世纪英语教程 18

第三章

代词代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、不定代词、疑问代词、关系代词和连接代词九种。种类例词人称代词主格Iweyouhesheitthey宾格meusyouhimheritthem物主代词形容词性myouryourhisheritstheir名词性mineoursyourshishersitstheirs指示代词this,that,these,those反身代词myselfourselvesyourselfyourselveshimselfherselfitselfthemselves相互代词eachother,oneanother不定代词anyone,anybody,someone,somebody,everyone,everybody,noone,nobody,anything,everything,something,nothing,any,every,each,some,many,much,such,all,both,several,either,neither,another,one,ones,others,theother,few,afew,little,alittle疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that等连接代词who,whom,whose,which,what等一、人称代词人称代词的用法：1.主格代词作主语。如：Youcanusetheextensionphone.你可以使用电话分机。2.宾格代词作宾语。如：Keepthemattheirrespectivedrawers.把它们放在各自的抽屉里。Youshouldconfirmitbeforehand.你应该事先确定这件事。人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称he,she,ithim,her,ittheythem二、物主代词物主代词的用法：1.形容词性物主代词作定语。如：Itismyhonortohavetheopportunitytospeakhere.有机会在这里发言实在是我的荣幸。Sinceitsfoundingacenturyago,theCommunistPartyofChinahastakenaremarkablejourney.(FromReporttothe20thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChina)中国共产党已走过百年奋斗历程。（选自党的二十大报告）2.名词性物主代词作主语、宾语或表语。如：Thisisnotmybook.Mineisinmybag.这不是我的书。我的书在我包里面。（主语）Heisafriendofours.他是我们的一个朋友。（宾语）Themostcompetitiveteamistheirs.最有竞争力的团队是他们的。（表语）人称形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词单数复数单数复数第一人称myourmineours第二人称youryouryoursyours第三人称his,her,itstheirhis,hers,itstheirs三、指示代词1.this,that,these,those指示代词this,that,these,those相当于汉语中的“这个，那个，这些，那些”，在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。如：Thisisabook.这是一本书。（主语）Ilikethis.Idon’tlikethat.我喜欢这个而不喜欢那个。（宾语）Myideaisthis.这是我的主意。（表语）Wehaveendeavoredtousethisnewtheorytoarmourselvesintellectually,guideour

practice,andadvanceourwork.(FromReporttothe20thNationalCongressoftheCommunist

PartyofChina)我们坚持不懈地用这一理论武装头脑、指导实践、推动工作。（选自党的二十大报告）（定语）三、指示代词2.that与thisthat通常指代上文提到过的事物，一般只能承上。this既可承上，又可启下。如：Hedidn’tattendthelecture.That’swhyhewascriticizedbytheteacher.他没有去听讲座，这就是老师批评他的原因。ThisiswhatIlearnedfromthelecture.我从讲座中学到的就是如此。that替代有定冠词或形容词性物主代词修饰的名词。该名词既可以是不可数名词，又可以是可数名词。另外，that这样用时，必须带后置修饰语。如：IprefertheclimateofDaliantothatofShanghai.比起上海，我更喜欢大连的气候。（climate是不可数名词）AlthoughAndersonhasneverlefttheUnitedStates,hisaccentisverysimilartothatofan

Englishman.安德森从未离开过美国，不过他的口音却非常像英国人的口音。（accent是可数名词）四、反身代词1.反身代词在句中作宾语：OurPartyhasdedicateditselftoachievinglastinggreatnessfortheChinesenation.(From

Reporttothe20thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChina)我们党立志于中华民族千秋伟业。（选自党的二十大报告）2.反身代词在句中作表语：Heishimselfagain.他又恢复了常态。3.反身代词在句中作同位语：Thestudentsthemselvesmadetheplan.学生们自己制订了这个计划。五、相互代词相互代词是表示相互关系的代词，如eachother,oneanother。1.相互代词作宾语：Theyoftenhelpeachother.他们经常互相帮助。Theyhavebeenseparatedfromoneanotherforalongtime.他们已经分开很长一段时间了。2.相互代词的所有格形式作定语：Thestudentsarecorrectingeachother’spapers.学生们在互相批改考卷。Theyintroducedoneanother’sfriends.他们互相介绍自己的朋友给对方认识。六、不定代词不具体指明替代任何特定的名词或代词的词称为“不定代词”。常用的不定代词有some,any,no,none,many,much,few,little,each,every,both,all,either,neither,one,another,other等。不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质，并有可数与不可数、肯定和否定之分。注意以下单词或词组的区别：1.some和any两者均可作主语、宾语或定语。some常用于肯定句中，any常用于否定句和疑问句中。但在表示请求、建议的疑问句中使用some。如：Ihavesomegoodbooksforyoutoread.我有一些好书给你读。Doyouhaveanyticketstospare?你有没有多余的票出让？Wouldyoulikesometea?要喝点茶吗？2.many和muchmany用于修饰可数名词；much用于修饰不可数名词。两者均可用于非肯定句中，表示“大量”的意思。many相当于alargenumberof,agoodmany。much相当于alargeamount

of,agreatdealof。六、不定代词3.(the)one,theother和anotherone或theone指几个中的一个，theother指两个中的另一个。如：Ihavetwosisters.One(Theone)isateacher;theotherisadoctor.我有两个姐姐：一个是教师，另一个是医生。Oneofhiseyesisbetterthantheother.他一只眼睛的视力比另一只好。another指两个以上的另一个，也可指第三个。如：Thestoryistooold.Tellusanother.这个故事太老套了，给我们另讲一个。Idon’tlikethisroom.Ipreferanotherone.我不喜欢这个房间，我更喜欢另一间。Weneedanothertworoomsforthemeeting.我们需要额外两个房间开会。“one...theother”有时可指“两个以上”，相当于“one...another”。如：Weovertookonecaraftertheother(=...onecarafteranother).我们超过了一辆又一辆车。六、不定代词4.one和onesone替代带不定冠词的名词。如：

She’slookingforahouse.She’dlikeonewithaswimmingpool.

她正在寻找一幢房子。她想要个带游泳池的。

IpreferaflatinShenzhentooneinShanghai.

比起上海的单元房，我还是更喜欢深圳的。

Ahatefulpersonisonethatarousesfeelingsofhatredinyou.

可恨的人就是让你内心产生厌恶感的人。

在复数代词ones之前一般会有形容词等限定词。如：

Thebigfishcontinuestodevourthelittleones.

大鱼不断地吞食小鱼。

Iworkbothonsunnydaysandonrainyones.

我风雨无阻地工作。

Thereareonlyhardchocolatesleft;we’veeatenallthesoftones.

只剩下硬的巧克力了，软的我们都吃掉了。六、不定代词5.theonetheone只能替代可数名词。如：A:I’mlookingforabookongrammar.B:Isthistheoneyoumean?A:我正在找一本语法书。B:这是不是你所说的那本语法书?Thecoatismuchmoreexpensivethantheonewesawyesterday.这件外套比我们昨天看见的要贵得多。六、不定代词6.one和theone在同一个句子中，用one与用theone意思有一些细微的差别。试比较：Thisbookisonethatisneededbyeverystudent.Thisbookistheonethatisneededbyeverystudent.第一句译为：这是一本每个学生都需要的书。第二句译为：这便是那本每个学生都需要的（唯一的）书。7.“a/an+形容词+one”和“the+形容词+one”前者是泛指，后者是特指。如：Thequestionisacomplicatedone.这个问题很复杂。CanIborrowyourshawl,theblackone?我可以借你那条黑色的披肩吗？六、不定代词8.either和neithereither指两者之间的任何一人或一物，而neither指“两者间无一”。它们可作主语或宾语，也可以接of短语。如：A:Whichshirtareyougoingtowear,theredoneortheblueone?你打算穿哪件衬衫，红的还是蓝的？B:Eitherwilldo.随便哪件都行。A:Arethetwoplansfeasible?这两个计划可行吗？B:Neitheris.两个都不可行。六、不定代词9.no和noneno相当于notany，通常在句中作定语，用来修饰可数名词和不可数名词。none通常在句中作主语或宾语。none代替可数名词的复数时，谓语动词用复数形式；代替不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Thereisno(notany)waterintheglass.杯子里面没有水。Noplaceisabsolutelysafe.没有一个地方是绝对安全的。NoneofthemlikeEnglish.他们中没有一个人喜欢英语。Noneofthecementhasarrived.水泥都没有运到。10.noone和nonenoone用来指人，none既可以指人也可以指物。如：Noonecametoattendtheparty.没人来参加晚会。Pleaseeveryone,pleasenone.使每一个人满意定会使大家都不满意。六、不定代词11.each和everyevery只有形容词词性；each既可以是代词也可以是形容词。但each强调“个体”，every强调“全体”。every只能作定语；each可以作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。如：Ourhostshookeachofuswarmlybythehand.我们的东道主热情地和我们每一个人握手。EverystudentisworkinghardatEnglish.每一个学生都在努力学英语。12.both和allboth指两者；all表示所有、一切的意思，用于两者以上。如：Bothparentssharechildcare.父母双方共同照顾孩子。Allarepresentatthemeeting.大家都来开会了。七、疑问代词表示疑问的代词叫作疑问代词。疑问代词有who，whom，whose，which，what。who，whom，whose用来指人；which，what可指人或物。疑问代词引导的疑问句为特殊疑问句，它们一般位于句首。1.who在疑问句中作主语或表语，whom在疑问句中作宾语；在口语中who可以代替whom。如：Whobrokethewindow?谁打破了玻璃窗?（主语）Who(m)didyougivethebookto?你把书给了谁?（宾语）2.whose是who的属格，在疑问句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。如：Mybookisnothere.Whoseishere?我的书不在这。谁的书在这？（主语）Webothhavebooks.Whosedoyoulikebetter?我们俩都有书。你更喜欢谁的？（宾语）Whoseisthisdictionary?这词典是谁的?（表语）Whosedictionaryisthis?这是谁的词典?（定语）七、疑问代词3.what在疑问句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。如：Whathappened?发生什么事啦?（主语）Whatareyoulookingfor?你们在找什么?（宾语）Whatisherhusband?她丈夫是做什么的？（表语）Whatbooksdoyouwanttoborrow?你想借什么书?（定语）4.which用于指人或物，通常后接介词of，在疑问句中可作主语、宾语和定语。如：Whichofyouwillgowithme?你们哪一位愿意和我去?（主语）Whichdoyouprefer，teaorcoffee?你喜欢哪样，茶还是咖啡?（宾语）Whichchaptersdoyoulikebest?你最喜欢哪几章?（定语）八、关系代词关系代词是用作引导定语从句的关联词。它代表先行词，同时在从句中充当一定的句子成分。关系代词有who，whom，whose，which，that，as等。1.who和whom用来指人，who在定语从句中作主语，whom作宾语；在非正式语体中whom常被who代替，但whom作介词宾语且介词位于whom前时，则不能用who代替。如：Themanwhoownsthisshopismyneighbor.这家店主是我的邻居。Themanwho(m)wespoketowasaratherunusualperson.和我们讲话的那个人非同一般。ThemantowhomIspokeamomentagoismyteacher.刚才和我讲话的人是我的老师。2.whose是who的属格，在从句中可用来指人的和物的。如：Thestudentswhosenameswerecalledstoodup.被叫到名字的学生站了起来。Firmactionwillbetakentoswat“flies,”orcorruptlow-rankingofficials,whose

misconductdirectlyaffectspeople’slives.(FromReporttothe20thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChina)坚决惩治群众身边的“蝇贪”。（选自党的二十大报告）八、关系代词3.which在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语；有时可指前面的一个句子，此时不能省略。如：Helivesinthehousewhichwasbuilttwohundredyearsago．他住在200年前建成的那座房子里。Thesearethetaskswhichasecretarymustcarryout.这些是秘书必须执行的任务。Helookslikealawyer，whichheisnot.他看上去像律师，其实不然。Jamesdrovetoofast，whichwasreckless．詹姆斯开车太快，这真冒失。4.that在定语从句中作主语、宾语和表语，用来指人或物，在限制性定语从句中可用来代替who，whom和which；that在定语从句中作介词宾语时，介词不可置于that前面。如：ThesewerehistoricfeatsthatwillbeforeverrecordedintheChinesenation’shistory.(FromReporttothe20thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChina)这是彪炳中华民族发展史册的历史性胜利。（选自党的二十大报告）八、关系代词5.as在定语从句中可作主语、宾语和表语等。如：China’smanufacturingsectoristhelargestintheworld,asareitsforeignexchangereserves.中国的制造业规模稳居世界第一，外汇储备也是如此。Asweallknow，TaiwanispartofChina．众所周知，台湾是中国领土的一部分。6.关系代词which和that在定语从句中都可以用来指代物，但在下列情况下只能用that而不能用which:A.当先行词前有all,only,any,every,no或序数词、形容词最高级作修饰语时。B.当先行词本身是不定代词（something,anything,everything等）时。C.当先行词为既指人又指物的并列名词时。九、连接代词连接代词是指连接名词性从句的代词。连接代词主要包括who,whom,what,which,whose,whoever,whatever,whichever等，它们在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语等，主要用于引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。如：Whowillcometohelpusisstillunknown.还不清楚谁会来帮助我们。Youcan’tjustdowhateveryouwant.你不能为所欲为。Thequestioniswhatwecandonext.问题是我们接下来能做什么。十、应试指导由于英汉两种语言的巨大差异，代词的用法对于中国学生来说不易掌握，如代词such与that有时可以替换，有时却不行。如：Imayhaveoffended,butsuchwasnotmyintention.我可能有所冒犯，但这并不是我的本意。（此时such可以用that替换）但在下面的试题中，such与that不可互换：Thegrainoutputofthisyearismuchhigherthan_________oflastyear.A.thatB.suchC.whichD.what“that”替代有定冠词或形容词性物主代词修饰的名词；另外，“that”必须带后置修饰语。因为句中的“thegrainoutput”是带有定冠词的名词短语，空格后又有介词短语，所以答案为A。十、应试指导又如，代词anyone可译为“任何人”，但它在句中不作连接代词用。而whoever或whomever可译为“任何……的人”或“谁”，可作连接代词用。________breaksthelawwillbepunishedsoonerorlater.A.WhoB.WhomeverC.AnyoneD.Whoever整个句子应该是主从复合句，连接代词用主格形式（whoever）还是用宾格形式（whomever）取决于它在从句中的语法地位。因空格中的连接代词在句中充当“breaksthelaw”的主语，故答案是D。ExercisesⅠ.Fillintheblanksofthefollowingsentenceswiththewordsorexpressionsinthe

box.1.Themeetingisimportant,so________________________mustattendit.2.Don’tworry.Wearegoingtosend_________________________tomeetyouattheairport.3.Wouldyouliketohave______________todrink?4.There’s______________wrongwiththemachine;itisn’tworkingproperly.5.Nowthat_________________________ishere,weshallstart.6.Theremustbe________________________intheclassroombecausethelightison.7.Idohope____________isfinewithyou.8.Theaccidenthas____________todowiththebusdriver,soitisnotrighttoaccusehim.9.Hello,isthere_____________________in?10.Itisstrangethatthereis____________________whoclaimstobetheownerofthemoney.everyone/everybodysomeone/somebodysomethingsomethingsomeone/somebodyeveryone/everybodyeverythingnothinganyone/anybodynoone/nobodysomeoneanyoneeveryonenoonesomebodyanybodyeverybodynobodysomethinganythingeverythingnothingExercisesⅡ.Insertproperpronounstocompletethefollowingparagraph.JoeBrown,whowasafraidthathemightlose1._________jobasanemployeeof

NewYorkCity,hasjusthadaninterviewwithFrankSmith.Inaletter2._________tellshis

brotherinDallasaboutwhatFranksaid.“Ourproblemsaredifferentfrom3._________

ofotherbigcities.Yousee,4.__________don’tgetenoughintaxesand5.______________

havetopayalotofwelfare.Thebigcompaniespaymostof6._________taxestothe

state.Andalotofmiddle-classpeopleearn7.______________salariesinthecitybutpay

8._________taxesinthesuburbs.ButwhenpeoplecometoNewYorkandcan’tfinda

job,wehavetopay9.____________welfare.Lastyearweborrowedsomuchmoneythat

10.__________wantedtohelpusanymore.ButthenthegovernmentinWashington

helpedusagain.11._________willhavetohelp12._________thisyear,too.Inanycase,

wewon’tgivenoticeto13._________ofouremployeesthisyear,because14._________isn’tawayofsavingmoney.Wehavetopay15._________either16._____________wagesorwelfarewhen17._____________areoutofwork.Ithinkthingswillbebetternextyear.Americawillalwayshelp18._____________largestcity.hishethosewetheirtheirtheirthemnobodyTheyweusanyitthemtheirtheyher/itsExercisesⅢ.Choosetheappropriatewordorexpressioninbracketstocompleteeachofthe

followingsentences.1.Ihaven’tgot_________(some/any/no)moneywithmerightnow.2.Goaway.Itis_________(not/no/none)ofyourbusiness.3.Thereare__________(many/much)peopleintheclassroom.4.How_________(many/much)doyouspendonmealseveryday?5.__________(No/Some/Any)countrylikeChinaisdevelopingsofast.6.Thereisstill__________(some/no/any)milkinthebottle.7.Don’tdrinkso___________(much/many).8.Don’tyouhave__________(anyone/anyone)totalkto?9.Thetwinsareveryclever.Theyare_________(both/all)studyingabroad.10._________(Noone/None)oftheproblemissolved.anynonemanymuchNosomemuchanyoneanyoneNoneExercisesⅣ.Identifythemistakesinthefollowingsentencesandcorrectthem.1.Iwishtoavailmeofthisopportunitytoexpressmygratitudetoyou.___________________________________________________________2.Thesupervisorkeptwatchingmeandhimclosely.___________________________________________________________3.Itwashimwhowasofferedthejob.___________________________________________________________4.Put“Your’struly”attheendoftheletter.___________________________________________________________5.TheletterwasaddressedtobothJaneandhe.___________________________________________________________me→myselfmeandhim→himandmehim→heYour’s→Yourshe→himExercisesⅣ.Identifythemistakesinthefollowingsentencesandcorrectthem.6.HeisgoingtovisitasupplierofhiminJapan.___________________________________________________________7.Tomtriedtomadeexcuseforhimabsencefromthemeeting.___________________________________________________________8.Myselfdidalltheworkwithintwodays.___________________________________________________________9.Noneinmydepartmentagreeswithmyproposal.___________________________________________________________10.Eitherofhisparentsisshort-sighted,butheis.___________________________________________________________him→hishim→hisMyself→ImyselfNone→NooneEither→NeitherExercisesⅤ.ChoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.1.Themotherpatientlytrainstheboytodress__________whenhegetsup.

A.him

B.he

C.himself

D.his2.Everyoneinmyofficeisgoingtotheexhibition,except_________.

A.heandI

B.heandme

C.himandI

D.himandme3.Solong.Takecareof_________.

A.myself

B.themselves

C.itself