考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷280

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷280

一、阅读（常规阅读理解）（本题共20题，每题7.0

分，共20分。）

Dieting,accordingtoanoldjoke,maynotactuallymakeyoulivelonger,butitsurefeels

thatway.Nevertheless,evidencehasbeenaccumulatingsincethe1930sthatcalorie

restriction—reducingananimal'senergyintakebelowitsenergyexpenditure—extends

lifespananddelaystheonsetofage-relateddiseasesinrats,dogs,fishandmonkeys.Such

resultshaveinspiredthousandsofpeopletoputupwithconstanthungerinthehopeof

livinglonger,healthierlives.Theyhavealsoledtoasearchfordrugsthatmimicthe

effectsofcalorierestrictionwithoutthepainofgoingonanactualdiet.Amidthe

hype（intensivepublicity）,itiseasytoforgetthatnoonehasuntilnowshownthatcalorie

restrictionworksinhumans.Thatomission,however,changedthismonth,withthe

publicationoftheinitialresultsofthefirstsystematicinvestigationintothematter.This

study,knownasCALERlE（ComprehensiveAssessmentofLong-termEffectsof

ReducingIntakeofEnergy）,wassponsoredbyAmerica'sNationalInstitutesofHealth.Il

took48menandwomenagedbetween25and50andassignedthemrandomlytoeithera

controlgrouporacalorie-restrictionregime.Thoseinthesecondgroupwererequiredto

cuttheircalorieintakeforsixmonthsto75%ofthatneededtomaintaintheirweight.The

CALERIEstudyisalandmarkinthehistoryofthefield,becauseitssubjectswereeither

ofnormalweightoronlyslightlyoverweightPreviousprojectshaveusedindividuals

whowereclinicallyobese,thusconfusingtheunquestionablebenefitstohealthof

reducingobesitywiththepossibleadvantagesofcalorierestrictiontotheotherwise

healthy.Atamolecularlevel,CALERIEsuggeststheseadvantagesarereal.Forexample,

thoseonrestricteddietshadlowerinsulinresistanceandlowerlevelsoflowdensity

lipoproteincholesterol.Theyshoweddropsinbodytemperatureandblood-insulin

levels—bothphenomenathathavebeenseeninlong-lived,calorie-restrictedanimals.

TheyalsosufferedlessoxidativedamagetotheirDNAEricRavussin,ofLouisianaState

UniversityinBatonRouge,whoisoneofthestudy'sauthors,saysthatsuchresults

providesupportforthetheorythatcalorierestrictionproducesametabolicadaptation

overandabovethatwhichwouldbeexpectedfromweightlossalone.Nevertheless,such

metabolicadaptationcouldbethereasonwhycalorierestrictionisassociatedwithlonger

lifespansinotheranimals-andthatiscertainlythehopeofthosewho,forthepast15

years,havebeensearchingforwaysoftriggeringthatmetabolicadaptationbymeans

otherthansemi-stan^ation.

1、Theevidencesincethe1930shasinspiredpeopleto

A、livelongerandhealthier.

B、inventacalorie-restrictingdrug.

C、believeincalorierestriction.

D、getridofconstanthunger.

标准答案：c

知识点0析：推理判断题。根据1930s定位文章第一段，其中提到人们忍受饥饿，

以期换得长寿和健康。而挨饿的本质即是减少卡路里摄人量，因此选C项。

2、WhichofthefollowingistrueabouttheCALERIEstudy?

A、Itprovesthatcalorierestrictionworksinhumans.

B、Ithas24malesubjectsandthesamenumberoffemaleones.

C、Ilisthefirstinvestigationintotheeffectsofcalorierestriction.

D、Itlastedforsixmonthsandhadthefinalresultspublished.

标准答案：A

知识点。析：事实细节题，考查是非细节.文章第二段提到之前无人证明限制卡路

里摄入量对人类同样有效，而CALERIE填补了之前的研究空白，意即此项研究证

明了限制卡路里摄入量对人类有效，A项符合文意，

3、WhatmakestheCALERIEstudyasignificantoneinthefield?

A、Itusedthesubjectsofbothgendersanddifferentages.

B、Itselectedpeopleofnormalweightasthesubjects.

C、Itrectifiedthemisconceptionofdieting.

D、Itwassystematicinresearchmethodandbasedonevidence.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：事实细节题，考查例证细节。第三段首句指出，CALERIE研究之所

以是一座里程碑是因为选取的研究个体为体重正常或轻微偏重的个体，B项符合。

4、Bysaying"CALERIEsuggeststheseadvantagesarereal(LineI,Paragraph4)",the

authorisdealingwiththeresultsofthestudyfroma

A、generalview.

B、subjectiveview.

C、macroview.

D^microview.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：词汇理解题。本题实质上考查的是引述内容前面的Atamolecular

level这一说法的含义。1noiecular意为“分子的”，因此这句话是从微观的角度阐述

的，故选D项。

5、Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat

A^themetabolicadaptationsolelyresultedfromweightloss.

B、themetabolicadaptationcanbeachievedbydieting.

C、semi-slaivalionwasseenasaneffectivemeansfoiweightloss.

D^peoplehadnoideaaboutthemetabolicadaptationbeforeCALERIE.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：判断推理题，考查是非细节。文章最后一段提到一些人寻找能够引发

新陈代谢调节能力的新方法。而不仅仅是通过节食导致的半饥饿献态来引发；可见

节食可以引发新陈代谢调节能力，因此选B项。

Researchersinthefieldofartificialintelligencehavelongbeenintriguedbygames,and

notjustasawayofavoidingwork.Gamesprovideanidealsettingtoexploreimportant

elementsofthedesignofcleverermachines,suchaspatternrecognition,learningand

planning.Theyalsoholdoutthetantalizingpossibilityoffameandfortuneshouldthe

programeverbeatahumanchampion.EversincethestunningvictoryofDeepBlue,a

programrunningonanIBMsupercomputer,overGaryKasparov,thenworldchess

champion,in1997,ithasbeenclearthatcomputerswoulddominatethatparticulargame.

Today,though,theyarcpressingtheattackoneveryfront.Thereisonegame,however,

wherehumansstillreignsupremeGo.Yetheretootheirgripisbeginningtoloosen.Go

wasinventedmorethan2,500yearsagoinChina.Ilisastrategiccontestinwhichtwo

playerstaketurnstoplacestonesontheintersectionsofagridwith19linesoneachside.

Eachplayertriestostakeoutterritoryandsurroundhisopponent.Therulesaresimple

buttheplayisextraordinarilycomplex.Duringagame,somestoneswill"die",andsome

willappeartobedeadbutspringbacktolifeatanill-timedmoment.Itisoftendifficult

tosaywhoiswinningrightuntiltheend.DeepBluebeatMr.Kasparovusingthe"brute

force"technique.Ratherthansearchforthebestmoveinagivenposition,thecomputer

considersallwhite'smoves,andallblack'spossiblereplies,andallwhite'srepliesto

thosereplies,andsoonfor,say,adozenturns.Theresultingmapofpossiblemoveshas

millionsofbranches.Thecomputercombsthroughthepossibleoutcomesandplaysthe

onemovethatwouldgiveitsopponentthefewestchancesofwinning.Unfortunately,

bruteforcewillnotworkinGo.First,thegamehasmanymorepossiblepositionsthan

chessdoes.Second,thenumberofpossiblemovesfromatypicalpositioninGoisabout

200,comparedwithaboutadozeninchess.Finally,evaluatingaGopositionis

fiendishlydifficult.Thefastestprogramscanassessjust50positionsasecond,compared

with500,000inchess.Inthepasttwodecadesresearchershaveexploredseveral

alternativestrategieswithindifferentresults.Now,however,programmersaremaking

impressivegainswithatechniqueknownastheMonteCarlomethod.Givenaposition,a

programusingaMonteCarloalgorithmcontemplateseverymoveandplaysalarge

numberofrandomgamestoseewhathappens.Ifitwinsin80%ofthosegames,the

moveisprobablygood.Otherwise,itkeepslooking.Theresultisanewgenerationoffast

programsthatplayparticularlywellonsmallversionsoftheGoboard.

6、AccordingtoParagraph1,computergamescould

A、promotetheresearchesofhumanintelligence.

B、helpresearchersavoidwork.

C、servetoimprovetheprogramdesigning.

D^bringfameandfortunetothehumanchampion.

标准答案：c

知识点诵析：事实细节题。文章首段第二句指出“游戏为探究更智能机器设计提供

了一个非常理想的框架”，C项符合文意。

7、ThevictoryofDeepBlueshowsthat

A、thechessgameistoosimplelorcomputerstoplay.

B、thesupercomputerisverygoodatcalculation.

C^computerswilldominateeveryfrontofgames.

D、humansshouldpreparefortheattackofcomputers.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：事实细节题，考查例证细节。文章在第二段提到“深蓝”战胜了卡斯帕

罗夫，第四段又具体分析了取胜所使用的“暴力破解”战术，即依靠快速的计算穷尽

所有棋盘上的可能性，可见“深蓝”具有非常强大的计算能力，因此选B。

X、WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtoParagraph3?

A、GowasastrategiccontestinventedinChinalongago.

B、StonesofGocouldbeplacedoneverywhereofagrid.

C、TheplayofGoistoocomplextowin.

D、Peopleoftendon'tknowwhowinsaplayofGo.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：判断推理题。第三段首句介绍围棋是2500年前发明于中国的一种策

略游戏，A项符合。

9、Theword"fiendishly'XLine8,Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans

A、astoundingly.

B、unexpectedly.

C^oddly.

D、extremely.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：语义理解题。第四段倒数第二句中提到评估围棋棋位是一件

fiendishlydifficult的事情。而该段最后一句具体说明了最快的程序每秒可以评估50

万个象棋棋位，但只能评估50个围棋棋位，足以见得评估围棋棋位是一件“极其”

困难的事情.因此选D项C

10NItcanbeinfenedfromthetextthat

A、humanbeings'dominantpositioninGoboardstartstoshake.

B、computerprogramwillrandomlychooseasteptoseewhathappens.

C、MonteCarlomethodismuchclevererthanotherprograms.

D、computerscouldbecomegreatcompetitorstohumanbeings.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：判断推理题。文章第二段最后一句说明人类在围棋领域的控制力正开

始变弱,A项中的dominantposition对应文中的grip,而startstoshake则对应文中

Misbeginningtoloosen.A项符合文意，故为正确答案。

Afewyearsback,manyhospitalsinAmericawereembarrassedbyrevelationsthatsome

oftheirneediestpatients,theuninsured,werebeingchargedthemost.Thesepatients

weregettingslammedwiththefulllistpriceforhealthcarewhilethosewithinsurance

gotnegotiateddiscounts.Theoutcrypromptedcongressionalhearingsandstateinquiries.

AHnot-for-profithospitalsinIllinoishaveadoptedvoluntaryguidelines,setbythe

IllinoisHospitalAssociation,todoleoutfreeordiscountedcare.ButIllinoisattorney

generalLisaMadigansaysthat'snotnearlyenough.Madiganannouncedrecentlythat

mostIllinoishospitalsspendlessthan1percentoncharitablecare.Sheproposedthat

hospitalsberequiredbylawtospendatleast8percentoftheiroperatingcostsoncharity:

freehealthcare,communityclinics.Thisisaterribleidea.Forstarters—amazingasihis

maysound-Madiganhasn'tcalculatedhowmuchthislawwouldcosthospitals.No

overallcost,northecosttoanysinglehospitalinthestate.TheIllinoisHospital

Associationsaysherbillwouldrequire133hospitalstospend$739millionmoreayear

oncharitycare.That,theIHAsays,wouldpush45ofthosehospitalsintothered,and28

hospitalsthatalreadyoperateatalosswouldbepushedclosertobankruptcy.Madigan

disputesthosefigures.HowdidMadigansettleonthemagic8percent?Shecitesher

office'sinvestigationofhospitalsandataskforcesheconvened.Butthetaskforcedidn't

issueareportandmayneverdoso.Sheallbutacknowledgesthatherclaim〔hatIllinois

hospitalsprovideamiserly1percentincharitablecareisn'tthewholestory.Thatfigure

excludesmuchofwhathospitalsabsorb,includingthegapbetweenwhattheyspendon

Medicaidpatientsandwhattheyreceiveforthatcare.TheIHAarguesconvincinglythat

mandatingahighpercentageofrevenuestobespentonfreecareignorestherealitythat

manyhospitalsoperateinthered.Drainingmoremoneywouldweakenhospitals—and

encouragecost-cuttinginnursingcare,equipmentorotheressentials.Whyarewetalking

aboutcharitablegivingbyhospitals,asopposedtomufflershops,fast-foodrestaurantsor

beautysalons?Becausemosthospitalsaretax-exemptbylaw:Theydon'tpayany

federal,stateorlocaltaxes.Inreturn,they'rerequiredtoprovideservicestotheneedy.

Butthelawdoesn'tsayexactlyhowmuch.Sotheydohaveacharitableobligation.And

somehospitals—evensomenot-for-profithospitals—haveheftyrevenues.It'susefulto

seehowmuchthey'regivingbacktotheircommunities.Butthehospitalsalsohavean

obligationtostaysolvent.Nooneprofitswhenahospitalclosesitsdoors.Madigan's

proposedmandatecarriestoomuchrisk.

11、ManyAmericanhospitalsweretroubledbytheexposureofthefactthat

A、someoftheirneediestpatientswereuninsured.

B、thepatientswereinterferingwiththeirdailyoperation.

C、theIHAforcedthemtodoleoutfreeordiscountedhealthcare.

D、theuninsuredpatientshadtopaymuchmorethantheinsured.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：细节推断题。第一段讲到美国医院对没有医保的患者收取全价，而对

有医保的患者却给予折扣，因此D项符合文意。

12>TheIHAcitedseveralfigurestoindicatethat

A、Madigan'sbillwasaskingfortoomuchfromthehospitalsinIllinois.

B、thehospitalsinIllinoiswereinbadfinancialsituation.

C>thehospitalsinIllinoishadalreadydonewellincharitablecare.

D、Madigan'sbillwasnotwelcomedbythehospitalsinIllinois.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：事实细节题，考查例证细节。根据IHA和figures定位到第三段。

IHA以数据来说明Madigan的议案会使医院亏损甚至破产，A项askingfortoo

much与文中此意相近。

13、Whenmentioning"Sheallbutacknowledges...isn'tthewholestory."(Lines2-4,

Paragraph4),theauthormeansthat

A、Illinoishospitalswererathermiserlyinprovidingmedicalcare.

B、MadigandidnottellthewholestoryaboutIllinoishospitals.

C、Illinoishospitalswouldhavetospendmoreonfreemedicalservice.

D^Madiganthought[hehospitalsspentlessthan1percentonMedicaidpatients.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：推理判断题。thewholestory意为“全情，详情”，马迪根几乎承认伊

利诺斯州医院投入慈善医疗的区区1%可能实际上还并没有这么多，可见D项与之

相符。

14、IHAobjectedtoMadigan'sproposalbasedontheargumentthat

A、hospitalsdidn'tmakeasmuchprofitasMadiganc-aimcd.

B、thequalityofmedicalservicesinhospitalswoulddecline.

CxMadigan'staskforcedidn'tandwcnildn'tissueareport.

D、manyhospitalswereoperatedinadangeroussituation.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：事实细节题。根据IHAobjectedtoMadigan,smandate定位到第匹段

后半部分。IHA认为，Madigan的提议忽视了许多医院正在亏损经营这一事实，A

项与原文一致。

15、Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?

A^TheauthorsupportsMadigan'sargumentandthe8percentmandate.

B、Hospitalsareobligatorytospend1percentofrevenuesoncharitableservice.

C^Balanceisimportantbetweenhospitals'properdailyoperationandcharitable

service.

D、Undernocircumstancesshouldhospitalsnotfulfilltheircharitableobligations.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：事实细节题。文章在末段指出，医院在履行慈善义务的同时也要考虑

到自身的财政情况，C项是其同义表达。

Moveover,organic,fairtradeandfreerange—thelatestinenlightenedediblesishere:

foodwith"embedded"positiveintentions.Whiletheideaisn'tnew-cultureslikethe

Navajohavebeendoingitforcenturies-for-profitcompaniesintheU.S.andCanadaare

catchingon,infusingproductswithgoodvibesthroughmeditation,prayerandeven

music.Since2006,CaliforniacompanyH20mhassoldwaterinfusedwithwishesfor

"love,""joy"and"perfecthealth"viathewords,symbolsandcolorsonthelabel(which

"createaspecificvibratoryfrequency,"accordingtoco-founderSandyFox)andthe

restorativemusicplayedattheirbottlingwarehouse.AtCreoMundi,aCanadianmaker

ofproteinpowder,employeesgatheraroundeachshipmentandstatealoudthebenefits

theyhopetoinfuseitwithfortheirconsumers——increasedperformance,balanceand

vitality.IntentionalChocolate,foundedin2007bychocolatierJimWalsh,usesaspecial

recordingdevicetocapturetheelectromagneticbrainwavesofmeditatingTibetan

monks;Walshthenexposeshisdessertstotherecordingforfivedaysperbatch.Wehear

youreyesrolling.Butsomeclaimthere'sactuallysomethingtotheideathathumanscan

alterthephysicalworldwiththeirminds,andtheyofferresearchtoproveit.DeanRadin,

aseniorscientistattheInstituteofNoeticSciencesinPetakuna,Calif.,conductedatest

inwhich,hesays,subjectswhoateIntentionalChocolateimprovedtheirmood67%

comparedwithpeoplewhoateregularchocolate."IfthePopeblessedwater,everyone

wantsthatwater.Butdoesitactuallydosomething?"Radinasks."Theanswerisyes,toa

smallextent.*'JamesFallon,aprofessorofpsychiatryandhumanbehavioratthe

UniversityofCaliforniaatIrvineSchoolofMedicine,isskeptical."SoItakearutabaga,

aroundyellowrootvegetablewithabrownorpurpleskin,andputitclosetomyhead,

anditsomehowchangesthefoodandimprovesthemoodofthepersonwhoateit?"he

asks."Nah."Trickornot,inthiseconomyanyproductthatpromisesaspiritualpick-mc-

upcouldbeinhighdemand.Sincetherecession,saysPhilLempcrt,editorofhealth-food

siteS"everyoneisreadytojumpoffabridge."Withtheright

marketing,hesays,embeddedfoods"couldbehuge."Still,noteveryoneiskeenonthe

ideaofpackagingspirituality.Oncetheprofitmotivecomesintoplay,"it'sdifficultto

keepthingspure,1'saysGeorgeChurinoff,amonkatDeerParkBuddhistCenterin

Oregon,Wis.,whowasinvolvedwithIntentionalChocolateinitsearlystages."Thenthe

productmaynotbeblessedinanywaywithmotivationexceptmaybetomakemoney."

16、Food