教学材料《学术写作》-Unit 2 Titles

2.1Titles2.1.1GeneralFunctionsA.GeneralizingtheTextAtitleshouldsummarizethecentralideaofthepaperconciselyandcorrectly.Byglancingatthetitle,thereaderwillimmediatelyknow,incorporatingwiththeabstract,whatismainlydealtwithinthepaper.B.AttractingtheReaderIfatitleisaccurate,conciseanddistinct,itwillattractreadersalotandstimulatereaderstoreadthewholetext.下一页返回2.1TitlesAninterestingtitlemaydrawparticularattentionamongprofessionals,foronlywhenreadersareinterestedinthetitlewilltheydecidetoreadthewholepaper.C.FacilitatingtheRetrievalAtitleusuallyprovidesleadsfortheinternationalinformationretrievalorganizationstochoosetheappropriatekeywordscontainedinitwhentheyorganizeindexandsecondarydocuments.上一页下一页返回2.1TitlesSo,atitleservesasanimportantindexofinformationretrievaltomeettheneedsofextensivepapercommunicationandinformationdissemination.2.1.2LinguisticFeaturesA.UsingMoreNouns,NounPhrasesandGerundsThewordsorphrasesusedinatitleareveryoftennouns,nounphrasesorgerunds,nominalization,whichusuallyarekeywordsforthepaper,havingtheabilitytosumupthewholetext.上一页下一页返回2.1TitlesForexample,wemayeasilyfindsuchtitlesas:(1)Civilization’sSourceandItsImplication.(2)AMulti-perspectiveAccountofMetalinguisticNegation.(3)ResearchontheMotivationsofLexisandVocabularyLearningStrategies.(4)EmotionalTherapeutics:NewRectifyingApproachesforChildren’sBehaviorProblems.上一页下一页返回2.1TitlesB.UsingIncompleteSentencesAtitleisjustalabelofappellationofthepaper,reflectingthemainideaofthecontent,soevenwhenthereisaneedtogiveatitleintheformofasentence,itdoesnotneedtobeacompletesentence.Acompletedeclarativesentenceusuallymakesatitlecontainingdeterminingimplication.Meanwhile,itappearslackingbrevityandclarity.上一页下一页返回2.1Titles2.1.3WritingRequirementsA.ABCPrinciplesforTitlesAisforaccuracy,BisforbrevityandCisforclarity,whichistheso-calledABCprinciples.Accuracymeansthatatitlecanappropriatelyexpressandftintherealityofthepaper.Brevityasksthewritertosummarizethenecessarycontentwiththemostlimitedwords.Claritymeansatitleshouldclearlyreflectthedistinguishingfeaturesofthepaper.上一页下一页返回2.1TitlesB.BeingBriefandConciseGenerally,atitleiscomposedofnomorethantwentywords.Ifatitleistoolong,itwillbedifficultforreaderstocatchthemeaningofthecontentandrememberit.Ifthewriterfailstostatehisideaclearlyinafewwords,hecanuseasubtitle.上一页下一页返回2.1TitlesTobebriefandconcise,professionalpapersseldomusesuchdecorativelocutionsas“onthe...,”“regarding...,”“investigationon...,”“themethodof...,”“somethoughtson...,”“aresearchof...,”andetc.,whichleadtoredundancy.Ofcourse,thetitlemustbelongenoughtodescribethecontentofthepaper.Tooshortatitle,sometimes,maybringaboutconfusion.上一页下一页返回2.1TitlesC. Being SpecificInpreparingthetitleofapaper,ageneralandabstracttitleshouldbeavoided.Forexample,suchatitleasComputerSimulationsoftheMeasurementwillberegardedastoogeneralandglobal,vagueandempty,tellingthereadernothingspecific.上一页下一页返回2.1TitlesItwouldbebettertochangethetitleintosomethinglikeComputerSimulationsoftheMeasurementofQuadraticElectro-opticCoefficientsAssociatedwithRotationsofthePrincipalAxesoftheOpticalPermittivityTensor(JournalofOpticsA:PureAppl.Opt.5,2003,147),accordingtothecontentofthepaper.Therevisedtitlecangreatlyhighlighttheemphasisandparticularityofthework.上一页下一页返回2.1TitlesD.AvoidingQuestionTitlesAquestiontitlemeansacompletesentenceinthequestionform.Suchtitlesareusuallynotusedinanacademicpaper(especiallyinnaturalsciences),becausetheyalwaysincludesomeredundantquestionwordsandmarks,forexample,“Isthere...?”“Whendoes...?”“Shouldthe...?”“Isit...?”andsoon.Whatisworse,suchatitlecreatesinconvenienceforinformationretrieval.上一页下一页返回2.1TitlesIfyourtitlereallycontainsaninterrogation,youmayadopttheformof“thequestionwords+infinitive,”forexample,HowtoPreparetheTitle,Authors/AffiliationsandKeywords.ThetitleWhenShouldNerveGapsBeGrafted?AnExperimentalStudyonRatsshouldbechangedintoOptimalTimeforNerveGapsGrafting:AnExperimentalStudyonRats.上一页下一页返回2.1TitlesE. Being UnifiedTheparallelpartsofatitleshouldbegrammaticallysymmetrical.Thatistosay,nounsshouldbematchedwithnouns,gerundswithgerunds,etc.Ingeneral,nounsandgerundsshouldnotbemixedinagiventitle.上一页下一页返回2.1TitlesForinstance,thetitleDigitalLaserMicrointerferometerandItsApplyingshouldbechangedintoDigitalLaserMicrointerferometerandItsApplicationsandthetitleMeasuringofSurfaceShapeandDeformationbyPhase-ShiftingImageDigitalHolographyshouldbereplacedbyMeasurementofSurfaceShapeandDeformationbyPhase-ShiftingImageDigitalHolography(2003SocietyofPhoto-OpticalInstrumentationEngineers,1267).上一页下一页返回2.1TitlesF.BeingStandardIngeneral,nonstandardabbreviationsandsymbolsand/oranytermsorphraseologyintelligibleonlytothespecialistshouldbeavoided,becausetheuseofthemcouldbeveryunfavorabletoefficientinformationretrieval.上一页下一页返回2.1TitlesPrepositionsusedintitlesshouldbecorrect.Prepositionsareflexible.Itshouldbenoticedthattheyareusuallyusedinsomecertainexpressions.Prepositionofshouldbepaidmoreattentiontobecauseitisfrequentlyusedinsomeexpressions.Butreaderswillbeborediftheyfindmorethantwoof’sappearinginonetitlesubsequently.Ifpossible,prepositionsonorforcanreplaceof.Sometimesapostrophecanbeusedinatitle.Additionally,withthedevelopmentoflanguage,itiscommontouseanountomodifyanothernoun.上一页下一页返回2.1TitlesRecently,titlestendtobebrief.Soarticlesshouldbeomittedwhentheyarenotnecessaryenough.2.1.4SomeOtherRequirementsforTitlesA.Words’NumberLimitationGenerally,thenumberislimitedwithin10wordsandshouldn’tbeoverthelimitationof15words.Certainly,thelimitationisnotabsolute.Ifnecessary,itcanbeexceeded.Hereareonlysomereferentfigures.上一页下一页返回2.1TitlesThegeneralregulationisfixed:basedonanaccurate,briefandcleartitle,thefewerofthewordsweuse,thebetterthetitleis.B.HowtoNameaTitleAtitleshouldgiveprominencetothecentralideaoftheresearchpaper.Themostimportantkeywords,whichshowthemainideaofapaper,arenormallyfixedfirstinatitle.Thatwilldrawreaders’attention.上一页下一页返回2.1TitlesC.AbbreviationsinTitlesWiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,agreatamountoftechnologicaltermscomeintobeing.Allthesetermsconsistofnouns.Itisinconvenienttobewrittenandprintedorrecountedorally.Thus,theyareexpressedbytheabbreviationsoftheformationofnouns,andmostofthemaretheacronymformedbythefirstletterofeverynoun.上一页下一页返回2.1TitlesButweshouldseverelyusetheabbreviationsintitles—onlythoseabbreviations,whosefulltermsareratherlongandwhicharegenerallyacknowledgedinthescientificfieldandveryfamiliartoreaders,canbeused,suchas:(1)LASER(lightamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation,激光).(2)DNA(deoxyribonucleicacid，脱氧核糖核酸).(3)AIDS(acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome,获得性免疫缺陷综合征，艾滋病).上一页下一页返回2.1Titles(4)CT(computerizedtomography，电子计算机断层摄影).(5)NMR(nuclearmagneticresonance，核磁共振).(6)BCG(BacilliCalmette-Guerin，卡介苗).(7)SARS(severeacquiredrespirationsyndrome，严重获得性呼吸道综合征，“非典”).上一页下一页返回2.1TitlesD.WritingPatternsforTitlesWhetherallthefirstlettersoftheprincipalwordsinatitleshouldbecapitalizedornot,maydependuponthespecificrequirementssetforthbythejournaltowhichyourmanuscriptistobesubmitted.Ingeneral,therearethreepatternsforwritingatitle.上一页下一页返回2.1Titles(1)Allthelettersarecapitalized,forinstance,INTEGRATEDMODELFORPERFORMANCEANALYSISOFMULTIPLECLASS-OF-SERVICEINTERNET.ButifpH,α,β,γ,andetc.arecontainedinatitle,p,α,β,γandetc.arenotcapitalized.Forinstance,α-RAY,γ-RAY,β-PARTICLE.上一页下一页返回2.1Titles(2)Thefirstletterofeverynotionalwordinatitleshouldbecapitalized,suchas,AComparisonofanOFDMSystemandaSingleCarrierSystemUsingFrequencyDomainEqualization,ArrayAntennaAssistedDopplerSpreadCompensatorforOFDM,CapacityOptimizationinMC-CDMASystems,andetc.Notes:a.Thefirstlettersofarticleslikea,anandthe,conjunctionslikeand,but,orandnorandtheprepositionscontaininglessthanfourletterslikeof,in,on,to,for,andetc.inatitlearenotcapitalized.上一页下一页返回2.1TitlesButthefirstlettersofalltheexamplesmentionedaboveshouldbecapitalizedwhentheyareatthebeginningorendofatitle,ortheyarebehindacolonorthefirstwordofasubtitle.Forinstance,ScopeoftheInvestigations:TheFirstPhase,ANewBroadbandUniformAccuracyDOAEstimatorandTheResearchofNuclearStructureGoingOn.上一页下一页返回2.1Titlesb.Thefirstlettersoftheprepositionscontainingfourormorelettersarecapitalized.Forinstance,with,about,between,through,andetc.Forexample,TheRelationBetweentheViewofScientificDevelopmentandtheStrategyofRevitalizingChinaThroughTalents.c.TheinfinitivemarktoinatitleshouldbewrittenasTo.*Forinstance,CompoundsToBeTested.上一页下一页返回2.1Titlesd.ThefirstletterofthewordrayshouldnotbecapitalizedwhenitisusedinX-rayinatitle.e.Thefirstletterofthenameforagenusshouldbecapitalized,whereastheoneofthenameforaspeciesisnotcapitalized,suchas,NovelMetabolitesofSiphonariapectinataBacillusSubtilPneumo-coccusAureus.f.Thefirstlettersofthetwowordsinacompound上一页下一页返回2.1Titlesinatitleshouldbecapitalizedifitisusedasanentiretytomodifytheotherwords,forinstance,Laser-ProducedProtonsandTheirApplicationasaParticleProbeandWide-AngelAchromaticPrismBeamSteeringforInfraredCountermeasureApplications.g.Theabbreviationformeasureunitshouldnotbecapitalized.Butthefirstletterofthefullformforitshouldbe.Suchas,AnalysisofMilligramAmounts→...of2mg.上一页下一页返回2.1Titles(3)Thefirstletteroftheonlyfirstwordiscapitalizedwhiletheothersarenot.Forinstance,Pairproductionviacrossedlaser,Dual-frequencysounderforUMTSfrequency-divisionduplexchannels,andetc.Note:a.Propernounsshouldbecapitalizedwhethertheyareatthebeginningornot,forinstance,HealthcareintheUnitedStates.上一页下一页返回2.1Titlesb.Thefirstletterofanountoshowdirectionsofacountryoranareaiscapitalized,buttheadjectiveforthenounisnot,suchas,Northeast→northeasternandMidwest→midwestern.c.Thefirstletterofthewordearthusedtodenoteaplanetintheuniverseiscapitalized.Thelastpointshouldbenoticed:Nowadays,someimportantinternationalretrievalorganizationshavetheirowndifferentrequirementsfortitles.Forinstance,EIhasthefollowingrequirementsfortitles:上一页下一页返回2.1Titlesa.Trytoavoidusingarticles(the,aandan)attheverybeginningofatitle;b.Thefirstletterofthefirstwordinatitleiscapitalizedwhiletheothersarenotexceptthefirstlettersofpropernouns,everyletterinabbreviations,thefirstletterofGermanynounsandthefirstletterofanywordafterthepunctuationperiodinatitle;c.Themaintitleandthesubtitlemustbeseparatedbyperiodbutnotcolon,semicolonordash.上一页下一页返回2.1Titlesd.Trytoavoidusingabbreviationsinatitle.Iftheyhavetobeused,thefullformsofthemshouldbegiveninbrackets;e.TrytoavoidusingsomeparticularcharacterssuchasnumbersandGreeklettersinatitleorusethemless.上一页返回2.2Keywords2.2.1GeneralFunctionsA.EasinessofRetrievalAsthenameimplies,keywordsarethemostimportantwordsandphrasesrepresentingthethemeorsubjectmatterofthepaper,andfrequentlyusedinapaper.Readerscanfindoutthethemeofthepaperbylookingatthekeywords.下一页返回2.2KeywordsB.EasinessofHighlightingThefunctionofkeywordsistofacilitatetheinformationretrievalandaccentuatethegistofthepaper.Itiseasyfortheinformationretrievalclerkstomakeuptheindexandsecondarydocument.2.2.2LinguisticFeaturesA.NominalizationKeywordsareusuallyusedintheformofnouns,notverbs.上一页下一页返回2.2KeywordsB.LimitedNumberThenumberofthekeywordsforapapershouldbelimited.Fourtosixkeywordsaretheaverage.Ingeneral,thereshouldbeatleast2andatmost8.C.DesignatedChoice(1)Thekeywordsofapaperusuallycomefromthetitleand/ortheabstract,wherethekeytermsofwordsandphrasesareusuallycontained.上一页下一页返回2.2Keywords(2)Butsomefreetermscanbechosenin