山西省运城市全国英语等级考试（PETS）复习试题及答案高分策略(全新版)第五级(2026年上半年)

山西省运城市全国英语等级考试（PETS）复习试题及答案高分策略(全新版)第五级(2026年上半年)SectionIListeningComprehensionDirections:ThissectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwillhearashortlecture.Afterlisteningtothelecture,youwillanswerfivequestionsbasedonit.Thelecturewillbereadonlyonce.ListeningScript:Welcometotoday'sseminaronenvironmentaleconomics.Today,wewilldelveintotheconceptof"cap-and-trade"systems,amarket-basedapproachusedtocontrolpollutionbyprovidingeconomicincentivesforachievingreductionsintheemissionsofpollutants.Thefundamentalmechanisminvolvesacentralauthoritysettingalimitor"cap"onthemaximumamountofemissionsthatcanbereleased.Thiscapisthendividedintoallowances,eachpermittingtheemissionofonetonofthepollutant.Firmsarerequiredtoholdenoughallowancestocovertheiremissions;otherwise,theyfaceseverefinancialpenalties.Thedistinctivefeatureofthissystemisthe"trade"component.Firmsthatcanreducetheiremissionsatalowcostwilldosoandselltheirexcessallowancestofirmsfacinghighabatementcosts.Thiscreatesamarketpriceforemissions,whichnaturallydrivestheoverallreductionofpollutiontothelowestpossiblecosttosociety.However,thesuccessofacap-and-tradeprogramheavilydependsontheinitialallocationoftheseallowancesandthestrictnessofthemonitoringsystem.Ifcapsaresettoohigh,thepriceofallowancesdrops,removingtheincentivetoinnovate.Conversely,ifcapsaretoostringent,itmaystifleindustrialgrowth.Therefore,dynamicadjustmentofthecapiscrucialforlong-termecologicalsustainability.Questions1-5:ChoosethebestanswerfromA,B,C,orDbasedonthelectureyouhavejustheard.1.Whatistheprimarypurposeofthecap-and-tradesystemaccordingtothelecture?A.Toincreasegovernmentrevenuethroughenvironmentaltaxation.B.Tocontrolpollutionbyusingeconomicincentives.C.Tocompletelyprohibittheemissionofindustrialpollutants.D.Toencourageindustriestorelocatetoareaswithlooserregulations.2.Whathappensifafirmemitsmorepollutantsthanitsallowancespermit?A.Itmustimmediatelyshutdownitsoperations.B.Itisforcedtobuytheentirecompanyofacompetitor.C.Itwillbesubjectedtoseverefinancialpenalties.D.Itwillbeexemptedfromthecapinthefollowingyear.3.Howdolow-costabatementfirmsbenefitfromthesystem?A.Theyreceivedirectgovernmentsubsidiesfortheirgreentechnology.B.Theyareallowedtoemitmorepollutantswithoutpurchasingallowances.C.Theycanselltheirsurplusallowancestohigh-costabatementfirms.D.Theycanavoidallfinancialpenaltiesbyreportingzeroemissions.4.Whatisapotentialconsequenceofsettingtheemissioncaptoohigh?A.Thepriceofallowanceswillsurgedramatically.B.Industrialgrowthwillbeseverelystifled.C.Firmswillhavenomotivationtoinnovateinemissionreduction.D.Themonitoringsystemwillcollapseduetolackoffunding.5.Whatdoesthespeakersuggestisessentialforlong-termecologicalsustainability?A.Completelyeliminatingtheuseoffossilfuelswithinadecade.B.Implementingafixed,unchangeablecapoveracentury.C.Dynamicallyadjustingtheemissioncapovertime.D.Relyingsolelyonvoluntarycorporateresponsibility.SectionIIUseofEnglishReadthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordforeachnumberedblankfromA,B,C,orD.Theintersectionofneuroscienceandartificialintelligencehasgivenrisetoafascinatingfieldknownasneuromorphiccomputing.Unliketraditionalcomputers,whichprocessinformationsequentially,neuromorphicarchitecturesattemptto6theneuralstructureofthehumanbrain.Thisapproachpromisesto7thelimitationsofthevonNeumannbottleneck,wheredatamustconstantlybeshuttledbetweenmemoryandthecentralprocessingunit.Thefundamentalunitofaneuromorphicsystemisthe"spikingneuron."8traditionalneuralnetworksthatusecontinuousfloating-pointnumberstorepresent9,spikingneuronscommunicatethroughdiscreteelectricalpulses,or"spikes,"muchlikebiologicalneurons.Thisevent-drivencomputationmeansthatthesystemonlyconsumespowerwhenaspike10,makingitincrediblyenergy-efficient.However,thepathto11neuromorphiccomputingisfraughtwithchallenges.Onemajorhurdleisthelackofamaturesoftware12.Traditionalprogramminglanguagesaredesignedforsequentiallogicandareill-suitedforthehighlyparallelandasynchronousnatureofspikingnetworks.To13this,researchersaredevelopingnewframeworksthatcancompilehigh-levelalgorithmsintospike-basedrepresentations.14challengeliesinthehardwareitself.Fabricatingsiliconchipsthatcanreliably15thestochasticbehaviorofbiologicalsynapsesrequiresadvancedmaterialsand16manufacturingtechniques.Despitetheseobstacles,thepotentialapplicationsareprofound.Neuromorphicchipsareparticularlywell-suitedforedgecomputing,wheredevicesoperateon17powerandmustprocesssensorydatainreal-time.Forexample,aneuromorphicvisualsensorcould18onlythechangesinascene,19theneedtoprocessstaticbackgroundpixelscontinuously.Thiscapabilitycouldrevolutionizeroboticsandautonomousvehicles,allowingthemto20todynamicenvironmentswithunprecedentedspeedandefficiency.6.A.mimicB.mockC.mirrorD.mock-up7.A.overturnB.overcomeC.oversightD.overthrow8.A.UnlikeB.AlikeC.DislikeD.As9.A.activationB.activenessC.activityD.actions10.A.happensB.occursC.arisesD.emerges11.A.commercializeB.commercialC.commerceD.commercially12.A.ecosystemB.ecologyC.environmentD.ambiance13.A.addressB.solveC.resolveD.tackle14.A.AnotherB.OtherC.TheotherD.Others15.A.simulateB.stimulateC.emulateD.imitate16.A.accurateB.preciseC.exactD.correct17.A.limitedB.confinedC.restrictedD.bounded18.A.captureB.catchC.seizeD.snatch19.A.eliminatingB.toeliminateC.eliminatesD.eliminate20.A.adaptB.adoptC.adeptD.adjustSectionIIIReadingComprehensionPartA:Multiple-ChoiceandMultiple-ResponseQuestionsReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandanswerthequestionsbasedonit.Theconceptofuniversalbasicincome(UBI)hastransitionedfromafringeeconomictheorytoasubjectofseriousdebateinpolicycircles.UBIproposesaregular,unconditionalcashpaymentgiventoallcitizensregardlessoftheirincomeoremploymentstatus.ProponentsarguethatUBIservesasasafetynetagainstthedisruptionscausedbyautomationandartificialintelligence.Asmachinestakeoverroutinecognitiveandmanualtasks,millionsofjobsmaybecomeobsolete.Inthisscenario,UBIisseennotasareplacementforwork,butasafoundationuponwhichindividualscanbuildnewskills,engageincreativepursuits,orundertakecareworkthatthemarketundervalues.Critics,however,raisesubstantialconcernsabouttheeconomicfeasibilityandbehavioralconsequencesofUBI.Theprimaryobjectionisthecost.Providingameaningfulincometoanentirepopulationrequireseitheramassivereallocationofexistingpublicfundsorasignificantincreaseintaxation,whichcouldstifleeconomicgrowth.Furthermore,thereisthe"disincentivetowork"argument.Criticsarguethatanunconditionalincomemightreducethelaborsupply,leadingtolaborshortagesandadeclineinproductivity.Recentempiricaldatafromlocalizedpilotprogramsoffersamorenuancedpicture.StudiesinFinlandandCanadashowedthatwhileUBIdidnotsignificantlyreduceoverallemployment,itnotablyimprovedrecipients'psychologicalwell-beingandreducedstress-relatedillnesses.However,thesepilotswereoftentemporaryandcoveredsmall,specificdemographics,makingitdifficulttoextrapolatethemacroeconomiceffectsofapermanent,nationwideUBI.TheultimateimpactofUBIremainsacomplextrade-offbetweenpovertyalleviationandeconomicefficiency.Questions21-24aresingle-choicequestions.ChoosethebestanswerfromA,B,C,orD.21.WhatistheprimaryreasonproponentsadvocateforUBIinthecontextoftechnologicaladvancement?A.Itencouragescitizenstoquittheircurrentjobsandpursueart.B.Itprovidesfinancialstabilityinaneraofjobdisplacementcausedbyautomation.C.Itcompletelyreplacestheneedfortraditionalemploymentstructures.D.Itforcesthegovernmenttoincreasetaxesonthewealthy.22.Accordingtothepassage,whatisthemaineconomicconcernraisedbycriticsofUBI?A.Itwillleadtoasurplusoflaborinthemarket.B.Itwillcauseasignificantincreaseininflationrates.C.Thefinancialcostofimplementationisprohibitivelyhigh.D.Itreliessolelyonborrowingmoneyfromforeignnations.23.WhatwasasignificantfindingfromthepilotprogramsinFinlandandCanada?A.UBIdrasticallyreducedtheoverallproductivityoftheworkforce.B.UBIhadapositiveeffectonthementalhealthoftherecipients.C.UBIledtoamassivereallocationofpublicfunds.D.UBIsignificantlyincreasedthelaborsupplyintheshortterm.24.Whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutthefindingsofthelocalizedpilotprograms?A.TheydefinitivelyprovethatUBIcanworkonanationalscale.B.Theyareentirelyunreliableandshouldbedisregardedbypolicymakers.C.Theyarelimitedinscopeandcannotfullypredictmacroeconomicoutcomes.D.Theyshowthatthedisincentivetoworkeffectisamyth.Question25isamultiple-responsequestion.ChoosetwocorrectanswersfromA,B,C,D,andE.25.Basedonthetext,whichofthefollowingtwochallengesorconcernsregardingUBIareexplicitlymentioned?A.Thepotentialforhyperinflation.B.Themassivereallocationofpublicfundsorincreasedtaxation.C.Thepossibilityofareducedlaborsupply.D.TheriskofartificialintelligencetakingoverthemanagementofUBI.E.Thelikelihoodofcitizensmovingtodifferentcountries.PartB:ShortAnswerQuestionsReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbriefly.Thephenomenonof"urbanheatislands"(UHI)referstothesignificantlyhighertemperaturesexperiencedinurbanareascomparedtotheirruralsurroundings.Thistemperaturedifferentialisprimarilycausedbythemodificationoflandsurfaces.Urbanareasarecharacterizedbyahighconcentrationofimpervioussurfaces,suchasasphaltandconcrete,whichhavelowalbedo(reflectivity)andhighheatcapacity.Thesematerialsabsorbsolarradiationduringthedayandre-radiateitasheatatnight,preventingurbanareasfromcoolingdown.Furthermore,thelackofvegetationincitiescompoundstheproblem.Plantscooltheenvironmentthroughevapotranspiration,aprocesswherewateristransferredfromthelandtotheatmosphereviaevaporationandplanttranspiration.Withoutsufficientgreencover,thisnaturalcoolingmechanismisseverelydiminished.Anthropogenicheatgeneratedfromvehicles,industrialprocesses,andairconditioningunitsfurtherexacerbatestheUHIeffect.TheconsequencesofUHIaremultifaceted.Itnotonlyincreasesenergyconsumptionforcoolingbuildingsbutalsoimpairswaterqualitybyheatingstormwaterrunoff,whichharmsaquaticecosystems.TomitigateUHI,citiesareincreasinglyadoptingstrategiessuchasinstallinggreenroofs,plantingurbanforests,andutilizingcoolpavementsmadeofreflectivematerials.Theseinterventionsaimtorestorethenaturalenergybalanceoftheurbanenvironment.26.WhatarethetwoprimarylandsurfacecharacteristicsofurbanmaterialsmentionedthatcontributetotheUHIeffect?27.Howdoesvegetationcoolthesurroundingenvironment?28.Besidesincreasingenergyconsumption,whatisanothernegativeconsequenceofUHImentionedinthetext?29.WhataretwostrategiesmentionedthatcitiesusetomitigatetheUHIeffect?30.Accordingtothetext,whathappenstosolarradiationabsorbedbyurbanmaterials?PartC:Blank-FillingQuestionsCompletethefollowingsentencesbasedonthetextbelow.Theadventofquantumcomputingrepresentsaparadigmshiftincomputationalcapability.Unlikeclassicalcomputersthatusebitsrepresentingeither0or1,quantumcomputersutilizequantumbits,orqubits.Thestateofaqubitisrepresentedbyalinearcombinationofbasisstates,mathematicallyexpressedas|ψ⟩=α|0⟩Whenmultiplequbitsareentangled,thestateofonequbitbecomesintrinsicallylinkedtothestateofanother,regardlessofthedistanceseparatingthem.Thisentanglement,combinedwithsuperposition,grantsquantumcomputerstheabilitytoperformcomplexcalculationsatspeedsunattainablebyclassicalmachines,particularlyinfieldslikecryptographyandmolecularmodeling.However,qubitsarehighlysusceptibleto"decoherence,"aprocesswhereenvironmentalnoisecausesthedelicatequantumstatetocollapse.Maintainingcoherencerequiresextremeconditions,suchascryogenictemperatures,makingthephysicalrealizationofscalablequantumcomputersoneofthemostformidableengineeringchallengesofthe21stcentury.31.Unlikeclassicalcomputersthatusebits,quantumcomputersuse__________toprocessinformation.32.Themathematicalexpressionforthestateofaqubitinvolvescomplexnumberscalled__________,whichrepresentprobabilities.33.Theprinciplethatallowsaqubittorepresentboth0and1atthesametimeiscalled__________.34.Theprocesswhereenvironmentalnoisedestroysthedelicatequantumstateofaqubitisknownas__________.35.Tomaintainthestateofqubitsandpreventdecoherence,extremeconditionssuchas__________arerequired.SectionIVWritingTask:ArgumentativeEssayReadthefollowingpromptandwriteanessayofapproximately250words.Therapiddevelopmentofartificialintelligenceandroboticshasledtopredictionsthatmachineswilleventuallyreplaceasignificantportionofthehumanworkforce.Somesociologistsarguethatgovernmentsshouldimposea"robottax"—ataxonbusinessesthatreplacehumanworkerswithautomatedsystems—tofundretrainingprogramsandsocialsafetynetsfordisplacedworkers.Othersarguethatsuchataxwouldstifleinnovationandreduceeconomiccompetitiveness.Writeanessaydiscussingbothsidesofthisargument.Stateyourownopiniononwhetherarobottaxshouldbeimplementedandsupportyourviewwithlogicalreasoningandexamples.Youressayshouldbewell-organized,withclearparagraphsandappropriatelinkingdevices.参考答案及高分策略解析SectionIListeningComprehension1.【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。听力原文明确提到"amarket-basedapproachusedtocontrolpollutionbyprovidingeconomicincentivesforachievingreductionsintheemissionsofpollutants"，即该系统的主要目的是通过经济激励来控制污染。【高分策略】在PETS第五级听力考试中，开篇第一句通常是核心主题句。考生应迅速抓取主题句中的核心名词和动宾结构。本题的关键词是"controlpollution"和"economicincentives"，听到这些关键词即可直接匹配选项B。选项A、C、D均未在原文中提及，属于干扰项。2.【答案】C【解析】细节理解与记忆题。原文指出："Firmsarerequiredtoholdenoughallowancestocovertheiremissions;otherwise,theyfaceseverefinancialpenalties."，表明如果排放超标，企业将面临严重的经济处罚。【高分策略】听力中的条件状语从句是高频考点。当听到"otherwise"或"ifnot"时，必须高度集中注意力，因为其后紧跟的内容往往是解题的关键。此处"severefinancialpenalties"直接对应选项C。3.【答案】C【解析】逻辑推理与细节题。原文提到："Firmsthatcanreducetheiremissionsatalowcostwilldosoandselltheirexcessallowancestofirmsfacinghighabatementcosts."，低成本减排的企业会出售多余的配额给高成本的企业。【高分策略】解答此题需要理解"trade"机制的经济逻辑。在考试中，遇到描述两个实体之间关系的句子，要注意动词方向。这里的"selltheirexcessallowancesto"清晰地表明了利益的流向，对应选项C。选项A原文未提及，选项B和D与原文矛盾。4.【答案】C【解析】因果推理题。原文指出："Ifcapsaresettoohigh,thepriceofallowancesdrops,removingtheincentivetoinnovate."，即如果排放上限设置过高，配额价格下降，企业将失去创新（减排）的动力。【高分策略】PETS5听力常考因果关系。此处"removingtheincentivetoinnovate"是设置上限过高导致的直接结果。选项C中的"nomotivationtoinnovate"是对"removingtheincentivetoinnovate"的同义替换。同义替换是英语高级别考试的核心考点，考生需在平时积累常见的同义表达。5.【答案】C【解析】细节推理与总结题。讲座最后强调："Therefore,dynamicadjustmentofthecapiscrucialforlong-termecologicalsustainability."，动态调整上限对长期生态可持续性至关重要。【高分策略】讲座的结尾通常会进行总结或提出建议。标志词"Therefore"提示考生其后是重要结论。捕捉到"dynamicadjustment"即可选出正确答案C。选项A、B、D中的"completelyeliminating"、"fixed,unchangeable"和"voluntary"均与原文所传达的科学、动态管理理念相悖。SectionIIUseofEnglish6.【答案】A【解析】动词辨析题。mimic意为“模仿，模拟”，符合上下文，即神经形态架构试图模仿人类大脑的神经结构。mock意为“嘲笑”；mirror虽可表示“反映”，但作及物动词时不如mimic贴切；mock-up是名词，意为“模型”。【高分策略】完形填空的动词辨析不仅要求区分词义，还要求结合语境。在科技类文章中，描述机器或系统模拟生物机能时，"mimic"是最地道的高频用词。考生需通读上下文，确定此处是积极意义上的“模仿”，从而排除带有贬义的"mock"。7.【答案】B【解析】动词辨析题。overcomethelimitations意为“克服限制”，是固定搭配。overturn意为“推翻”；oversight是名词，意为“疏忽”；overthrow意为“推翻”。【高分策略】解答完形填空需注重固定搭配。"overcomelimitations/challenges/obstacles"是学术写作中的标准搭配。考生在备考时，不仅要背单词的中文意思，更要记其常见的英文搭配。8.【答案】A【解析】介词辨析题。此处需要一个介词表示“与...不同”，Unlike符合语境，即“与传统神经网络不同...”。Alike通常作表语或后置定语；Dislike是动词，意为“不喜欢”；As意为“作为”。【高分策略】逻辑连接词是完形填空的必考点。此处在对比传统神经网络和尖峰神经网络，显然存在转折或对比关系。"Unlike"引导的介词短语常用于句首表示对比。9.【答案】A【解析】名词辨析题。在神经网络语境中，activationvalues（激活值）是核心概念，传统神经网络使用连续的浮点数来表示激活值。activeness是形容词的名词形式，意为“活跃性”；activity意为“活动”；actions意为“行动”。【高分策略】此题属于专业语境词汇题。PETS5完形填空常涉及各类专业领域的基础概念。考生如果对人工智能基础有所了解，应知"activationfunction"（激活函数）等概念，从而轻松选出"activation"。10.【答案】B【解析】动词辨析题。occur在此处意为“发生”，指当尖峰脉冲发生时。happen也指发生，但多指偶然事件；arise多指问题或情况的“出现”；emerge意为“浮现”。在描述事件驱动的计算时，occur最为正式。【高分策略】近义词辨析是难点。"occur"更偏向于客观事件的发生，常用于科学描述。考生需通过大量阅读学术文章，培养对近义词语体色彩差异的敏感度。11.【答案】A【解析】词性辨析题。此处需要一个动词原形作为不定式"to"的宾语，commercialize意为“商业化”，符合句意：实现神经形态计算商业化的道路充满挑战。【高分策略】分析句子结构是解题的关键。考生需识别出"Thepathto..."中的"to"是介词，但此处接动词作目的状语，或者将其理解为"thepathto[dosomething]"的变体，故填动词原形。根据后文提到的挑战，"commercialize"最符合逻辑。12.【答案】A【解析】名词辨析题。ecosystem在此指“生态系统”，引申为“软件生态系统”，包含编程语言、开发工具、库等。ecology意为“生态学”；environment意为“环境”；ambiance意为“氛围”。【高分策略】在现代科技语境中，"softwareecosystem"是固定表达。完形填空常考查一词多义或引申义。考生不能仅停留在基础词义，需掌握核心词汇在专业语境中的新含义。13.【答案】A【解析】动词辨析题。addressthechallenge意为“应对/解决挑战”，是固定搭配。solve通常接problem；resolve通常接冲突或问题；tackle也可接问题，但address更常与challenge连用，且更偏向于“着手处理”。【高分策略】固定搭配题。动词与宾语的搭配在完形填空中占比极高。"addressanissue/challenge/problem"是高级英语中常用的表达，显得更为正式。14.【答案】A【解析】代词辨析题。前文提到了一个挑战，此处指“另一个挑战”，应使用Another。Other后需接复数名词或不可数名词；Theother指两者中的另一个；Others是代词，不能直接修饰名词单数。【高分策略】代词的考查往往与文章逻辑结构紧密相连。考生在答题时，需回顾上一段或前几句的内容，判断是否在进行并列列举。此处是列举第二个挑战，因此选"Another"。15.【答案】A【解析】动词辨析题。simulate意为“模拟”，指用硅芯片模拟生物突触的行为。stimulate意为“刺激”；emulate虽有“仿真”之意，但更侧重于追赶和匹敌；imitate意为“模仿”，多用于一般行为。【高分策略】科技类文章中，“模拟”系统或行为是高频词汇。"simulate"强调通过建立模型来重现某个过程。结合语境，制造芯片来模拟生物突触，"simulate"最为准确。16.【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析题。precise意为“精确的”，制造能可靠模拟突触的硅芯片需要精确的制造技术。accurate意为“准确的”，多指信息或测量；exact意为“确切的”；correct意为“正确的”。【高分策略】在工程和制造领域，"precise"强调精度、精密度，是修饰制造技术的最佳词汇。考生需区分表示“正确”和“精确”的近义词。17.【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析题。limitedpower意为“有限的电力/能源”，指边缘计算设备通常在低功耗下运行。confined多指空间受限；restricted多指权利或条件受限；bounded多指数学上的有界。【高分策略】结合常识与语境：边缘计算设备（如传感器）通常电池容量有限，因此"limitedpower"是最自然、最准确的搭配。18.【答案】A【解析】动词辨析题。capture意为“捕获，记录”，指视觉传感器只捕捉场景中的变化。catch多指抓住运动物体；seize多指夺取或抓住机会；snatch多指抢夺。在传感器领域，capturedata/images是标准用法。【高分策略】科技英语中的固定动词搭配。描述相机或传感器获取数据时，必须使用"capture"。19.【答案】A【解析】非谓语动词题。此处表示伴随状语或结果状语，eliminating的逻辑主语是前面的整个句子，即“只捕捉变化，从而消除了处理静态背景的需要”。由于是主动关系且表示自然结果，使用现在分词。【高分策略】语法结构题。考生需分析句子的谓语动词"couldcapture"，判断逗号后的动词是否为谓语。发现没有连词连接另一个谓语，即可断定需用非谓语动词形式。表示积极结果用现在分词。20.【答案】A【解析】动词辨析题。adaptto意为“适应”，指机器人和自动驾驶汽车能够适应动态环境。adopt意为“采纳”；adept是形容词，意为“熟练的”；adjustto也可表示适应，但adaptto更强调为了生存或功能而进行本质上的改变和适应。【高分策略】形近词辨析与固定搭配。adapt和adopt是常考形近词，考生需牢记其区别。在描述系统或生物适应环境时，adapt是首选。SectionIIIReadingComprehensionPartA21.【答案】B【解析】细节推理题。文章第一段指出："ProponentsarguethatUBIservesasasafetynetagainstthedisruptionscausedbyautomationandartificialintelligence.Asmachinestakeoverroutinecognitiveandmanualtasks,millionsofjobsmaybecomeobsolete."支持者认为UBI在机器取代人类工作的时代起到了安全网的作用，提供了财务稳定性。【高分策略】解答细节题，需在原文中准确定位关键词"Proponents"和"automation"。选项B是对原文"safetynetagainstthedisruptionscausedbyautomation"的同义替换。同义替换是PETS5阅读的核心考查方式。选项A和C过于绝对，选项D未提及。22.【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。第二段提到："Theprimaryobjectionisthecost.Providingameaningfulincometoanentirepopulationrequireseitheramassivereallocationofexistingpublicfundsorasignificantincreaseintaxation..."批评者的主要经济担忧是实施成本过高。【高分策略】定位词"critics"和"economicconcern"。原文明确指出"Theprimaryobjectionisthecost"，随后解释了成本为何高昂。选项C直接概括了这一核心问题。选项A与原文的"disincentivetowork"导致劳动力减少不符；选项B、D原文未提及。23.【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。第三段提到："StudiesinFinlandandCanadashowedthatwhileUBIdidnotsignificantlyreduceoverallemployment,itnotablyimprovedrecipients'psychologicalwell-beingandreducedstress-relatedillnesses."试点项目显示UBI改善了接受者的心理健康。【高分策略】通过国家名称"FinlandandCanada"定位到第三段。选项B是对"improvedrecipients'psychologicalwell-being"的同义替换。选项A与原文"didnotsignificantlyreduceoverallemployment"矛盾；选项C和D均未在试点项目的发现中提及。24.【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。第三段最后指出："However,thesepilotswereoftentemporaryandcoveredsmall,specificdemographics,makingitdifficulttoextrapolatethemacroeconomiceffectsofapermanent,nationwideUBI."试点项目规模小且临时，难以推断全国性、永久性UBI的宏观经济效应。【高分策略】推理题需结合上下文逻辑。作者用"However"转折，指出了试点项目的局限性。选项C完美概括了"makingitdifficulttoextrapolatethemacroeconomiceffects"的含义。选项A过于绝对；选项B与作者态度不符；选项D属于过度推断，因为原文只说没有显著减少就业，并非证明“威胁论”是神话。25.【答案】B,C(Multiple-response)【解析】多选题。文章第二段明确提到了两个挑战："Providingameaningfulincometoanentirepopulationrequireseitheramassivereallocationofexistingpublicfundsorasignificantincreaseintaxation"(对应选项B：大规模重新分配公共资金或增加税收)以及"the'disincentivetowork'argument.Criticsarguethatanunconditionalincomemightreducethelaborsupply"(对应选项C：劳动力供给减少的可能性)。【高分策略】PETS5多项选择题要求考生全面理解段落内容，不能遗漏信息点。解答此类题目，需逐个验证选项。选项A（恶性通货膨胀）、选项D（AI接管UBI管理）和选项E（公民移居他国）在文中均无依据。考生需谨慎选择，确保所选答案均有原文直接或间接的支持。PartB26.【答案】Lowalbedo(reflectivity)andhighheatcapacity.【解析】原文第一段指出："Urbanareasarecharacterizedbyahighconcentrationofimpervioussurfaces,suchasasphaltandconcrete,whichhavelowalbedo(reflectivity)andhighheatcapacity."【高分策略】简答题要求语言精炼，直接提取核心名词短语。此题考查对并列结构的识别。原文用"and"连接了两个特征，考生需完整提取，不可遗漏。27.【答案】Throughevapotranspiration,aprocesswherewateristransferredfromthelandtotheatmosphereviaevaporationandplanttranspiration.【解析】原文第二段提到："Plantscooltheenvironmentthroughevapotranspiration,aprocesswherewateristransferredfromthelandtotheatmosphereviaevaporationandplanttranspiration."【高分策略】细节定位题。解答此类题目，需注意题目中的关键词"vegetation"或"cool"，在原文中寻找对应的解释性句子。此处需准确写出机制名称及其定义，可适当删减冗长的修饰语，但核心术语"evapotranspiration"必须保留。28.【答案】Itimpairswaterqualitybyheatingstormwaterrunoff,whichharmsaquaticecosystems.【解析】原文第三段提到："Itnotonlyincreasesenergyconsumptionforcoolingbuildingsbutalsoimpairswaterqualitybyheatingstormwaterrunoff,whichharmsaquaticecosystems."【高分策略】此题考查对"notonly...butalso..."结构后半部分信息的提取。题目问的是除了增加能耗之外的后果，答案必须指向水质损害及其对水生生态系统的破坏。句式的完整性在简答题中很重要，需组织成完整的动宾短语或句子。29.【答案】Installinggreenroofs,plantingurbanforests,andutilizingcoolpavements.【解析】原文第三段提到："TomitigateUHI,citiesareincreasinglyadoptingstrategiessuchasinstallinggreenroofs,plantingurbanforests,andutilizingcoolpavementsmadeofreflectivematerials."【高分策略】此题考查举例细节。原文中的"suchas"后紧跟三个具体策略。考生需将动名词短语准确摘录。注意时态和形式的统一，使用动名词形式最为规范。30.【答案】Theyabsorbitduringthedayandre-radiateitasheatatnight.【解析】原文第一段提到："Thesematerialsabsorbsolarradiationduringthedayandre-radiateitasheatatnight,preventingurbanareasfromcoolingdown."【高分策略】此题考查对物理过程的理解与提取。需抓住两个动作：吸收和再辐射。考生需用完整的句子回答，确保主语与原文的"materials"保持一致或指代清晰。PartC31.【答案】qubits【解析】原文提到："Unlikeclassicalcomputersthatusebitsrepresentingeither0or1,quantumcomputersutilizequantumbits,orqubits."量子计算机使用量子比特。【高分策略】填空题的核心是定位。通过对比"classicalcomputers"和"quantumcomputers"，找到核心差异点即所填词汇。填入的词需在语法和语义上完全契合，此处填入名词复数形式"qubits"。32.【答案】probabilityamplitudes【解析】原文提到："whereαandβarecomplexnumbersrepresentingprobabilityamplitudes"。复杂数代表了概率振幅。【高分策略】定位至包含公式的句子。此类含有LaTeX公式的长难句，需仔细拆解。破题关键在于抓住主谓宾结构，αandβ是什么？是代表概率振幅的复数。填入此短语即可。33.【答案】superposition【解析】原文提到："Thisprincipleallowsaqubittoexistinastateofsuperposition,holdingboth0and1simultaneouslyuntilmeasured."这赋予了量子比特同时处于0和1状态的能力，这种状态/原理被称为叠加态。【高分策略】通过定义反推术语。原文中"holdingboth0and1simultaneously"是对"superposition"的直接解释。考生需识别出这种概念解释的句型。34.【答案】decoherence【解析】原文提到："However,qubitsarehighlysusceptibleto'decoherence,'aprocesswhereenvironmentalnoisecausesthedelicatequantumstatetocollapse."环境噪音导致量子态坍缩的过程被称为退相干。【高分策略】再次考查定义句。需填入的正是引起该现象的专有名词。通过后文的"collapse"可定位到前文的"decoherence"。35.【答案】cryogenictemperatures【解析】原文提到："Maintainingcohere