2006年高考英语第一轮复习专练（上海专用）阅读理解主旨大意题（3大易错点+易错闯关练）学生版+解析

易错19阅读理解主旨大意题（3大易错点+易错闯关练）

01易错点剖析

易错01：以偏概全

9▼易昼错西典他题斯

【例】

（2025年上海普陀区高三一模英语试卷阅读理解A篇）

Thisisastoryofamodemschool—Summerhill.Summerhillbeganasanexperimentalschool.It

isnolongersuch;itisnowademonstrationschool,foritdemonstratesthatfreedomworks.When

mywifeandIbegantheschool,wehadonemainphilosophy:tomaketheschoolfitthe

child—insteadofmakingthechildfittheschool...Well,wesetouttomakeaschoolinwhichwc

shouldallowchildrenfreedomtobethemselves.Inordertodothis,wehadtoabandonall

disciplines,alldirections,allsuggestions,allmoraltraining,andallreligiousinstructions...

Logically,Summerhillisaplaceinwhichpeoplewhohavetheinherentabilityandwishtobe

scholarswillbescholars;whilethosewhoareonlyfittosweepthestreetswillsweepthestieets.

Butwehavenotproducedastreetcleanersofar.NordoIwritethissnobbishly,forIwouldrather

secaschoolproduceahappystreetcleanerthanananxiousscholar.

Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.SummerhillSchoolusesauniqueeducationalapproachcenteredongivingchildrenfreedom.

B.SummerhillSchoolbelieveseverychildhasthepotentialtobecomeasuccessfulscholar.

C.SummerhillSchoolrejectsstrictdisciplineandfocusesonachild-centeredenvironment.

D.SummerhillSchoolchallengesthetraditionalmodelbyemphasizingchildren'sindependence.

【错因分析】（以偏概全选项为B、C）

选项B：文中仅提到“有天赋且愿意成为学者的孩子会成为学者“，还提到“宁愿培养快乐

的清洁工也不愿培养焦虑的学者”，该选项只截取“学者”这一局部内容，完全忽略学校对

不同特质孩子的包容理念，属于以偏概全。

选项C：“拒绝严格纪律”只是学校教育方式的一个细节，文章重点是通过多种方式赋予孩

子自由以实现“学校适配孩子”，该选项局限于单一细节，未涵盖“自由”这一核心，属于

以偏概全。

9避错攻略

【方法总结】

定位主旨句：重点阅读首尾段及段落首尾句，把握文章核心。

概括比对：选项若仅对应某段内容或个别例子，则可能片面。

警惕绝对细节：包含具体数字、事例的选项，常是干扰项。

【干货必记】

“以偏概全''选项的三大特征

细节当主旨

标志：选项内容原文中确实提到，但只是一个例子、一个数据或一个分论点。

口诀：只见树木，不见森林。

片面当全面

标志：选项只概括了文章某一段落或部分内容，无法覆盖全文（尤其是首尾段）。

口诀：以段代篇，范围缩水。

事实当观点

标志：选项陈述了一个文中提及的客观事实，但文章主旨是探讨该事实背后的原因、影响或

意义。

口诀：就事论事，缺乏深度。

破题三看

一看首尾段：主旨句绝大多数出现在这里。

二看段落首句：快速串起文章脉络。

三看选项关键词：遇到包含具体细节、绝对化表述（如only,best,all）或明显只对应某一

段内容的选项，高度警惕！

9举一反三

1（2025年上海宝山区高境一中高考英语倒计时模拟卷〉

Oneofthemainpointsoftravelingistorelaxandtakeabreakfromyournormaldailylife.But

thetruthis,we'renotalwaysfreetodowhatwelikewhentravelingtoaforeigncountry...Ever

sincetheendofWorldWarII,GermanyhasstrictlawsforbiddingtheNazisalute...Hereare

someexamples.SingaporeYoucangetfinedforalotofthings...JapanYou'renotsupposedto

wearyourshoesinsomeone'shouse...FranceFrenchpeopledon'tlikeitwhenyoutalkabout

money...

Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.Differentcountrieshavedifferentlawstomaintainsocialorder.

B.Travelersneedtolearnaboutforeigntaboosbefore（ravelingabroad.

C.Singaporehasthestrictestrulesfortouristsamongallcountries.

D.Foreigncountrieshavemanyunreasonablerestrictionsontourists.

2（2025年上海金山区高三二模英语试卷阅读理解C篇）

Acointossisoftenthoughtofasaclassicequivalenttorandomness.Peoplerelyonittomakefair

decisionsinvarioussituations,fromchoosingateaminagametosettlingsmalldisputes.

However,recentstudieshavefoundthatacointossisnotasrandomaswethink.Researchers

conductedexperimentsbyHippingcoinsundercontrolledconditions.Theydiscoveredthatifthe

coinisflippedthesamewayeachtime,withthesameforceandangle,itwilllandon（hesame

sidemoreoftenthannot.Moreover,factorsliketheweightdistributionofthecoinandair

resistancecanalsoaffecttheresult.Thesefindingshavemadepeoplerethinktheuseofcoin

tossesinscenariosthatrequireabsolutefairness,suchassomelegalandcompetitiveoccasions.

Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.Cointossesarewidelyusedindailylifedecisions.

B.Controlledexperimentscanhelpdiscoverscientifictruths.

C.Cointossesarenotcompletelyrandomandhavesubtleinfluencingfactors.

D.Weightdistributionisthekeyfactoraffectingcointossresults.

3（2025年上海闵行区高三二模英语试卷阅读理解B篇）

Stand-upcomedyoriginatingintheUnitedStateshasgainedglobalappeal,includinginChina.

ThefirstChinesestand-upcomedyclubwassetupinShenzhenin2009,buttheformwas

unknowntomostChineseaudiencesatthattime.Inrecentyears,ithasgrownrapidlyin

popularity.Comediansoftentalkaboutcurrentsocialissuesinshortanddirectways,whichfits

thefast-pacedlifestyleofmodempeople.Besides,thetopicsarecloselyrelatedtoyoungpeople,

whoarethekeyaudience.Additionally,stand-upcomedyiseasytostartasitdoesn'trequire

specialskills,makingitwidelyappealing.Aprofessorexplainedthatitspopularityalsoliesinits

adaptationtomodernonlinetrends,asshortcomedyclipsarewidelyspreadonsocialmedia.

Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.Thefirststand-upcomedyclubinChinawasfoundedinShenzhen.

B.Stand-upcomedyhasbecomepopularinChinaduetomultiplefactors.

C.Youngpeoplearethemainaudienceofstand-upcomedyinChina.

D.ShortcomedyclipsarepopularonChinesesocialmediaplatforms.

易错02：范围不当

▼易错典题

【例】

（2025年上海徐汇区高三一模英语试卷阅读理解B篇）

Urbancommunitygardenshaveemergedasavitalpartofsustainablecitydevelopmentin

Shanghaioverthepastdecade.Thesegardens,usuallybuiltonabandonedlotsorrooftopspaces,

arejointlymanagedbylocalresidents,whotaketurnsplantingvegetables,fruitsandflowers.

A2024surveybyShanghaiUniversityshowedthat83%ofparticipantsreportedimproved

neighborhoodrelationshipsafterjoininggardenmanagement—residentscommunicalemore

frequentlywhilewateringplantsorharvestingcrops.Additionally,thegardensreduceurbanheat

islandeffectbyincreasinggreencoverage;asingle100-square-meterrooftopgardencanlowerthe

surroundingtemperatureby1.20cinsummer.Moreover,thefreshproducefromthegardenshas

reducedresidents'relianceonpurchasedvegetables,cuttingdownonplasticpackagingwasteby

anaverageof3.2kgperhouseholdannually.

Localgoveminentshavesupportedthemovementbyprovidingfreegardeningtoolsand

organizingtrainingsessionsforresidents.Expertspredictthatthenumberofsuchgardensin

Shanghaiwilldoubleby2027.furtherpromotingecologicalandsocialharmonyinthecity.

Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.Sustainabledevelopinenlstrategiesinmoderncities

B.ThedevelopmentandbenefitsofurbancommunitygardensinShanghai

C.Howtomanageurbancommunitygardenseffectively

D.Theimpactofurbangreenspacesonneighborhoodrelationships

【错因分析】

（范围不当选项为A、C、D）

诜项A（范围过大）：“现代城市的可持续发展策略”涵盖面极广（加交通、能源、建务等1多

领域），而文章仅聚焦“上海社区花园”这一具体可持续发展举措，未涉及其他策略，属于“以

点代面”的范围过大。

选项C（范围过小）：“如何有效管理社区花园”仅可能对应原文中“居民轮流管理”“政府提供

工具培训”等局部细节，文章核心是“发展现状+综合益处”，该选项未覆盖核心内容，属于范

围过小。

选项D（范围过小）：“城市绿地对邻里关系的影响”仅为第二段提及的“三大益处之一”，忽

略了生态效益（降温）、防保效益（减塑）及发展前景等关键内容，属于局部细节替代全文

主旨。

9避错攻略

【方法总结】

范围过大：选项内容超出文章论述，将主题过度拔高或泛化。

标志：出现文章未提及的更大范畴，如文章谈“某地保护措施”，选项升格为“全球策略”。

范围过小：即“以偏概全”，选项仅对应文章某个细节或段落，无法覆盖全文核心。

【干货必记】

i.范围过大

特点：选项将文章主旨过度拔高、泛化或引申，内容超出原文论述范围，加入了文中未提及

的、更宏大或更深远的含义。

识别标志：

出现“全球意义”、“人类未来”、“历史规律”、“哲学启示”等宏大词汇。

将具体事例概括为普遍真理。

将某个领域的应用扩展到所有领域。

示例：

文章讲：一种新型电池技术延长了手机续航。

干扰项：“新能源技术的未来发展方向'‘（巨帽：文章只讲电池，未涉及其它能源技术）。

2.范围过小

特点：选项仅是文章中的一个细节、例子、分论点或某个段落的大意，无法覆盖全文核心。

识别标志:

包含具体数据、人名、地名等细节。

只对应文章中间某一段的内容。

描述了一个事实，但未触及文章探讨的深层原因或影响。

示例：

文章讲：运动对身心健康的多种益处。

干扰项：“跑步如何提升心肺功能”（迷你帽：跑步只是例子，心肺功能只是益处之一）。

破题三步走

圈定主题：快速浏览首尾段和段落首句，确定文章反更出现的核心话题词"

划定边界：问自己两个问题：”文章主要讨论了什么？“（确定核心）、“文章没有讨论什么？”

（划定边界）。

选项比对：将选项与你的“边界”进行比对，果断排除那些“帽子”过大或过小的选项。

Q举一反三

1（2025年上海杨浦区复旦附中高三模拟卷阅读理解A篇）

TheShanghaiMuseumhaslaunchedaseriesof"DigitalExhibitionHall"projectssince2023,

aimingtomakeculturalrelicsmoreaccessibletothepublic.Unliketraditionalofflineexhibiiions,

thesedigitalplatformsallowvisitorstobrowsehigh-definitionimagesofrelics,zoominontiny

details（suchascarvingsonbronzevessels）andeven"restore"brokenrelicsthrough3D

technology.

In2024alone,thedigitalhallreceivedover5milliononlinevisits—threelimesthenumberof

offlinevisitorstothemuseumthatyear.Manyyoungpeople,whorarelyvisitedofflinemuseums

before,havebecomeregularonlineviewers.Ahighschoolstudentcommented."Icanlookatthe

jadeartifactsfromtheShangDynastyathome,andthe3Drestorationhelpsmeunderstandhow

craftsmenmadethem."

Themuseumalsocooperateswithlocalschoolstodesigndigitallearningcourses,wherestudents

cancompleteinteractivetaskslike"identifyingrelicages'*and"designingculturalandcreative

products"basedondigitalrelics.Curatorsslatedthatthedigitalprojectwillcontinueloupdate,

addingvirtualreality(VR)experiencestoletvisitors"walkthrough"ancientpalacesinthefuture.

Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.Digitaltechnologyistransformingtheglobalmuseumindustry

B.ShanghaiMuseum'sdigitalprojectsboostaccessibilityandengagementofculturalrelics

C.Youngpeoplepreferdigitalmuseumstoofflineones

D.Howtodesigndigitallearningcoursesforculturalrelics

2(2025年上海闵行区高三二模英语试卷阅读理解C篇)

Silkembroidery,atraditionalcraftofShanghai'sSongjiangDistrictwithahistoryofover800

years,wasonceatriskofdisappearingduetoalackofyounginheritors.Torevivethisintangible

culturalheritage(ICH),localartisansandeducatorshavetakenmultiplemeasuressince2020.

First,theydesignedsimplifiedembroiderykitsforprimaryandmiddleschoolstudents,replacing

complextraditionalpatternswithcartooncharactersandlocallandmarks(suchastheOriental

PearlTower).Thesekitshavebeenintnxlucedinto23localschoolsasoptionalcourses,attracting

over1,500studentstoleamihecraft.Second,artisanspartneredwithfashionbrandstolaunchsilk

embroidery-themedclothingandaccessories—theseproductswereshowcasedatthe2024

ShanghaiFashionWeekandsoldoutwithinthreedays.

Additionally,(heSongjiangDislriulGovcniincnlsetupanICHimiuvalioiiuciilcr,providing

fundingforyoungartisanstodevelopnewdesigns.A35-ycar-oldinheritorsaid,"Wecombine

traditionalstitcheswithmodernaesthetics,makingsilkembroiderypopularamongyoung

consumers."Now,thenumberofyounginheritorshasincreasedfrom12in2020to89in2025.

Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.Howtoprotectintangibleculturalheritageworldwide

B.Shanghai'sSongjiangDistrictrevivessilkembroideiythroughdiversemeasures

C.ThehistoryandcharacteristicsofSongjiangsilkembroidery

D.Youngartisansplayakeyroleininheritingtraditionalcrafts

3(2025年上海浦东新区上海中学高三模拟卷阅读理解D篇)

Inrecentyears,sharedreadingspaceshavebecomeanewtrendinShanghai'sresidentialareas.

Differentfrompubliclibraries,thesespacesarcsmall(usually20-50squaremeters),locatedin

communitycentersornearresidentialbuildings,andmainlyprovidehookspopularamong

residents(suchaschildren'spicturebooks,lifeskillsbooksandlocalliterature).

Theoperationmodeofthesespacesisflexible:mostaremanagedbyvolunteerresidents,whotake

chargeofbooksortingandborrowingregistration.Somespacesalsoorganizemonthlyactivities

like"parent-childreadingsessions"and"localauthorlectures".A2025surveybytheShanghai

LibraryAssociationshowedthat76%ofresidentslivingnearsharedreadingspacesvisitatleast

onceamonth,and62%saidthespaceshaveincreasedtheirreadingtimeby30minutesormore

daily.

Localcommunitiesprovidefreerentalof(hespaces,andsomeenterprisesdonatebooksand

readingchairs.TheShanghaiMunicipalBureauofCultureplanstobuild500moresharedreading

spacesby2026.covering90%ofthecity'sresidentialcommunities.

Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.ThedevelopmentofpublicreadingfacilitiesinChina

B.Shanghai'ssharedreadingspaces:features,operationsanddevelopment

C.Howtoorganizevolunteeractivitiesincommunityreadingspaces

D.Sharedreadingspacesaremorepopularthanpubliclibraries

易错03：主观臆断

9昼…

▼易错典题

【例】

(2025年上海闵行区高三一模英语阅读理解主旨题)

1：Pollutionisalsoharmful,killingmanybirdsandfish,andhasevenbeenfoundinourtapwater.

Miningforresourcesisdamaging,especiallyintheArctic.Climatechangehasledtolessice,

whichmeanswccanlookformorefossilfuelsfurthernorth.Moreexplorationmeansmore

pollution.

2：Gainingmoreinsightsinto(heseawillalsohelpusmarageitsresourcesbetter.Loggingnew

specieswillimproveourunderstandingoflifeontheearth.Itmayenableustodiscovernew

medicines...Therelatedenvironmentalrisksshouldbebalancedwitheconomicneeds.

Whichofthefollowingisthemainthemeofthetwotexts?

A.Theseriouspollutioncausedbyseaexploration

B.Thegreateconomicvaluebroughtbyseaexploration

C.Balancebetweeniheimpactofseaexplorationanditsbenefits

D.Waystoreduceenvironmentalrisksofseaexploration

【错因分析】

选A的考生仅抓住文本1的污染问题，忽略文本2对海洋探索益处的阐述，主观臆断文

章核心是批判污染；

诜B的考牛与诜A的考牛逻辑类似，只关注文本2的经济价俏，片面放大单一观点，未

看到文章对利弊平衡的核心讨论；

选D的考生则受“环保”常识影响，主观认为这类主题必然要给出解决污染的方法，但原

文仅提及需平衡风险与需求，并未提出具体减排措施，属于无依据的主观推导。

9避错攻略

【方法总结】

选项检验：判断选项内容是否为原文直接论述，还是基于原文的“合理”延伸。

事实锚定：主旨必须得到文中多个部分（尤其是首尾段）事实的共同支撑，而非单•维节的

推断。

目的判断：区分文章是在“客观陈述”事实，还是仅在“讨论”某一现象。避免为无结论的讨论

强加定论。

【干货必记】

防主观臆断自查

典型陷阱:出现should,must,win（必然）,或进行“好坏”、“对错”的强烈评判。

自查：这是作者的结论，还是我的期望或评价？原文无命令，选项不评判。

看选项是否“偷换主体”或“无中生有”

典型陷阱：将A研究的意义说成B领域的革命；将“一种方法”拔高为“唯一途径”。

自查：选项中的核心名词和动词，是否在原文中有明确对应？主体对象，一字不能差。

看选项是否“基于原文过度推演”

典型陷阱：文章说“A可能导致B”,选项说“A是造成B的根本原因”;文章在“讨论问题”,

选项在“给出解决方案”。

自查：这是原文的直接结论，还是我根据结论进行的“下•步”推理？守住结论边界，不往前

多走一步。

。举一反三

1（2025年上海宝山区高三二模英语阅读理解C篇主旨题）

Pokingholesinotherpeople'sargumentscanbenecessary,butyoumustacknowledgethe

possibilitythatyourownbeliefsarewrong.It'spossibletodrawincorrectconclusionsfrom

correctfactsduetologicalfallacies.Alsoconsiderwhetheriherecouldbeanotherexplanationfor

thefactsbesidestheoneyou'vebeengiven.Salespeoplemaypresentfactsselectivelyandhide

unfavorableinformation,soit'snecessarytoexamineothers'motivesandassumptions.

Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

A.Howtowinargumentswithotherpeople

B.Theimportanceofcriticalthinkingwithself-examination

C.Whysalespeopleoftenmisleadconsumers

D.Howtoavoidmakingmistakesindailyreasoning

2（2025年上海嘉定区高三二模英语阅读理解主旨题）

Theso-called"daiziculture"hasbeenchanginginrecentyears.Youngpeoplenolongerpursue

blindconsumptionofluxurybranddaizi.Instead,theypreferminimalistandpracticalproducts.

Manybrandshaveadjustedtheirstrategies,focusingonproductqualityandenvironmental

protectionratherthanexaggeratedpackaging.Somecommunitiesalsocarryoutactivitiesto

promoterationalconsumption,guidingresidentstogetridofunnecessarymaterialdesires.

Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.Youngpeoplearethemainforceofconsumptionupgrading

B.Luxurybrandsarefacingthecrisisofdecliningsales

C.Thetransformationof"daiziculture"towardsrationalityandpracticality

D.Howcommunitiesguideresidentstorationalconsumption

3（2025年上海普陀区高三二模英语阅读理解主旨题）

Theseyears,Harbinhasbeenmakingeveryefforttopromoteitsiceandsnowtourism.Ithas

plannedtodevelopaseriesofice-and-snowproducts,includingkeyroutesandmust-seeplaces.

The2024ChinaIceSnowFestivalranthroughthewholeJanuary.Visitorsfromhomeandabroad

canenjoygorgeouswintersceneryandvariousactivities,suchasannualparties.Forpeoplein

SouthChina,thewintersceneryisamazing,andforeigners二anfeeltheuniquepassionoficeand

snowinNortheastChina.

Whatis(hepurposeofthispassage?

A.TointroduceHarbin'siceandsnowtourismresourcesandcharm

B.TocomparethewinterscenerybetweenNorthandSouthChina

C.ToexplainwhytheIceSnowFestivalispopular

D.ToattractforeignerstovisitNortheastChina

2

(一)

IfirstdiscoveredRuskinBondonahotafternooninAgartala.Mymother,sisterandIwere

spendingthesummerwithmyfather,anarmyofficer,whowasstationedthere.

Therewasn'tmuchtodoforayoungteeninthearmycantonment,soIspentmostofmy

daysatthelibrary,whichhousedavarious—ifmodest——collectionofbooks.Icasuallypickedup

Bond'sDelhiIsNotFarononesuchdayandwasimmediatelydrawnintohisgentle,unassuming,

non-judgmen(alworld.

Since(hatday,I'vesearchedforandreadquicklyandwithgreatenthusiasmeveryoneof

RuskinBond'sworks.IthinkmyaffinitycamefromthefactthatIidentifiedonsomelevelwith

him.Likeme.hewasshyanddreamyandenjoyedthecompanyofthewrittenwordabovethatof

people.

AparticularlypainfulthemethatrunsthroughRuskinBond'sworkishisrelationshipwith

hisfather.Thetwowereextremelyclose,moresoperhapsbecausetheywereeachother'ssole

emotionalsupportsystems.Bond'sparentsdivorcedwhenhewaslittle,andsoitwasjusthimand

hisfather,andthelattercomesacrossasasensitive,gentlemanwhoadoredhisson.

Bond'sfatherdiedsuddenlyofmalariaat46.whenBondwasjust10—acruelblowforthe

youngboy.It'sremarkablehowBondwritesabouthisfather'suntimelydeathwithaquietdignity:

Itisdeeplytouchingbutnevermaudlin（凄凉的）

MovedasIwasbyBond'smemoriesofhisfather,littledidIknowthatIwouldsoonbe

experiencinghispainfirst-hand.WhenIwas21,myfathertoosuddenlypassedawayafterabrief

illness.Lookingbackatthetimeimmediatelyaftermyfather'spassing,allIrememberisafeeling

ofutterdisbelief,ofthinking.1soughtrefugeinmybelovedbooks,andnootherauthorgaveme

asmuchassistanceandreliefasdidmybelovedRuskinBond.

1.Whydidtheauthorgotothelibrary?

A.ToreadBond'snovel.B.Toreviewhislessons.

C.Tobroadenhishorizons.D.Tokillhistime.

2.Whichcanbestexplain（heunderlinedpartin（hethirdparagraph?

A.Passion.B.Sympathy.

C.Relief.D.Inspiration.

3.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofBond'sfather?

A.Determined.B.Considerate.

C.Wealthy.D.Intelligent.

4.Whichwouldbe（hebesttitleforthetext?

A.MyFather:anArmyOfficer

B.UnforgettableTimeafterMyFather'sDeath

C.RuskinBond'sWorks:MyBelovedBooks

D.MyExperienceintheArmyCantonment

（二）

Formanypeople,go:ngafewhourswithoutyoursmartphonecanfeellikealifetime.Now,

oneexpertclaimsthathumansarebecomingsodependentontechnology,thatwe'reactually

meiging（融合）intoit.

SpeakingattheFastCompanyEuropeanInnovationFestival,ProfessorYuvalNoahHarari,

ahistorianattheHebrewUniversityclaimedthatit'sbecomingmoreandmoredifficulttotell

wherehumansendandmachinesbegin.Hesaid:"It'sincreasinglyhardtotellwhereIendand

wherethecomputerbegins.Inthefuture,itislikelythatthesmartphonewillnotbeseparated

fromyouatall.Itmaybeembeddedinyourbodyorbrain,constantlyscanningyourbiometric

dataandyouremotions.”

Duringhisspeech,ProfessorHararihighlightedhowhumanshaveaffectedour

environmentovertime,andsuggestedthatnowmaybethetimetoaffectourselves.Hesaid:

“Humanityhasalwaysreirainedconstant.IfwetoldourancestorsintheStoneAgeaboutour

livestoday,theywouldthinkwearealreadyGods.Butthetruthisthateventhoughwehave

developedmorewonderfultools,wcarcthesameanimals.Wchavethesameemotions,thesame

minds.Thecomingrevolutionwillchangethat.Itwillchangenotjustourtools,itwillchangethe

humanbeingitself.”

Ifwedomanagetomergewithmachines,ProfessorHararisuggestsitcouldopenthedoor

tosettingupcivilizationsbeyondEarth.Headded:uLifewillbeabletobreakoutofplanetEarth

andnolongerbeconfinedtothisflyingrock.,,

WhileProfessorHarari\claimsmaysoundfarfetched(牵强的)，heisn'taloneinhisvision

ofamachine-humanworld.Backin2017.ElonMuskclaimedthathumansshouldmergewith

machines,orriskbecomingirrelevant.Hesaid:"OvertimeIthinkwewillprobablyseeacloser

mergerofbiologicalintelligenceanddigitalintelligence.”

5.WhydoestheauthormentionsmartphoneinparagraphI?

A.Tocollectdataforhisspeech.

B.Tohaveagoodlead-inofthetopic.

C.Tosayitisharmfultotheenvironment.

D.Tocatchupwiththedevelopmentofscience.

6.WhatdoweknowaboutProfessorHarari?

A.Hisopinionsgainedmuchsupport.

B.Heisthefirstexperttoputforward(heidea.

C.Hethinkstechnologywillchangeourselvesaswell.

D.HissuggestionufusslayingunplanetEailliisuunsidcialc.

7.What'sprobablyElonMusk'sattitudetoProfessorHarari,sspeech?

A.Neutral.B.Favourable.

C.Ambiguous.D.Disapproving.

8.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.Humansarenear(ocombiningwithmachines

B.Callonpeople(odevelopadvancedmachines

C.Aspeechcausedpeople'sconcernsonmachines

D.Findingnewwaystobreakawayfromappsisvital

（三）

Almosteverycommunityhassomeformofrulesandsomewayofenforcingthem.Sowhy

dowehaverules,andwhatmakespeoplefollowthem?

Studieshavesuggestedthatthereasonvvedon'llikerule-breakingisbecausefaimessis

programmedintoourbrains.Scientistshavefoundthat（hebrainreactsinaparticularwaywhen

wefeelwearebeingtreatedunfairly.Afairsituationmakesusfeelcomfortableandevenhappy,

butunfairnesscausesourbrainstorespondwithnegativefeelings.Thestudyfoundthatthjsso

happenedwhensubjectssawothersbeingtreatedunfairly.Theyconcludedthatfairnessisoneof

basichumanneeds.

Arrivingatafeelingoffairnessmeansconsideringdifferent,oftenconflicting,pointsof

view.Regardlessofthedisagreement,peoplealmostalwaysneedtocompromise.Butitcanbe

difficulttoarriveatacompromisewhenthereareconiliclinginterests.Thisiswhycommunities

haverules（hateveryonemustfollow.

Socialcontrolsareanimportantfactorinsettingandfollowingrules.Theyinfluencethe

waywebehave,andcanbeinternal（内在的）orexternal.Internalcontrolscomefromwithinand

arcbasedonourvaluesandfears.Mostofusdon'tsteal,forexample,becausewcbelievethat

theftisunfairandwrong.Wcdon'twanttodisappointourfamilyandfriends,either.Inother

words,ourinternalcontrolskeepusfrombehavinginwaysthatcauseconflict.

Externalcontrolsincluderewardsandpunishments.Rewards,suchasjobpromotionsand

praise,aredesignedtoencouragepeopletobehaveandactintheinterestofthewholecommunity.

Punishments,suchaspublicembarrassment,fines,andevenimprisonmentcanprevent

peoplefiomactingagainst（liecoiiiniunily'sbcsliiilcrusls.

Peopleneedtheircommunitiestofunctionsmoothly.Iftherewerenorules,mostpeople

wouldprobablystillbehavepositively.However,therewouldalwaysbeaminoritywhowouldnot.

Thisiswhyasocietywithoutrulesisunlikelytoexist.

9.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"this"inparagraph2referto?

A.Aprograminhumanbrains.B.Acomfortablesituation.

C.Theresponsewithbadfeelings.D.1herequirementoiltaimess.

10.Whydocommunitieshaverules?

A.Topunishillegalactivities.B.Topreventdisagreement.

C.lbpromotefairness.D.Tomeetvariousdemands.

11.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofinternalcontrol?

A.Takeexamshonestlybecausecheatingisshameful

B.Parkintherightplacesoasnottogetaparkingticket.

C.Paytheelectricitybillontimeinordernottogetalatefee.

D.Cooperatewithyourclassmatestowinaprizeforyourclass.

12.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?

A.Livingby（herulesB.Followingruleswithpunishments

C.ReachingacompromiseD.Callingforfairness

（四）

Themoonmayshinewhiteaboveusmostnightsof（heyear,buthowmuchdoweknow

aboutEarth'sneighborandwhatliesbeneathitssurface?Scientistsareaimingtofindout.

OnJan3,2019,China'sChang'e4spacecraftlandedonthefarsideofthemoon-afirst

forhumanity.Itreleasedasmallprobe（探测器），Yulu2,orJadeRabbit2,whichbegantosearch

beneaththemoon'ssurfaceusingLunarPenetratingRadar.Theseradiosignalscanreach40

metersunderground,threetimesthedepthoftheChang,c3lunarprobelaunchedin2013fbrthe

nearsideofthemoon,ChinaDailyreported.

InastudypublishedinthejournalScienceAdvances,researchersfoundthatthelunarsoil's

toplayeronthefarsideofthemoonwasmuchthickerthanexpected-about4