山东省青岛市全国英语等级考试（PETS）复习试题及答案高分策略(全新版)第五级(2026年上半年)

山东省青岛市全国英语等级考试（PETS）复习试题及答案高分策略(全新版)第五级(2026年上半年)SectionIListeningComprehensionPartAYouwillhearatalkabouttheimpactofoceanacidificationonmarineecosystems.ListenandcompletethesentencesinQuestions1-5withtheinformationyouhaveheard.Writenotmorethanthreewordsforeachanswer.1.Oceanacidificationisprimarilycausedbytheabsorptionofcarbondioxidebythe________.2.ThedecreaseinpHlevelsdirectlyaffectstheavailabilityof________inthewater.3.Marineorganismssuchasoystersandclamsrelyonthesemineralstobuildtheir________.4.Ifcurrentemissiontrendscontinue,coralreefscouldfacesevere________bytheendofthecentury.5.Thespeakeremphasizesthatreducingglobalcarbonemissionsistheonlyviable________tothiscrisis.PartBYouwillheartwoconversations.Aftereachconversation,youwillanswerthreemultiple-choicequestions.Conversation1Youwillhearaninterviewwithamarinebiologistdiscussingdeep-seaexploration.6.Whatisthemainchallengeofdeep-seaexplorationmentionedbythebiologist?A.Theextremewaterpressure.B.Thelackofnaturallight.C.Thehighcostofsubmersibles.D.Thescarcityofmarinelife.7.Accordingtothebiologist,whyarehydrothermalventssignificant?A.Theycontainlargedepositsofpreciousmetals.B.Theysupportuniqueecosystemsindependentofsunlight.C.Theyaretheprimarysourceofoceancurrents.D.Theyprovidegeothermalenergyforcoastalcities.8.Howdoesthebiologistfeelaboutthefutureofdeep-seamining?A.Heisoptimisticaboutitseconomicbenefits.B.Hebelievesitshouldbebannedglobally.C.Headvocatesforstrictenvironmentalregulationsbeforeitproceeds.D.Hethinksitwillreplaceterrestrialminingwithinadecade.Conversation2Youwillhearadialoguebetweentwouniversitystudentsaboutaresearchproject.9.Whyisthefemalestudentconcernedabouttheirresearchmethodology?A.Thesamplesizeistoosmalltoberepresentative.B.Thesurveyquestionsaretooambiguous.C.Theydonothaveenoughtimetocollectsufficientdata.D.Therespondentsmightnotbehonestabouttheirhabits.10.Whatalternativeapproachdoesthemalestudentsuggest?A.Conductingface-to-faceinterviewsinstead.B.Usinganexistingdatasetfromagovernmentagency.C.Narrowingthescopeoftheresearchtoaspecificdemographic.D.Offeringfinancialincentivestoparticipants.11.Whatdotheyfinallyagreetodo?A.Starttheprojectfromscratch.B.Consulttheirsupervisorforguidance.C.Combinetheirdatawithanothergroup'sfindings.D.Delaythesubmissiondeadlinebytwoweeks.PartCYouwillhearalectureonthehistoryandevolutionofartificialintelligence.AnswerQuestions12-15.12.WhatwastheprimaryfocusofearlyAIresearchinthe1950s?A.Creatinggeneralartificialintelligence.B.Solvingmathematicalproblemsandplayinggames.C.Simulatinghumanemotions.D.Developingnaturallanguageprocessingalgorithms.13.WhydidthefieldofAIexperiencean"winter"inthe1970s?A.Computersweretooexpensivetoproduce.B.Therewasalackofpublicinterest.C.Researchersoverpromisedandunderdeliveredoncapabilities.D.Governmentfundingwasentirelycutoffduetoethicalconcerns.14.WhatenabledtheresurgenceofAIinthelate1990sandearly2000s?A.Theinventionoftheinternet.B.Breakthroughsinquantumcomputing.C.Theavailabilityoflargedatasetsandimprovedprocessingpower.D.Ashifttowardsrule-basedexpertsystems.15.Accordingtothelecturer,whatisthecurrentmajorlimitationofdeeplearningmodels?A.Theyrequiretoomuchhumaninterventiontooperate.B.Theycannotprocessunstructureddatalikeimagesandtext.C.Theyoftenactas"blackboxes"withuninterpretabledecision-makingprocesses.D.Theyareincapableoflearningfromnewdatawithoutbeingcompletelyretrained.SectionIIUseofEnglishPartAReadthefollowingtextandchoosethebestwordforeachblank.Markyouranswersontheanswersheet.Theconceptofcognitivebiashasgarneredsignificantattentioninbothpsychologicalresearchandpopulardiscourse.Acognitivebiasisasystematicpatternofdeviationfromnormorrationalityinjudgment.Individualscreatetheirown"subjectivereality"fromtheirperceptionoftheinput.Anindividual'sconstructionofreality,nottheobjectiveinput,may16theirbehaviorintheworld.Thus,cognitivebiasesmaysometimesleadtoperceptualdistortion,inaccuratejudgment,illogicalinterpretation,orwhatisbroadlycalledirrationality.Althoughcognitivebiasescanhave17effects,theyareoftenaresultofthebrain'sattempttosimplifyinformationprocessing.Thehumanbrainisconstantly18withavastamountofsensorydata.Tomakedecisionsquicklyandefficiently,itreliesonheuristics—mentalshortcutsthat19thecognitiveload.Whiletheseheuristicsaregenerallyuseful,theycansometimesleadtoerrorsinreasoning.Oneofthemost20cognitivebiasesistheconfirmationbias.Thisisthetendencytosearchfor,interpret,favor,andrecallinformationinawaythat21one'spreexistingbeliefsorhypotheses.Peoplewhoareemotionally22toacertainbeliefareparticularlysusceptibletothisbias.Theywillreadilyacceptevidencethatsupportstheirviewswhilecriticallyscrutinizinganddismissinganydatathatcontradictsthem.Thisbiascanbeespecially23inthecontextofsocialmedia,wherealgorithmsaredesignedtoshowuserscontentthatalignswiththeirpastbehavior,therebycreatingechochambers.Anotherwell-documentedbiasistheavailabilityheuristic,whichoperatesonthenotionthatifsomethingcanbe24,itis,ormustbe,important.Inotherwords,peopletendtoheavilyweightheirjudgmentstowardmorerecentinformation,makingnewinformation25availableinmemory.Forinstance,afterseeingnewsreportsofairplanecrashes,individualsmightoverestimatethe26ofairtravel,eventhoughstatistically,flyingisoneofthesafestmodesoftransportation.27biasesaffectnotonlyindividualsbutalsogroupsandorganizations.Incorporatesettings,thesunkcostfallacy—continuingabehaviorasaresultofpreviouslyinvestedresources—canleadtodisastrousfinancialdecisions.Managersmightpourmoremoneyintoa28projectsimplybecausetheyhavealreadyinvestedheavilyinit,ratherthancuttingtheirlossesandreallocatingresourcesmoreeffectively.Understandingandmitigatingcognitivebiasesis29forcriticalthinkingandrationaldecision-making.Whileitisimpossibletoeliminatethementirely,beingawareoftheirexistenceand30activelychallengingone'sownassumptionscansignificantlyimprovejudgment.16.A.dictateB.reflectC.observeD.conceal17.A.beneficialB.detrimentalC.neutralD.profound18.A.overwhelmedB.associatedC.satisfiedD.disconnected19.A.increaseB.maintainC.reduceD.transfer20.A.obscureB.prevalentC.irrelevantD.complicated21.A.contradictsB.challengesC.confirmsD.alters22.A.indifferentB.opposedC.attachedD.sensitive23.A.pronouncedB.hiddenC.irrelevantD.beneficial24.A.recalledB.forgottenC.ignoredD.doubted25.A.sparinglyB.reluctantlyC.highlyD.falsely26.A.benefitsB.risksC.costsD.pleasures27.A.SinceB.AlthoughC.UnlessD.These28.A.failingB.successfulC.innovativeD.completed29.A.unnecessaryB.crucialC.impossibleD.trivial30.A.practicesB.practicingC.practicedD.havingpracticedPartBReadthefollowingtext.FillineachblankwithONEwordthatbestfitsthecontext.Thenotionthathumanbeingsarerationalactorswhomakedecisionsbasedonobjectivecost-benefitanalysishasbeenacornerstoneofclassicaleconomicsforcenturies.31,theadventofbehavioraleconomicshasprofoundlychallengedthisassumption.Behavioraleconomicscombinesinsightsfrompsychologyandeconomicstoexplore32peopleoftenmakeirrationalfinancialchoices.Oneofthekeyconceptsinthisfieldislossaversion.Empiricalstudieshaveconsistentlyshownthatthepsychologicalpainoflosing$100isgenerallytwiceas33asthepleasurederivedfromgainingthesameamount.Thisphenomenonexplainswhyindividualsoftenholdontolosingstocksinthehope34theywillrebound,whilesellingwinningstockstooearlytolockingains.Suchbehaviorisdrivenbyadeep-seateddesireto35lossesratherthanmaximizeoverallutility.Anothercriticalfactoristheconceptofmentalaccounting.Peopletendtocategorizetheirmoneyintodifferentsubjectiveaccountsbasedon36originorintendeduse.Forexample,apersonmighttreata100bFurthermore,theframingeffectdemonstratesthatthewayinformationispresentedsignificantlyinfluencesdecision-making.Consumersaremorelikelytopurchasemeatlabeled"75%lean"60thanmeatlabeled"25%fat,"despitethetwodescriptionsconveyingtheexactsameinformation.Thishighlightsthathumanperceptionishighlysusceptibletocontextualcuesandlinguisticnuances.Ultimately,recognizingthesecognitivelimitationsisthefirststeptowardmakingbetterfinancialdecisions.Byacknowledgingthatourbrainsarewiredtoprocessinformationthrough40subjectiveandemotionalfilters,individualsandpolicymakerscandesignstrategiesthatnudgepeopletowardmorerationalbehaviors.SectionIIIReadingComprehensionPartAReadthefollowingtextsandanswerthemultiple-choicequestions.Text1Theintersectionofbiotechnologyandartificialintelligencehasgivenrisetoanewfrontierinmedicalscience:precisionmedicine.Traditionally,medicaltreatmentshavebeendevelopedusinga"one-size-fits-all"approach.However,thisparadigmisrapidlyshiftingasresearchersleverageAItoanalyzevastdatasetsofgenomicinformation,clinicalrecords,andlifestylefactors.Thegoalistotailormedicaltreatmenttotheindividualcharacteristicsofeachpatient.AIalgorithmsexcelatidentifyingpatternsinmassivedatasetsthatwouldbeimperceptibletohumanresearchers.Inoncology,forinstance,AIcananalyzethegeneticmutationsofapatient'stumorandpredictwhichtherapieswillbemosteffective.Thisnotonlyincreasestheefficacyofthetreatmentbutalsominimizesadversesideeffectsbysparingpatientsfromundergoingtherapiesthatareunlikelytowork.Furthermore,AIcanacceleratedrugdiscoverybysimulatinghowdifferentcompoundsinteractwithspecificbiologicaltargets,reducingthetimeandcostassociatedwithtraditionalclinicaltrials.Despiteitsimmensepotential,theintegrationofAIintoprecisionmedicinefacessignificanthurdles.Onemajorconcernisdataprivacy.Genomicdataishighlysensitive,andtherearefearsthatitcouldbeusedfordiscriminationbyemployersorinsurancecompanies.Additionally,thereistheissueofalgorithmicbias.IfthetrainingdatausedtodeveloptheseAImodelslacksdiversity,theresultingtreatmentsmaybelesseffectiveforunderrepresentedpopulations.Forexample,agenomicmodeltrainedpredominantlyondataofEuropeandescentmayfailtoidentifydiseasemarkersprevalentinAsianorAfricanpopulations.TorealizethefullbenefitsofAI-drivenprecisionmedicine,aconcertedeffortmustbemadetoestablishrobustethicalframeworksandensuretheequitablerepresentationofdiversepopulationsingenomicdatabases.Thescientificcommunitymustalsostrivetomaintaintransparencyinhowthesealgorithmsarriveattheirconclusions,ensuringthathealthcareprofessionalscantrustandvalidatetheirrecommendations.41.Whatistheprimaryfocusofthepassage?A.Thehistoryofthe"one-size-fits-all"medicalapproach.B.Theprocessofdrugdiscoveryusingtraditionalclinicaltrials.C.Theapplications,challenges,andethicalconsiderationsofAIinprecisionmedicine.D.Thegeneticdifferencesbetweenvariousethnicpopulations.42.Accordingtothepassage,howdoesAIimprovecancertreatment?A.Byeliminatingtheneedforclinicaltrialsentirely.B.Byanalyzingtumorgeneticstorecommendthemosteffectivetherapies.C.Byreducingthecostofhealthcareforallpatients.D.Byreplacinghumandoctorsinthediagnosisprocess.43.Whatdoestheword"imperceptible"inthesecondparagraphmostlikelymean?A.Easytoidentify.B.Toosmallorsubtletobenoticed.C.Irrelevanttotheresearch.D.Widelyacceptedbythescientificcommunity.44.WhymightAI-driventreatmentsbelesseffectiveforcertainethnicgroups?A.Becausethesegroupshavefundamentallydifferentbiologicalstructures.B.BecausetheAImodelsareintentionallyprogrammedtoexcludethem.C.BecausetheAImodelsmayoverfitthedataofEuropeandescent.D.Becausethegenomicdatabasesusedfortraininglackdiversity.45.WhatdoestheauthorsuggestisnecessaryforthesuccessfulimplementationofAIinprecisionmedicine?A.Completelybanningtheuseofgenomicdatabyinsurancecompanies.B.TrainingAImodelsexclusivelyondatafromunderrepresentedpopulations.C.Establishingethicalframeworksandensuringdiversedatarepresentation.D.AllowingAIalgorithmstooperatewithouthumansupervision.Text2Thephilosophyofscienceisconcernedwiththefoundations,methods,andimplicationsofscience.Itseekstoanswerquestionssuchas:Whatdistinguishessciencefromnon-science?Howcanwejustifyscientifictheories?Oneofthecentralconceptsinthisfieldisthecriterionoffalsifiability,proposedbythephilosopherKarlPopper.Popperarguedthatatheoryisscientificonlyifitcanbeempiricallytestedandpotentiallyprovenfalse.Inotherwords,theremustbesomeobservationorexperimentthat,ifityieldedanegativeresult,woulddisprovethetheory.Forexample,thestatement"Allswansarewhite"isfalsifiablebecauseobservingasingleblackswanwouldprovethestatementfalse.Ontheotherhand,astatementlike"Thereisaninvisible,undetectabledragonlivinginmygarage"isunfalsifiablebecausenoconceivableobservationcouldproveitwrong.Popper'scriterionwaspartlyaresponsetothetheoriesofpsychoanalysis,suchasthoseproposedbyFreud.AccordingtoPopper,psychoanalytictheoriescouldexplainanyhumanbehaviorretroactivelybutcouldnotmakeprecise,testablepredictions.Ifapatientbehavesaggressively,apsychoanalystmightclaimitisduetorepressedanger;ifthepatientbehavespassively,itmightbeexplainedasadefensemechanism.Becausethesetheoriescouldadapttofitanyobservation,theywere,inPopper'sview,pseudoscientific.However,Popper'sstrictcriterionhasfacedcriticism.ThomasKuhn,anotherinfluentialphilosopherofscience,arguedthatscientificprogressisnotasimpleprocessoftheoriesbeingfalsifiedandreplaced.Instead,Kuhnproposedtheconceptof"paradigms"—frameworksoftheories,methods,andassumptionsthatdominateascientificfieldduringaspecificperiod.AccordingtoKuhn,scientistsdonotusuallyspendtheirtimetryingtofalsifytheexistingparadigm;rather,theyworkwithinit,solvingpuzzlesthattheparadigmdefinesasimportant.Onlywhenanomaliesaccumulatetoapointwheretheparadigmcannolongerexplainthemdoesa"paradigmshift"occur,leadingtoascientificrevolution.ThisdebatebetweenPopperandKuhnhighlightsthecomplexnatureofscientificinquiry.Scienceisnotmerelyacollectionoffacts,butadynamicprocessofconstructing,testing,andrevisingframeworksforunderstandingthenaturalworld.46.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Toarguethatpsychoanalysisisalegitimatescience.B.Toexplainthecriterionoffalsifiabilityanditscriticisms.C.ToprovethatKarlPopperwasabetterphilosopherthanThomasKuhn.D.Todemonstratethatscienceismerelyacollectionofsubjectivebeliefs.47.AccordingtoPopper,whatmakesatheoryscientific?A.Itcanexplainanyhumanbehaviorretroactively.B.Itisacceptedbythemajorityofthescientificcommunity.C.Itcanpotentiallybeprovenfalsebyanobservationorexperiment.D.Itisbasedonmathematicalformulas.48.Whydoestheauthormentionthe"invisible,undetectabledragon"?A.Toprovideanexampleofafalsifiabletheory.B.Toillustrateastatementthatcannotbetestedordisproven.C.Toarguethatmythicalcreaturesmightexist.D.Tocriticizethemethodsofpsychoanalysis.49.HowdidKuhn'sviewofscientificprogressdifferfromPopper's?A.Kuhnbelievedsciencewaspurelyobjective,whilePopperthoughtitwassubjective.B.Kuhnarguedthatscientistsactivelytrytofalsifyexistingparadigms,whilePopperdisagreed.C.Kuhnemphasizedtheroleofparadigmsandparadigmshifts,ratherthancontinuousfalsification.D.Kuhnbelievedthatpsychoanalysiswasalegitimateparadigm,whilePopperrejectedit.50.Whatcanbeinferredaboutscientificprogressfromthepassage?A.Itisastraightforward,linearprocessofaccumulatingfacts.B.Itisentirelysubjectiveandunrelatedtoempiricaldata.C.Itinvolvescomplexshiftsinframeworksandunderlyingassumptions.D.Itcanonlyoccurifpsychoanalysisisbanned.PartBReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthenanswertheshort-answerquestions.Theconceptofthe"Anthropocene"hasgainedsignificanttractionamonggeologists,ecologists,andenvironmentalscientists.CoinedfromtheGreekwords"anthropo-"(human)and"-cene"(new),theAnthropocenereferstothecurrentgeologicalage,viewedastheperiodduringwhichhumanactivityhasbeenthedominantinfluenceonclimateandtheenvironment.Whilethetermwaspopularizedintheearly21stcenturybyatmosphericchemistPaulCrutzen,theexactstartingpointoftheAnthropoceneremainsasubjectofintensedebate.Somescientistsarguethatitbeganinthelate18thcenturywiththeinventionofthesteamengineandthesubsequentIndustrialRevolution.Thisperiodmarkedadramaticincreaseintheburningoffossilfuels,leadingtoameasurableriseinatmosphericcarbondioxideconcentrations.IcecoresfromAntarcticashowaclearaccelerationingreenhousegaslevelsstartingaroundthistime.Othersproposeanearlierdate,pointingtotheriseofagricultureanddeforestationthousandsofyearsago,whichgraduallyalteredtheEarth'ssurfaceandatmosphericcomposition.Still,anotherfactionarguesforamid-20th-centurystart,markedbythe"GreatAcceleration"—atimecharacterizedbyrapidtechnologicaladvancement,populationgrowth,andthewidespreaduseofsyntheticmaterialslikeplasticsandradioactiveisotopesfromnucleartesting.TheimplicationsofformallyrecognizingtheAnthropoceneasageologicalepochareprofound.ItwouldsignifythathumanbeingsarenolongerjustinhabitantsoftheEarthbutarenowageologicalforcecomparabletovolcaniceruptionsorasteroidimpacts.Thisrecognitionchallengesthetraditionaldichotomybetweenhumanhistoryandnaturalhistory.Itforcesustoacknowledgethathumanactions—whetherthroughgreenhousegasemissions,habitatdestruction,ortheproliferationofsyntheticchemicals—areleavingindeliblemarkersinthegeologicalrecord.Futuregeologists,millionsofyearsfromnow,willfindastratigraphiclayerrichinplastics,concrete,andartificialradionuclides.However,theformalizationoftheAnthropocenebytheInternationalCommissiononStratigraphyisnotmerelyamatterofgeologicaltaxonomy.Itcarriesimmenseethicalandpoliticalweight.Recognizingthatwehavefundamentallyalteredtheplanet'soperatingsystemsplacesamoralobligationonthecurrentgenerationtomitigatefurtherdamage.Itshiftsthediscoursefrommerely"protectingnature"fromhumaninfluencetoactivelymanagingtheEarth'ssystems—aconceptoftenreferredtoasplanetarystewardship.Criticsofthisview,however,arguethatsuchhubrismayleadtodangerousgeoengineeringexperiments,whileotherscontendthatitdistractsfromtheimmediateneedtoreducecarbonemissions.Regardlessoftheofficialgeologicalverdict,theconceptoftheAnthropocenehasalreadyfundamentallychangedhowweperceivetherelationshipbetweenhumanityandthenaturalworld.51.Whatdoestheterm"Anthropocene"literallymean?52.WhatevidencefromAntarcticasupportstheclaimthattheAnthropocenebeganduringtheIndustrialRevolution?53.Whatcharacterizesthe"GreatAcceleration"proposedasamid-20th-centurystartingpoint?54.WhatindeliblemarkerswillfuturegeologistsfindinthestratigraphiclayeroftheAnthropocene?55.WhatistheethicalimplicationofformallyrecognizingtheAnthropocene?SectionIVWritingYouarerequiredtowriteanessayofnolessthan250wordsbasedonthefollowingprompt.Inrecentyears,therapidadvancementofartificialintelligencehassparkedwidespreaddebateaboutitsimpactonthefutureofwork.SomearguethatAIwillleadtomassunemploymentbyautomatingroutinetasks,whileothersbelieveitwillcreatenewjobcategoriesandenhancehumanproductivity.WriteanessaydiscussingthepotentialimpactsofAIonthejobmarket.Youressayshouldinclude:1.Abriefoverviewofthecurrentdebate.2.ThepotentialrisksassociatedwithAI-drivenautomation.3.ThepotentialopportunitiesthatAImightbringtotheworkforce.4.Youropiniononhowsocietyshouldprepareforthistransition.SectionIListeningComprehensionPartA1.oceans2.carbonateions3.shells4.degradation5.solutionPartB6.A7.B8.C9.A10.B11.BPartC12.B13.C14.C15.CSectionIIUseofEnglishPartA16.AThesentencestatesthatanindividual'ssubjectiverealitymay"dictate"(controlordetermine)theirbehavior."Reflect"couldworkcontextuallybut"dictate"isastrongerandmoreaccuratefitfortherelationshipbetweenperceptionandbehaviorinpsychologicalcontexts.17.BThepassagestatesthatbiasesleadto"irrationality"andare"errorsinreasoning,"thustheygenerallyhave"detrimental"(harmful)effects,eventhoughtheyarementalshortcuts.18.AThehumanbrainis"overwhelmed"byavastamountofdata,meaningithastoomuchtoprocess,whichnecessitatesshortcuts.19.CHeuristicsarementalshortcutsthat"reduce"thecognitiveload,makingiteasierforthebraintoprocessinformationquickly.20.BConfirmationbiasisaverycommonandwell-knownbias,making"prevalent"(widespread)thecorrectchoice.21.CConfirmationbiasisthetendencytoseekinformationthat"confirms"one'spreexistingbeliefs.22.CPeoplewhoareemotionally"attached"toabeliefaremoresusceptibletoconfirmationbias,astheyhaveanemotionalstakeinbeingright.23.ATheeffectofconfirmationbiasisespecially"pronounced"(noticeableormarked)onsocialmediaduetoalgorithmscreatingechochambers.24.ATheavailabilityheuristicreliesonhoweasilysomethingcanbe"recalled"frommemory.25.CRecentinformationis"highly"availableinmemory,meaningitiseasilyrecalledandthusheavilyweightedinjudgment.26.BAfterseeingairplanecrashnews,peopleoverestimatethe"risks"ofairtravel.27.A"Since"cognitivebiasesaffectnotonlyindividualsbutalsogroups...(Establishingacause/effectorlogicalextension,though"Additionally"wouldbebetter,amongthechoices,"Since"issometimesusedlooselyintransition;however,lookingatthecontext,itshouldbe"While"or"Furthermore".Let'sre-evaluatethechoices.Iftheoriginaltextwas"Thesebiases",thenD."These"isthebestfit.Let'sassumeDistheintendedanswerasitactsasademonstrativepronouncontinuingthesubject.)Correction:D."These"biasesaffectnotonlyindividuals...28.AA"failing"projectisonethatisnotsucceeding,andthesunkcostfallacydescribespouringmoneyintosuchaproject.29.BUnderstandingandmitigatingbiasesis"crucial"(essential)forcriticalthinking.30.BThephraserequiresaparallelstructure:"beingaware...andpracticingactivelychallenging".Thus,"practicing"isgrammaticallycorrect.PartB31.HoweverThefirstparagraphdescribestheclassicalview,andthissentenceintroduceshowbehavioraleconomicschallengesit,requiringacontrastivetransition.32.whyThefieldexplores"why"peoplemakeirrationalense/strongThepainoflosingistwiceas"intense"(or"strong")asthepleasureofgaining.(Acceptable:intense,strong,powerful)34.that"inthehopethat"isafixedconjunctionphrase.35.avoidPeopleholdlosingstocksto"avoid"lossesratherthanmaximizeutility.36.itsBasedonitsoriginorintendeduse.37.even"eventhough"isafixedconjunctionmeaningdespitethefactthat.38.as/because/sinceTheyviewitasfoundmoney,"as"(because)itisperceiveddifferently.39.leadsThisarbitrarycategorization"leads"tosuboptimaloutcomes.40.highly/many/variousFilteringthroughhighlysubjectiveandemotionalfilters."highly"fitsbest.SectionIIIReadingComprehensionPartAText141.CThepassagediscussestheapplicationsofAIinprecisionmedicine(tailoringtreatments,oncology,drugdiscovery),thechallenges(dataprivacy,algorithmicbias),andethicalconsiderations.42.BThesecondparagraphstates:"Inoncology...AIcananalyzethegeneticmutationsofapatient'stumorandpredictwhichtherapieswillbemosteffective."43.B"Imperceptible"meansunabletobeseenornoticed.Inthecontextofhumanresearchersnotbeingabletoseepatternsinmassivedatasets,itmeansthepatternsaretoosubtletobenoticed.44.DThethirdparagraphstates:"IfthetrainingdatausedtodeveloptheseAImodelslacksdiversity,theresultingtreatmentsmaybelesseffectiveforunderrepresentedpopulations."45.CThefinalparagraphsuggests:"Torealizethefullbenefits...establishrobustethicalframeworksandensuretheequitablerepresentationofdiversepopulationsingenomicdatabases."Text246.BThepassageexplainsPopper'scriterionoffalsifiabilityandthenintroducesKuhn'scriticismsbasedonparadigms.47.CThesecondparagraphstates:"Popperarguedthatatheoryisscientificonlyifitcanbeempiricallytestedandpotentiallyprovenfalse."48.BTheinvisibledragonisusedasanexampleofastatementthatis"unfalsifiablebecausenoconceivableobservationcouldproveitwrong."49.CKuhnarguedthatscientificprogressinvolves"paradigms"and"paradigmshifts"ratherthanscientistsconstantlytryingtofalsifytheexistingparadigm.50.CBasedonKuhn'sview,scientificprogressinvolvescomplexshiftsinframeworks(paradigms)andunderlyingassumptions,notjustalinearaccumulationoffacts.PartB51.Itliterallymeansthe"newhuman"age,referringtothegeologicalagewherehumanactivityisthedominantinfluenceontheenvironment.52.IcecoresshowaclearaccelerationingreenhousegaslevelsstartingaroundthetimeoftheIndustrialRevolution.53.Itischaracterize