专题04阅读理解（人类语音变化）-备战2023年高考英语母题题源解密（新高考）

专题04阅读理解（人类语音变化）2023年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新高考Ⅰ卷）Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon"m"and"a"totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld'slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas"f"and"v",weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned（对齐）,makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure（结构）,makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn'thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn'tgrowtobesolarge.AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof"f"and"v"increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago."Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,"saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.32.WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamiánBlasi'sresearchfocuson?A.Itsvariety.B.Itsdistribution.C.Itsquantity.D.Itsdevelopment.33.Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?A.Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.B.Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirlipseasily.C.Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.D.Theirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.34.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A.Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.35.WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?A.Itiskeytoeffectivecommunication.B.Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.C.Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem.D.Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.一、题源删减“f”and“v”arerelativelyrecentsoundsHumanspeechcontainsmorethan2000differentsounds,fromtheubiquitous“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyinvestigationshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thelinguistCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundpinpointedhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredfoundthattheupperandlowerfrontteethincisorsofancienthumanadultswerealigned（对齐）,makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure（结构）,makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.Theteamshowedthatthischangeinbitecorrelatedwiththe

developmentofagriculture

intheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.,whichledtochangesinhumanjawsandteeth:forinstance,becauseittakeslesspressuretochewsofter,farmedfoods,the

Thejawbonedidn’tdoesn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn’tdoesn’tgrowtobesolarge.AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicageera,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyearsdramaticallyinrecentmillennia.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularprevailingviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeings

Homosapiens

evolvedaround300,000

yearsago.“Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheemergenceofourhumanbeingsspecies,butratherthehugevarietyimmensediversityofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikefactorsinvolvingbiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,”saidteammemberStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteamlinguistattheUniversityofZurich,atabriefingaboutthisstudy.Thisnewapproachtostudying

languageevolution

isagamechanger,saysSeanRobertsattheUniversityofBristol,UK.“Forthefirsttime,wecanlookatpatternsinglobaldataandspotnewrelationshipsbetweenthewaywespeakandthewaywelive,”hesays.“It’sanexcitingtimetobealinguist.”二、母题分析Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon"m"and"a"totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld'slanguages.主要内容及关键词一项研究（人类发音的变化和人类饮食习惯有关）：diet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsounds分析利用连词把握篇章、段落结构，注重文章中的自问自答形式。第一段落自问“Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?”以及自答“diet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld'slanguages”。这里就是第一段的重点，考题也会在这里出。Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas"f"and"v",weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.主要内容及关键词讲述新的研究成果（被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃较软食物的社会的语言中更为常见）："f"and"v",weremorecommon；howandwhythistrendarose分析先说出新的研究结论，最后hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose，唇齿音具体如何产生，为什么会产生呢？下文会详细说明。Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned（对齐）,makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure（结构）,makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.主要内容及关键词唇齿音变化的主要原因：theupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned（对齐）,makingithardtoproducelabiodentals；ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure分析主要是两个原因：①古代人类的上下牙齿都是对其的，所以很难产生唇齿音；②之后我们的下巴改变了结构，比较容易发出唇齿音。TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn'thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn'tgrowtobesolarge.主要内容及关键词唇齿音变化的另一个原因（农业的发展使食物更容易咀嚼）：connectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod分析农业的发展使食物更容易咀嚼，所以我们的下颚骨就没必要长那么大了。AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof"f"and"v"increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.主要内容及关键词唇齿音的显著变化（“f”和“v”的使用显著增加）：theuseof"f"and"v"increasingremarkably；stillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday分析新石器时代之后，世界语言的声音发生了全球变化，在过去几千年中，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然找不到。Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago."Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,"saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.主要内容及关键词总结：overturn；allhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolved；biologicalchangeandculturalevolution分析人类语音的变化是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。三、命题规律Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon"m"and"a"totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld'slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas"f"and"v",weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.32.WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamiánBlasi'sresearchfocuson?A.Itsvariety.B.Itsdistribution.C.Itsquantity.D.Itsdevelopment.命题规律及备考建议命题规律1.考察段落细节。文章开篇介绍了两个结论人类发音的变化和人类饮食习惯有关被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃较软食物的社会的语言中更为常见，接着讲述DamiánBlasi's的研究：labiodentalsweremorecommon；howandwhythistrendarose2.正确选项D设置：段落关键词的总结归纳。labiodentalsweremorecommon；howandwhythistrendarose→development.3.错误选项设置=1\*GB3①原文重点词汇的误解。原文用“morethan2,000differentsounds”，选项用“variety（多样性）”，原文用各种声音作为引入，重点讲述后面有个别声音非常常见，并非讲声音的多样性。=2\*GB3②原文语句的错误解读。原文用“suchas"f"and"v",weremorecommon”，选项用“distribution（分配）”，原文说有些发音很常见，DamiánBlasi的团队想研究其原因和发音方式，而非分配。=3\*GB3③原文信息的错误挖掘。原文用“2,000differentsounds”，选项用“quantity”。关于数量也是原文引入部分，并非研究重点。备考建议答题时把握题干关键词，定位原文来锁定答案。如本题，只要锁定关键词“DamiánBlasi”，就可以定位到第二段末尾，在根据前后连接词，判断上下文逻辑关系，即可得出答案。Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned（对齐）,makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure（结构）,makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn'thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn'tgrowtobesolarge.33.Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?A.Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.B.Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirlipseasily.C.Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.D.Theirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.命题规律及备考建议命题规律1.考察段落细节。唇齿音变化的主要原因：theupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned（对齐）,makingithardtoproducelabiodentals；ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure；connectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod2.正确选项C设置：段落关键词的重组和同义转换。ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure→jawswerenotconvenientlystructured.3.错误选项设置=1\*GB3①原文重点词汇的误解。原文用“ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure”以及“Thejawbonedidn'thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn'tgrowtobesolarge（下颚骨变小了）”，选项用“fewerupperteeththanlowerteeth（上牙齿比下牙齿少了）”，两者语义相差甚远。=2\*GB3②原文重点词汇的误解。原文用“theupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned（上下牙齿是对其的）”，选项用“couldnotopenandclosetheirlips（上下唇不能轻易地张开闭上）”，两者语义相差甚远。=3\*GB3③原文信息的错误挖掘。原文用“Thejawbonedidn'thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn'tgrowtobesolarge（下颚骨不需要做那么多的工作，所以没有长得这么大）”，选项用“lowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough”。选项与原文相矛盾。备考建议答题抓住题干关键词，如本题题干是“ancienthuman”，答案就是之前分析的原因：①古代人类的上下牙齿都是对其的，所以很难产生唇齿音。AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof"f"and"v"increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.34.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A.Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.命题规律及备考建议命题规律1.考察段落大意。本段主要讲述唇齿音的显著变化（“f”和“v”的使用显著增加）：Analysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthat；theuseof"f"and"v"increasingremarkably；stillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday2.正确选项A设置：段落关键词的重组和同义转换。recoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals→Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.3.错误选项设置=1\*GB3①原文信息的错误推断。原文用“Analysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthat”，选项用“Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings”，错误选项指研究结果的引用，但是本段还是讲述研究的结果。=2\*GB3②原文信息的东拼西凑。原文用“Analysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthat”以及“theuseof"f"and"v"increasingremarkably”，选项用“Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods”，错误选项中“Afurtherexplanation”没问题，但是“researchmethods”就有问题了，文章讲述更深层次的研究结果，而非研究方法。=3\*GB3③原文信息的错误挖掘。原文用“Analysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthat”以及“theuseof"f"and"v"increasingremarkably”，选项用“Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess”，此处错误选项“theresearchprocess（研究过程）”，也是错的，本段讲述研究结果，而非过程。备考建议答题时注意选项中关键词，如本题中选项“researchresults”“Potentialapplication”“researchmethods”“researchprocess”都是非常明显的区分。Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago."Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,"saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.35.WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?A.Itiskeytoeffectivecommunication.B.Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.C.Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem.D.Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.命题规律及备考建议命题规律1.考察段落细节。各种各样的语音是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物：notnecessarilyremainedstable；appearanceofhumanbeings；biologicalchangeandculturalevolution2.正确选项C设置：段落关键词的重组和同义转换。acomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution→acomplexanddynamicsystem3.错误选项设置=1\*GB3①原文重点词汇的误解。选项用“keytoeffectivecommunication”，原文未提及，本段原文主要讲述语音变化的主要原因：是多重因素的复杂作用下的结果，而非它的功能。=2\*GB3②原文语句的错误解读。原文用“butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution（人类语音变化的原因）”，选项用“contributesmuchtoculturaldiversity（语音的功能：导致文化多样性）”，选项对原文的“语音变化的原因”归结为“语音的功能”进行错误的解读。=3\*GB3③原文信息的错误挖掘。原文用“butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution”，选项用“drivestheevolutionofhumanbeings”。原文说人类的进化导致语音都变化，选项将因果关系弄反（语音导致人类进化），鱼原文相矛盾。备考建议答题时注意选项中关键词，如本题中选项“effectivecommunication”“culturaldiversity”“rivestheevolutionofhumanbeings”都是非常明显的区分。四、外刊赏析“f”and“v”arerelativelyrecentsoundsHumanspeechcontainsmorethan2000differentsounds,fromtheubiquitous“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearinvestigationshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thelinguistCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerla