跨文化交际课件Unit-1

InterculturalCommunication

跨文化交际实用教程APracticalCoursebook

CultureisaBridge.Unit1

AnIntroduction3I.WhytakeInterculturalCommunication?Discussion2012-2-161.Warm-upCasePleasediscussthecaseingroupsandmakeacommentonit.ACase:ShowingConcernInChina:XiaoLi(aninterpreter):Youmustbeverytired.You’reold…Catherine(anelderlyAmericanlady):Oh,I’mNOTold,andI’mNOTtired.42012-2-16CommentWhattheinterpretersaidisquitecourteousinChina.Itmeans,“Ifyouaretired,wecantakealittlerest,sinceyouaregettingoninyears.”Theinterpretergavetheimpressionthathethoughttheelderlyladywouldcollapseanyminuteifshedoesn’trestimmediately.52012-2-16CommentIntheWest,thereisavalueplacedinbeingyoungthatmanypeopleconsciously,orsubconsciously,arenotwillingtoacceptthattheyaregrowingold.62012-2-16ThewesternwayofshowingconcernisgenerallydifferentfromtheChineseway.InChina:XiaoLi(aninterpreter):Youmustbeverytired.You’reold…Catherine(anelderlyAmericanlady):Oh,I’mNOTold,andI’mNOTtired.TheChinesewayofshowingconcernisusuallyexpressedbystatement.IntheWest:A:Howareyoudoingnow?Wouldyouliketorest?B:No,notabit.Thewesternwayofshowingconcernismainlydisplayedwithquestion.72012-2-16CommentThiscaseclearlyshowsthattranslationisaninterculturalcommunication,whichrequiresthetranslator/interpretertopossessbothEnglishculturalknowledgeandlanguagecompetence.82012-2-1692.DifferentattitudestowardsthesameobjectWhenonecoinwaslost…Englishman:Notsurprised,shruggedhisshoulders,goingaway,withoutbeingtroubledbynothing.Americanman:Calledapoliceman,gavehimhistelephonenumber,leftwithachewingguminhismouth.2012-2-1610Germanman:Madeamarkwithin100mitersontheground,lookingforthelostcoinwithamagnifyingglass.

Japaneseman:feltsorryforhisowncarelessness,stillblamedhimathome,swearingnottomakesuchasillymistakeagain.2012-2-1611AgriculturalCulture:worshipland,loveland,dependuponland,stayingatpointwithmovingNomadicCulture:worshipnature,lovenature,dependuponnature,movingfromoneplacetoanother,notfixedatonepoint.BusinessCulture:readytomovefartherandfarther,makingmoreprofitsforshowingthevalueoflife.3.Peopleareculturallydifferent2012-2-1612Ifonly100peopleleftintheglobalvillage1.17speakChinese2.9speakEnglish3.8

speakDard4.6

speakSpanish5.6

speakRussian6.4

speakArabic.7.50speakBengaliBangladesh,JapaneseorFrench.2012-2-16134.PeoplearereligiouslydifferentChristianity.About21.4billionChristiansintheworld.Bible.Forphilanthropyandequalforeverybody.Islam.Meaningbeingobedient;Muslimsarethosewhoareobedient.Quran.Buddhism.AreyouaBuddhist?Buddhistsaretaughttoliveforkindnessratherthanevils.2012-2-1614Ifonly100peopleleftintheglobalvillage33Christians18Moslems14Hindus16noreligion6Buddhists13differentreligions2012-2-16155.PeopleareideologicallydifferentChinesepeopleandAsiansareabitmodest,liveforharmony,tryingtoavoidfacetofaceconflict.Beingcollectivist.Westernersarebeingindividualist,beingequalanddifferent.Itisnoneofmybusiness.2012-2-16166.PeopleareraciallydifferentWeareHoposapiens.Generally,thepeopleintheworldareclassifiedintofourmajorraces,thoughnotuniversallyaccepted.White/Caucasian;Mongoloid/Asian;Negroid/Black;Australoid/Brown2012-2-1617Ifonly100peopleleftintheglobalvillage61Asians12Europeans8NorthAmericans5SouthAmericans13Africans1Australasian2012-2-1618

Peoplearedifferentthroughouttheworld,culturally,religiously,ideologicallyandracially,actuallydifferentinalmosteveryaspect,thereforewearesupposedtoknowabouttheirdifferencesasmuchaspossible,justforasmoothcommunicationamongtheHomosapiens,thepeopleintheglobalvillage.YouwillmakeitbycomingtoInterculturalCommunication.WhytakeInterculturalCommunication?2012-2-1619

ThePurpose

Thegeneralpurposeofthiscourseistounderstandthewaysinwhichcultureinterrelateswithandeffectscommunicationprocesses.Interculturallearninginvolvesaffectiveandbehavioralprocesses,aswellascognitiveones.Throughoutthiscourse,youwillhavetheopportunitytogainknowledge,skillsandattitudesthatwillincreaseyourinterculturalcommunicationcompetence.

2012-2-1620

TheObjectives

1)Toexploreculturalself-awareness,othercultureawarenessandthedynamicsthatariseininteractionsbetweenthetwo.2)Tounderstandhowcommunicationprocessesdifferamongcultures.3)Toidentifychallengesthatarisefromthesedifferencesininterculturalinteractionsandlearnwaystocreativelyaddressthem.4)Toacquireknowledgeanddevelopskillsthatincreaseinterculturalcompetence.5)TohaveanunderstandingofthemeaningoftheculturesunderstoodbythewesternersandtheeasternersortheChineseandAmericans.2012-2-1621

TheReasons2012-2-16II.WhatIsCulture?222012-2-161.DefineculturesyourselfPleasewritedownwhatevercomestoyourmindwhenyouhearorthinkofculture.Next,trytofigureouthowtheyarerelatedtoculture.232012-2-16242.DefinitionFinal

1)Cultureisthetotalwayoflifethatagroupofpeopleshares.2)Cultureisasystemofsharedbeliefs,values,customs,behaviors,andartifactsthatthemembersofasocietyusetocopewiththeirworldandwithoneanother,andthataretransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughlearning.2012-2-16253)CultureisanIntegratedsystemoflearnedbehaviorpatternswhicharecharacteristicofthemembersofasocietyandwhicharenottheresultofbiologicalinheritance.4)Cultureisthedepositofknowledge,experience,beliefs,values,actions,attitudes,meanings,hierarchies,religion,notionsoftime,roles,spatialrelations,conceptsoftheuniverse,andartifactsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving.2012-2-16265)Cultureisthetotalaccumulationofbeliefs,customs,values,behaviors,institutionsandcommunicationpatternsthatareshared,learnedandpasseddownthroughthegenerationsinanidentifiablegroupofpeople.2012-2-16273.ElementsofCulture2012-2-164.Culture——ThreeIngredients:artifactsconcepts(beliefs,values,worldviews…)behaviore.g.Whereasthemoneyisconsideredanartifact,thenvalueplacedonitisaconcept,theactualspendingandsavingofthemoneyisbehavior.2012-2-1628295.Whatisculturelike?2012-2-1630

CultureLikeanIceberg2012-2-1631culture2012-2-1632

TheCulturalIceberg

2012-2-16TheIcebergofCulture2012-2-163334ObjectiveCulture&SubjectiveCulture1)notionsofmodesty,conceptionofbeauty,idealofchildrearing,relationshipstoanimals2)patternsofsuperior/subordinaterelations,definitionofsin,courtshippractices,conceptionofjustice,incentivestowork,notionsofleadership,tempoofwork,groupdecision-making(3)conceptionofcleanliness,attitudestowardsdependents,theoryofdisease,approachestoproblem-solving,conceptionofstatusmobility,statusdesignationsbasedonage,sex,class,occupation,kinship,etc.(4)natureoffriendship,orderingoftime,conceptof“self”,preferenceforcompetitionorcooperation,bodylanguage,notionsaboutlogicandvalidity,patternsofhandlingemotions客观、主观文化

1)finearts,literature,drama,classicalmusic,popularmusic,folkdancing,games,cooking,dress2)eyebehavior,contextualconversationpatterns,socialinteractionrite,facialexpressions2012-2-1635CulturalIceberg1）美术、文学、戏剧、古典音乐、流行隐喻、民间舞蹈、饮食、服饰2）目光、语境谈话方式、社交频率、面部表情2012-2-16366.CharacteristicsofCultureCultureisshared.

2)

Cultureislearned.

3)Cultureisbasedonsymbols.符号4)Cultureisintegrated.集成

5)Cultureissubjectivetochange.

6)Cultureisethnocentric种族优越感

.7)Cultureisadaptive自适应

.2012-2-16371)Cultureisshared.

Themembersofacultureshareasetof‘ideals,values,andstandardsofbehaviors’,andthissetofidealsiswhatgivesmeaningtotheirlives,andwhatbondsthemtogetherasaculture.2012-2-1638Actually,cultureisnotinnate（先天）sensibility,butalearnedcharacteristic.Childrenbeginlearningabouttheirowncultureathomewiththeirimmediatefamilyandhowtheyinteracteachother,howtheydress,andtherituals（仪式）theyperform.Whenthechildrenaregrowinginthecommunity（社区）,theirculturaleducationisadvanced（先进）bywatchingsocialinteractions,takingpartinculturalactivitiesandritualsinthecommunity,formingtheirownrelationshipsandtakingtheirplaceintheculture.2)

Cultureislearned.2012-2-1639Inorderfortheculturetobetransmittedfromonepersontothenext,andfromonegenerationtothenext,asystemofsymbolsneedstobecreatedthattranslatestheidealsoftheculture（文化理想

）toitsmembers.Thisisaccomplishedthroughlanguage,art,religionandmoney.3)Cultureissymbolic.2012-2-1640Forthesakeof（为求

）keepingtheculture,functioningallaspectsoftheculturemustbeintegrated.Forexample,thelanguagemustbeabletodescribeallthefunctionswithinthecultureinorderforideasandidealstobetransmittedfromonepersontoanother.Withouttheintegrationoflanguageintothefabric（布，品质）oftheculture,confusionanddysfunction（功能障碍

）wouldreign（统治

）andtheculturewouldfail.4)Cultureisintegrated.2012-2-1641Itisnecessarytorecognizethatculturesaredynamicratherthanstatic（静态）.Theyareconstantly（经常）changingandevolving（演变

）undertheimpactofeventsandthroughcontactwithothercultures.Cultureschangethroughthreemostcommonmechanisms（机制

）:innovation,diffusionandacculturation(calamity).创新，传播和涵化（灾难）5)Cultureisdynamic（动态）2012-2-1642Ethnocentrismisthe

beliefthatyourownculturalbackground,includingwaysofanalyzingproblems,values,beliefs,language,andverbalandnonverbalcommunication（语言和非语言沟通）

,iscorrect.Ethnocentristsbelievetheircultureisthecentralcultureandotherculturesareincorrect,ineffective,orquaint（无效，或古朴

）.6)Cultureisethnocentric.2012-2-16

III.CommunicationCanyougivesomeexamplestoexplainthewordcommunication?

Whatiscommunication?432012-2-161.DefinitionofCommunication

Generallyspeaking,communicationcanbedefinedasadynamic,symbolic,transactionalandcontextualprocess（事务性和上下文的过程）inwhichpeoplecreatesharedmeaningsormessages.442012-2-162.EightIngredientsofCommunicationbehavioralsourceEncoding（编码

）messagechannelresponderDecoding（解码

）responseFeedback（反馈

）2012-2-1645IV.WhatisInterculturalCommunication?2012-2-1646跨文化

471.InterculturalCommunicationDefinedInterculturalCommunicationmeanstheexchangeorcommunicationbetweenpeoplewhohavedifferentculturalbackgrounds.

2012-2-16加开机键2.ModelofInterculturalCommunication482012-2-163.CommentThemoresimilaritiestwoculturesshare,thelessinfluenceculturewillhaveoncommunication.Therefore,thelessmessageswillbechangedduringcommunication.Thelesstheculturesarealike,thegreatertheinfluenceofcultureoncommunicationwillbe,andthemorelikelythemessageswillbechanged.Misunderstandingininterculturalcommunicationoftenariseshere.492012-2-164.ModelofInterculturalCommunication50SupposeCultureA:ChinesecultureCultureB:JapanesecultureCultureC:Americanculture2012-2-16

IfpeoplefromChineseculturegotoJapan,duetothesimilarities

betweenChineseandJapanesecultures,theycancommunicatewithJapanesepeoplewithoutcausingmuchmisunderstanding.Or,peopleoftheJapaneseculturecouldunderstandmostofwhattheysaywithouttheirmessagesbeingalteredtoomuch.However,whenChinesepeoplecommunicatewithAmericanpeople,problemsoftenoccurbecauseChinesecultureandAmericanculturedifferfromeachothergreatly.512012-2-165.BarriersinInterculturalCommunicationLanguagedifferencesNonverbalcommunicationStereotypesCulturalbiasonjudgmentsHighlevelofstress522012-2-1653V.TheDifferencebetweenChineseandWesternCultures2012-2-16541.TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeopleSavingFace

Hardworking

Formal2012-2-1655TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeopleInsensitivetotime

Tendingtomisunderstand

Beatingaboutthebush2012-2-1656TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeopleObeybutnotFollow

BeingdoubtfulBeingcontent2012-2-1657TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeopleNeverkissedparents

Shanzaieverywhere2012-2-16582.TheattitudesbyChinesetowardsWesternersKissandhuganytimeandanywhere

GoingDutch2012-2-1659TheattitudesbyChinesetowardsWesternersBeingpunctual

Mindyourownbusiness

Toofrank2012-2-1660

CC:Manisanintegralpartofnature,complywiththewishesofnature.

(天人合一，顺天应物)

WC:Manisseparatefromnature,trytoconquerthenature.

(天人相分，征服自然)３．ManandNation2012-2-1661

CC:Familyethnicsfirst(家族伦理本位)

WC:Individualsfirst

（个人本位）

ConceptionofFamily2012-2-1662

CC:BelieveinharmonyandtheDoctrineoftheMean.

贵和尚中。

WC:Trustinthespiritofreasons.

理性精神。

ManandMan2012-2-1663４．ThewayoflifeIndividualvsGroup2012-2-1664ThewayofmakingcommentsDirectvsIndirect2012-2-1665

PunctualityOntimevsLate2012-2-1666PersonalRelationshipSimplevsComplex2012-2-1667Standinginaqueue

LinevsFan2012-2-1668WalkinginastreetonweekendsAfewvsacrowd2012-2-1669TimeforashowerInthemorningvsintheevening2012-2-1670DailylifeofoldpeopleWithadogvswithachild2012-2-1671VoiceoftalkinginpublicLowvshigh2012-2-1672IdeaofoneselfIndividual-centeredvsgroup-centered2012-2-1673LeadershipEqualvspower2012-2-1674Western:small,intimatefamily,retirementhome,theoldareseparated,childrenleaveearly;beingindependentandlookafterthemselves.Parentsneverinterferewiththeirchildrenaffairswhentheyareoldenough.Family2012-2-1675Oldseparated

Youngindependent2012-2-1676Washingtonlefthisofficeandremainedonhisfarmtillhisdeath,refusingtogobackfrequentlytoWhiteHouseforadvice.Thecountyneedsthecivilofficersratherthanthemilitaryofficerwhenitisinpeace.WashingtonandhisCountry2012-2-1677

Eastern:extended(relativesincluded),agedstaywithfamily,theoldarerespected,childrenstayuntilmarried;childrencanneverbecompletelyindependentandarechildrenwiththeirparentsaround.2012-2-1678AphotoofafarmfamilyAphotoofBaJin’sFamily2012-2-1679

western:performanceoriented,littlerotememory,abilitytosolveproblems;practicalcompetenceofrunningabusinessismoreimportant.

Education2012-2-1680Eastern:experienceoriented,muchmemorization,themoreexperiencedyouare,themorepopularyouwillbe;youwillberegardedwell-educatedifyoucanrecitesomeancientpoems.2012-2-1681In1979,oneChineseeducationaldelegationwenttotheUnitedStatesandoneUSeducationaldelegationcametoChinaandbothofthemmadeareportaftertheirvisits.TwoEducationalReports2012-2-1682

TheChinesereportsaidTheAmericanstudentsweremuchself-confidentandindependent.Theirteachersencouragedthemtodosoinsteadofcorrectingthem.Thepupilsknewlimitedvocabularyandsolvedmathematicsproblemswiththeirfingers,buttheyallhadastrongdesireforgreatinventions.Inclass,studentswerefreetowalkfromseattoseat,talkingwithoutbeingcontrolled.2012-2-1683TheUSstudentsinclass2012-2-1684

TheAmericanreportsaidThestudentssatonseatswiththeirhandsontheback.Theteachersjusttalkedandtalkedforseveralperiodshavingnotimeforwater.Thestudentshadmuchassignmentcalledhomework.Thosewhohadthehighestscorewouldbeprizedas“ThreeGoodStudents”withcertificates.2012-2-1685TheChinesestudentsinclass2012-2-1686Western:,timeorientedrelationships(work,freetime),makeanappointmentbeforeyougotoseeanyone,noappointment,nobusiness.Lawsuperiortofriendshipandkinsfolk.AttitudesandIdeas

Eastern:personorientedrelationships(hospitality),friendshipiseverything,superiortolaw2012-2-1687Colors

Notwolanguagesareeversufficientlysimilartobeconsideredasreprintingthesamesocialreality.Theworldsinwhichdifferentsocietieslivearedistinctworlds,notmerelythesameworldwithdifferentlabelsattached.

2012-2-1688Aweddingceremony2012-2-1689AWeddingCeremony

Afuneral2012-2-1690

Redpaperbagcontainingmoneyasagift

2012-2-1691

Theredcarpet:layouttheredcarpet

2012-2-1692

Aredcardfortheirmarriage;orforhishealth

2012-2-1693ItiseasytodiscoverthepositionorrankinaconversationortalkinChina,astheyseldomusethenamesonly,usuallywithatitle.Onthecontrary,thewesternershavethehabitofusingnamesforteachers,withinafamily,inanoffice.2012-2-1694

Twodifficultieswemayhavewhenwetranslatemeaningofconceptsfromonelanguagetoanother.Differentlanguagesorganizetheexperienceintheirownway.Languages2012-2-1695Heismybrother.2012-2-1696Hewhoteachesmeonedayismyfatherforlife.2012-2-1697Fivescoreyearsago,agreatAmerican,inwhosesymbolicshadowwestandsignedtheEmancipationProclamation.Onehundredyearslater,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.----Ihaveadream2012-2-1698Adaytogetherashusbandandwifemeanstheendlessdevotiontherestofyourlife.Adayawayfromadearoneislikethreeyears.2012-2-1699Travelingonthesameboatresultsfromadestinyof100yearsandamarriagecomesfromadestinyof1000years.2012-2-16100

GodmademarriageMarriageismadeinGod’simage2012-2-16VI.CaseStudyFirstOfferSameLanguage,DifferentBehavior2012-2-16101Case2FirstOffer

ACanadiancolleagueandItraveledtoGuilinwithouradmirableguideHepingLiuinveryhotweather.Sightseeingisathirstybusiness.Wedidnottrustthewater,andenjoyedexcellentbeer.WepolitelyofferedsometoHepingbutherefused.Wesaidnothinganddrankourbeer,whilepoorHepingwatched.Onanotherday,Hepingquicklyacceptedourofferofbeer.QuestionsfordiscussionInyourdailylife,doyouoftenacceptfirstoffer?Ifyes,inwhatsituation?1022012-2-16Case3SameLanguage,DifferentBehavior

(AnAmericantraveledtoEnglandandwasstayingwithafriend.Duringhisstay,theAmericandecidedtotalktotheEnglishmanaboutsomethingsthatwerebotheringhim.)American:

Ifeeluncomfortablewithmanyofthepeoplehere,butI’mnotsurewhy.Ispeakthesamelanguage,sothereshouldn’tbeanyproblem.Backhome,Iusuallygetalongwithpeople.YouknowthatI’mveryfriendly.Englishman:Yes,that’strue,butyou’refriendlyinthewaythatAmericansarefriendly.American:I’mnotsureIunderstand.Englishman:Well,forexample,atthemeetingtheothernight,youimmediatelycalledpeoplebytheirfirstnames.Wedothathere,butnotwhenwefirstmeetsomeone.1032012-2-16American:That’showwemakepeoplefeelcomfortable.Peoplefeelfriendliertowardeachotherwhentheyusefirstnames.Englishman:It’sdifferenthere.Forexample,whenyoumetmybossyoushouldhaveusedhislastname.Alsothere’ssomethingelsethatyoudothatEnglishpeopledon’toftendo.American:What’sthat?Englishman:Youtouchpeopleontheshoulderquiteabit,especiallywhenyoucomplimentthem.American:IguessI’veneverthoughtaboutthatbefore.IsupposethatiswhatIdoathome.1042012-2-16SummaryWhytakeInterculturalCommunication?CultureCommunicationInterculturalCommunicationTheDifferencebetweenChineseandWesternCulturesCasestudy1052012-2-16Exercises1.Matchingthetermswiththeirdefinitions

A.cultureB.communicationC.ethnocentrismD.interculturalcommunicationE.businesscommunication1.()Thebeliefthatyourownculturalbackground,includingwaysofanalyzingproblems,values,beliefs,language,andverbalandnonverbalcommunication,issuperior.2.()Thetotalaccumulationofbeliefs,customs,values,behaviors,institutionsandcommunicationpatternsthatareshared,learnedandpasseddownthroughthegenerationsinanidentifiablegroupofpeople.1062012-2-161073.()Aprocessbywhichinformationisexchangedbetweenindividualsthroughacommonsystemofsymbols,signs,orbehavior,ortheexchangeofthoughts,messages,orinformation,asbyspeech,signals,writing,orbehavior.4.()Thecommunicationiswithinbusinessandadministration,aimingatacommonobjectiveandprofitsforboththeindividualsandorganizations.5.()Thecommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultureswhenamemberofonecultureproducesamessageforconsumptionbyamemberofanotherculture.2012-2-16Exercises2.ComprehensionCheckDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).__1.Asaphenomenon,interculturalcommunicationhasexistedforthousandsofyears.However,asadiscipline,itshistoryisonlyaboutfiftyyears.__2.InterculturalCommunicationasadisciplinefirststartedinEurope.__3.Culture