstoadapttheirbreedingcycletotheshrinkingpolarsummer.Questions16-20arebasedonthefollowinglectureaboutthephilosophyoflanguage.16.WhatistheprimaryfocusofLudwigWittgenstein'slaterphilosophyasdescribedinthelecture?A.Theconstructionofaperfect,logicallanguagetoeliminatephilosophicalconfusion.B.Theunderstandingoflanguageasasetofrule-governedsocialactivities,or"languagegames."C.Thepsychologicalmechanismsbehindhumanspeechproductionandcomprehension.D.Thestructuralanalysisofsentencestorevealtheirdeeplogicalform.17.HowdoesthelecturerexplainWittgenstein'sconceptofa"privatelanguage"?A.Itisalanguageinventedbyanindividualtoexpresshighlycomplexprivatethoughts.B.Itisatheoreticalconceptusedtodemonstratethatalllanguagemustbeinherentlypublic.C.Itreferstotheuseofcryptographiccodesinmilitarycommunications.D.Itistheinternalmonologuethatoccursbeforeapersonarticulatesathought.18.Whydoesthelecturerusetheexampleofthe"BeetleintheBox"?A.Toillustratethesubjectivenatureofpainandhowitiscommunicated.B.Todemonstratethatobjectsintheworlddonotexistindependentlyofourperception.C.Toprovethatsciencecannotadequatelyexplainsubjectivementalstates.D.Toshowthatthemeaningofawordisnotdeterminedbytheprivatesensationofthespeaker.19.Accordingtothelecture,howdidWittgenstein'sviewsshiftregardingtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandreality?A.Hemovedfrombelievinglanguagepicturesrealitytobelievinglanguageisatoolusedwithinformsoflife.B.Hechangedhisfocusfromthesyntaxoflanguagetoitsphoneticcomponents.C.Heabandonedtheideathatlanguagehasanyconnectiontothephysicalworld.D.Hetransitionedfromafocusonordinarylanguagetoafocusonartificiallogicalsystems.20.Whatisthespeaker'sconcludingthoughtontherelevanceofWittgenstein'sphilosophytoday?A.Ithasbeenlargelysupersededbymoderncognitivescienceandneuroscience.B.Itremainsrelevantforunderstandinghowmiscommunicationoccursindigitalcommunication.C.Itprovidesacrucialframeworkfordevelopingartificialintelligencecapableofnaturallanguageprocessing.D.Itchallengestheideathatartificialintelligencecanevertruly"understand"meaning,asunderstandingisembeddedinhumanformsoflife.SectionIIUseofEnglishReadthefollowingtextandchoosethebestwordforeachblank.Markyouranswersontheanswersheet.Thephenomenonofurbangentrificationhasbeenasubjectofintensedebateamongsociologists,economists,andurbanplannersfordecades.Atitscore,gentrificationreferstotheprocessbywhichhistoricallymarginalizedneighborhoodsundergoeconomicrevitalization,oftenresultinginaninfluxofmoreaffluentresidents.Whileproponentsarguethatthisprocess21economicgrowth,improveslocalinfrastructure,andincreasestaxrevenues,criticspointtothe22oflong-term,lower-incomeresidentswhocannolongeraffordtoliveintheirowncommunities.Themechanismsdrivinggentrificationarecomplexandmultifaceted.Oneprimary23isthescarcityofaffordablehousingincentralurbanareas,which24youngprofessionalstoseekcheaper,oftenculturallyrich,neighborhoodsontheperiphery.These"urbanpioneers"aretypically25byadesireforproximitytoculturalamenities,suchasindependenttheaters,26musicvenues,anddiverseculinaryscenes,whichhavehistoricallythrivedinlower-rentdistricts.Asthesenewresidentsestablishthemselves,their26powerbeginstoalterthelocalcommerciallandscape.Local,family-ownedshopsareoften28byupscaleboutiques,artisanalcoffeeshops,andhigh-endrealestateagencies.Thevisualandculturalfabricoftheneighborhoodbeginsto29.However,theculturaltransformationisinextricablylinkedtoeconomicdisplacement.Aspropertyvaluesrise,landlordsfrequentlyraiserents,sometimes30orevictingtenantswhohavelivedintheareaforgenerations.Theprocessof"renoviction"hasbecomeaparticularly31toolforpropertydeveloperslookingtomaximizeprofits.Furthermore,theriseinpropertytaxesplacesan32burdenonfixed-incomehomeowners,whomayeventuallybeforcedtoselltheirhomestoavoidfinancialruin.Urbanplannershaveproposedvariousstrategiesto33thenegativeimpactsofgentrification.Inclusionaryzoning,whichrequiresdeveloperstosetasideapercentageofnewhousingunitsforlow-incomeresidents,isonesuchpolicy.Anotherapproachiscommunitylandtrusts,whereanon-profitorganization34thelandandleasesthehousing,effectivelyremovingitfromthespeculativemarket.Whiletheseinterventionscanbeeffective,theirsuccessdependson35politicalwillandstrictenforcement.36theabsenceofcomprehensivefederalorstatepoliciesthatprotectaffordablehousing,localmunicipalitiesarelefttonavigatethedelicate37betweenrevitalizationanddisplacement.Ultimately,thechallengefacingmoderncitiesishowto38economicinvestmentinhistoricallyneglectedareaswithout39theverycommunitiesthatmadethoseareasattractiveinthefirstplace.Thisrequiresa40fromviewinghousingprimarilyasafinancialassettorecognizingitasafundamentalhumanright.21.A.spursB.hindersC.retardsD.suppresses22.A.integrationB.assimilationC.displacementD.segregation23.A.catalystB.consequenceC.casualtyD.culmination24.A.compelsB.persuadesC.dissuadesD.encourages25.A.repelledB.motivatedC.deterredD.restricted26.A.undergroundB.mainstreamC.classicalD.commercial27.A.purchasingB.politicalC.votingD.bargaining28.A.supportedB.supplantedC.supplementedD.sustained29.A.stabilizeB.deteriorateC.metamorphoseD.disappear30.A.doublingB.maintainingC.reducingD.halving31.A.compassionateB.bluntC.insidiousD.constructive32.A.equitableB.onerousC.negligibleD.alleviating33.A.exacerbateB.mitigateC.accelerateD.tolerate34.A.sellsB.abandonsC.ownsD.taxes35.A.waveringB.deficientC.robustD.superficial36.A.InB.WithinC.UponD.Despite37.A.conflictB.harmonyC.balanceD.discrepancy38.A.discourageB.impedeC.fosterD.overlook39.A.preservingB.displacingC.enrichingD.validating40.A.shiftB.regressionC.persistenceD.deviationSectionIIIReadingComprehensionPartAReadthefollowingtextsandanswerthemultiple-choicequestions.Text1Theconceptof"bioculturaldiversity"representsaparadigmshiftinconservationbiology,challengingthetraditionaldichotomybetweennatureandculture.Historically,protectedareaswereoftenestablishedthroughthedisplacementofindigenouscommunities,basedontheerroneouspremisethathumanpresenceisinherentlydetrimentaltoecologicalhealth.However,emergingevidencesuggeststhatindigenouspeoples,whomanageorholdtenureoverroughlyaquarteroftheworld'slandsurface,areinstrumentalinsafeguardingasignificantproportionofglobalbiodiversity.BioculturaldiversitypositsthatthevarietyoflifeonEarthisinextricablylinkedtothediversityofhumanculturesandlanguages.Thisperspectiverecognizesthattraditionalecologicalknowledge,passeddownthroughgenerations,isnotmerelyanecdotalfolklorebutasophisticated,adaptivesystemofenvironmentalmanagement.Theerosionofbioculturaldiversityisaccelerating.Asglobalizingforceshomogenizehumancultures,locallanguagesaredyingoutatanunprecedentedrate.Whenalanguagebecomesextinct,itisrarelyamerelossofwords;itisthedisappearanceofanentirecognitiveframeworkforunderstandingthenaturalworld.Forinstance,manyindigenouslanguagespossesshighlyspecifictaxonomiesoflocalfloraandfauna,containingcrucialinformationaboutthemedicinalproperties,behavioralpatterns,andecologicalrelationshipsofspeciesthatareoftenunknowntoWesternscience.Thelossoftheselinguisticrepositoriesdirectlycorrelateswithadeclineinlocalecologicalresilience.Furthermore,thetop-downimpositionofWesternconservationmodelsoftenunderminestheverybioculturalsystemstheyintendtoprotect.Creatingastrictnaturereserveoftencriminalizestraditionalactivitieslikeshiftingcultivationorseasonalforaging,whichhavebeenproventosustainlandscapemosaicsthatsupportahigherdiversityofspeciesthan"pristine,"untouchedforests.Byseveringthereciprocalrelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirenvironment,conservationistsriskcreating"paperparks"—protectedareasthatexistonlyinlegislationbutfailtopreventbiodiversitylossontheground.Abioculturalapproachtoconservation,therefore,advocatesfortheempowermentofindigenousandlocalcommunities,recognizingthemastheprimarystewardsoftheirterritories.Itrequiresmovingbeyondthefortressconservationmodeltowardsystemsofco-managementandindigenous-ledconservation.Themathematicalassessmentofspeciesrichness,denotedbyS=c(whereSisthenumberofspecies,Aisthearea,andcand41.Whatisthemainpurposeofthefirstparagraph?A.Toprovideahistoricaltimelineofconservationbiology.B.Toexplainwhyindigenouspopulationsshouldberemovedfromprotectedareas.C.Tointroducetheconceptofbioculturaldiversityanditschallengetotraditionalconservation.D.ToarguethatWesternscienceissuperiortotraditionalecologicalknowledge.42.Accordingtothetext,whyistheextinctionofalocallanguageasignificantecologicalloss?A.Itleadstoanimmediatedecreaseinthenumberofspeciesinthearea.B.Itremovesacomplexsystemofecologicalknowledgeandunderstandingofthenaturalworld.C.ItforcesindigenouscommunitiestoadoptWesternagriculturalpractices.D.Itpreventsconservationistsfromcommunicatingwithlocalpopulations.43.Theterm"paperparks"isusedinthepassagetodescribeprotectedareasthat:A.areonlyeffectiveonpaperbutfailtoprotectbiodiversityinreality.B.relyheavilyonwrittendocumentationratherthanpracticalenforcement.C.areprimarilydesignedforscientificresearchratherthanpublicaccess.D.aremanagedbylocalcommunitieswithoutgovernmentsupport.44.HowdoesthebioculturalperspectivecritiquethemathematicalformulaS=A.Itarguesthattheformulaismathematicallyflawedandoverestimatesspeciesrichness.B.Itsuggeststhattheformulaignorestheculturaldimensionofbiodiversity,assmaller,managedareascanbericher.C.Itclaimsthattheformulaprovesindigenouslandshavefewerspeciesthanprotectedreserves.D.ItassertsthattheformulaisonlyapplicabletoWesternconservationmodels.45.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheauthor'sviewonthefutureofconservation?A.Conservationshouldstrictlyenforcetheseparationofhumansandnaturetopreservepristinewilderness.B.Thefocusshouldshifttowardempoweringindigenouscommunitiestomanagesocio-ecologicalsystemssustainably.C.Westernconservationmodelsmustbeuniversallyimplementedtohalttherapidlossofbiodiversity.D.Mathematicalmodelsshouldbediscardedinfavoroftraditionalecologicalknowledgecompletely.Text2Theadventofalgorithmicmanagementhasfundamentallytransformedthenatureoflaborinthegigeconomy.PlatformssuchasUber,Deliveroo,andTaskRabbitrelyonsophisticatedalgorithmstoallocatetasks,monitorperformance,anddetermineremuneration.Whiletheseplatformsareoftenlaudedfortheirflexibilityandefficiency,therealityfortheworkers—the"independentcontractors"—isfrequentlyoneofprecarityandintensesurveillance.AlgorithmicmanagementrepresentsanewformofTaylorism,wherethescientificmanagementoflaborisnotappliedtoastaticfactoryfloor,buttoadynamic,digitallytrackedworkforce.Theopacityofthesealgorithmsisacentralpointofcontention.Workersrarelyhaveaccesstothecriteriabywhichtheyareevaluated,promoted,orpenalized.Thealgorithmactsasaninvisiblemanager,continuouslycollectingdataonlocation,speed,acceptancerates,andcustomerratings.Thiscontinuoussurveillancecreatesapanopticoneffect,whereworkersinternalizethesurveillanceandmodifytheirbehaviortoappeasethealgorithm.Thelackoftransparencyalsomeansthatworkerswhoare"deactivated"—aeuphemismforfired—oftenhavenoclearrecourseorunderstandingofwhatspecificmetricledtotheirtermination.Furthermore,thealgorithmicoptimizationoftasksoftenexternalizesriskontotheworker.Toensurerapidservicedelivery,algorithmsdirectworkerstoareaswithhighdemand,buttheydonotcompensateworkersforthetimespentwaitingforordersinthoseareas,norforthereturntripsafteradelivery.Theworkersabsorbthecostsofdepreciation,fuel,andtimethatareinherentinthelaborprocess,whiletheplatformextractsthesurplusvaluegeneratedbytheoptimization.Thisstructuralasymmetryismaskedbytherhetoricof"entrepreneurship"and"beingyourownboss,"whichobfuscatestherealitythatworkersarebearingthebruntofeconomicriskwithoutcorrespondingautonomy.Regulatorybodiesareincreasinglyscrutinizingthismodel,yettraditionallaborlaws,builtonthedichotomyof"employee"versus"independentcontractor,"areill-equippedtoaddressthenuancesofalgorithmicmanagement.Somejurisdictionshaveattemptedtomandatetransparency,requiringplatformstodisclosethelogicoftheiralgorithmstoworkers.Othershaveintroducedlegislationtocreateathirdcategoryofworker,grantinggigworkersabaselineofprotections,suchasminimumwageguaranteesandpaidleave,withoutgrantingfullemployeestatus.However,theglobalnatureoftheseplatformsandtheirrapidtechnologicalevolutionpresentsignificantchallengestoeffectiveregulation,leavingmillionsofworkersinastateofalgorithmicsubjugation.46.Whatistheprimaryargumentoftheauthorregardingalgorithmicmanagementinthegigeconomy?A.Itprovidesnecessaryflexibilityandefficiencyformodernlabormarkets.B.Itisessentiallyadigitalcontinuationofscientificmanagementthatsubjectsworkerstoprecarityandsurveillance.C.Itempowersworkersbyallowingthemtobetheirownbossesandcontroltheirschedules.D.Itisaflawedsystemthatprimarilybenefitsthecustomersratherthantheplatformcompanies.47.Whyisthe"panopticoneffect"relevanttothegigeconomyworkersdescribedinthetext?A.Workersarephysicallymonitoredbyhumanmanagersincentraloffices.B.Thealgorithm'scontinuoussurveillancecausesworkerstoself-regulatetheirbehaviortomeetalgorithmicexpectations.C.Workersarelockedintoarigidschedulethattheycannotalter,likeprisonersinapanopticon.D.Thealgorithmspenalizeworkerspublicly,servingasawarningtoothers.48.Accordingtothetext,howdoplatformsexternalizeriskontoworkers?A.Byrefusingtoprovidehealthinsuranceorbasicbenefits.B.Byforcingworkerstopayfortheirownbackgroundchecks.C.Bynotcompensatingforunpaidwaitingtimeandreturntrips,whileworkersbearvehiclecosts.D.Byarbitrarilyloweringthebasepayfordeliveriesduringoff-peakhours.49.Whydotraditionallaborlawsstruggletoregulatethegigeconomy?A.Gigeconomyplatformsoperateentirelyoutsidethejurisdictionofanysinglenation.B.Workersprefertoremainasindependentcontractorsandactivelylobbyagainstemployeestatus.C.Thelawsarebasedonastrictbinaryofemployeevs.independentcontractor,whichdoesn'tfitthegigmodel.D.Thealgorithmsaretoocomplexforlegalprofessionalstounderstandandevaluate.50.Whichofthefollowingsolutionsismentionedinthetextasawaytoaddresstheissuesofthegigeconomy?A.Requiringplatformstotreatallgigworkersasfull-timeemployees.B.Banningtheuseofalgorithmicmanagementsystemsinlaborallocation.C.Creatinganewlegalcategoryofworkerwithbasicprotectionsdistinctfromfullemployment.D.Mandatingthatworkersmusthavetherighttoinspectandmodifytheplatform'salgorithm.PartBReadthefollowingtextandchoosethebestsentencefromthelist(A-G)tofilleachofthenumberedblanks(51-55).Therearetwoextrasentencesthatyoudonotneedtouse.Thepursuitofimmortalityhasbeenaconstantthemeinhumanmythology,butrecentadvancementsinbiotechnologyarebeginningtoblurthelinesbetweensciencefictionandscientificreality.Thefieldofgeroscienceoperatesonthepremisethatagingisnotaninevitableprocessofdecline,butratheratreatablecondition.51.________.Thisshiftrepresentsaprofoundparadigmshiftinmedicalresearch,movingawayfromtreatingindividualage-relateddiseases,suchascancerorAlzheimer's,totargetingtheunderlyingbiologicalmechanismsofagingitself.Oneoftheprimaryfocusesofgeroscienceisthestudyofcellularsenescence.Ascellsage,theyeventuallystopdividingbutdonotdie.52.________.Whilesenescentcellsplayaroleinwoundhealingandtumorsuppressionintheshortterm,theiraccumulationovertimecauseschronicinflammationandtissuedysfunction,whichareprimarydriversofmanyage-relatedpathologies.Researchershavebegunexperimentingwithsenolytics,aclassofdrugsdesignedtoselectivelyinducethedeathofsenescentcells.53.________.Thehopeisthatbyclearingthese"zombiecells,"thebiologicalageofanorganismcanbereversedoratleasthalted,extendingthehealthspan—theperiodoflifefreefromsignificantdisease—ratherthanmerelyextendingthelifespan.Thedistinctionbetweenhealthspanandlifespaniscrucial;livingto120isonlybeneficialifthoseextrayearsarenotspentinchronicpainorcognitivedecline.Anotherpromisingavenueofresearchinvolvestelomeres,theprotectivecapsattheendsofchromosomes.Eachtimeacelldivides,telomeresshortenslightly.54.________.Whentelomeresbecomecriticallyshort,thecellcannolongerdivideandeitherbecomessenescentorundergoesapoptosis(programmedcelldeath).Scientistsareexploringwaystoactivatetelomerase,theenzymethatlengthenstelomeres,thoughthisapproachisfraughtwithrisk,asitalsohasthepotentialtoacceleratethegrowthofcancercells.Despitetheenthusiasm,theethicalandsocietalimplicationsofsignificantlyextendinghumanlifeareimmense.55.________.Furthermore,iflife-extensiontechnologiesareprohibitivelyexpensive,theycouldexacerbateexistingsocioeconomicinequalities,creatingaliteralbiologicaldividebetweentherichandthepoor.Thescientificcommunitymustnavigatethesewaterscarefully,ensuringthatthequesttoconqueragingdoesnotleadtotheunravelingofthesocialfabric.ListofSentences:A.Instead,theyremaininthebody,secretinginflammatorymoleculesthatcandamageneighboringhealthycells.B.Whentheybecometooshort,thecellautomaticallytriggersitsimmuneresponsetoattacksurroundingtissues.C.Iftheaveragehumanlifespanweretoincreaseto120or150,itwouldplaceanunprecedentedstrainonglobalresources,fromfoodtopensions.D.Animalmodelshaveshownpromisingresults,withsenolyticsrestoringtissuefunctionandextendinglifespaninagedmice.E.Eventually,theybecomesoshortthattheycannolongerprotectthechromosomes,leadingtocellularaging.F.Thisapproachhasbeenwidelycriticizedforbeingtoosimplistic,ascellularsenescenceisanaturalandnecessarypartofhumandevelopment.G.Byunderstandingthemolecularpathwaysthatdriveaging,scientistsbelievetheycanslowdown,orevenreverse,thebiologicalclock.PartCReadthefollowingtextandanswertheshortanswerquestions56-60.Theconceptof"cognitiveoffloading"referstotheuseofphysicalactionortechnologicaltoolstoaltertheinformationprocessingrequirementsofatask.Itisastrategythathumansemploytoovercometheinherentlimitationsoftheirworkingmemory.Aclassicexampleofcognitiveoffloadingistheactofturningaglassupsidedowntoremembertowashitlater;thephysicalstateoftheglassservesasanexternalmemorycue.Inthemodernera,cognitiveoffloadinghasreachedunprecedentedlevelsduetotheubiquityofdigitaltechnologies.Werelyonsmartphonestostorephonenumbers,calendarstomanageourschedules,andsearchenginestoretrievefactualinformation.Theprimarypsychologicaldebatesurroundingdigitalcognitiveoffloadingcentersonthe"useitorloseit"hypothesis.Thishypothesispositsthatbyoutsourcingourmemoryt