Python编程及项目开发 第9章-项目开发

9.5项目开发利用OpenCV开发一个简单的图像处理系统。1.功能需求(1)文件操作：打开和保存图像文件。(2)图像调整：通过滑块进行缩放和旋转。(3)图像处理：l灰度化：将彩色图像转换为灰度图像。l二值化：将图像转换为黑白二值图像。l图像增强：通过直方图均衡化增强图像对比度。l边缘检测：使用Canny算法检测图像边缘。(4)图像重置：恢复原始图像2.项目设计(1)系统类的设计，如图9-28所示。(2)系统界面设计，如图9-29所示。3.项目实现11importsys2importos3fromPyQt5.QtWidgetsimport*4fromPyQt5.QtCoreimportQt,QPoint,QSize5importcv26importnumpyasnp78classImageProcessor(QMainWindow):9definit(self):10super().init()11self.initUI()12self.current_image=None13self.original_image=None14self.file_path=None15self.current_scale=1.0#新增：当前缩放比例16definitUI(self):17#设置窗口标题和大小18self.setWindowTitle('图像处理系统')19self.setGeometry(100,100,1000,800)2021#创建菜单栏22self.createMenus()2324#创建工具栏25self.createToolbars()2627#27#创建中央部件28central_widget=QWidget()29self.setCentralWidget(central_widget)3031#创建主布局32main_layout=QHBoxLayout(central_widget)3334#创建左侧图像显示区域35#36#创建右侧控制面板37#38control_group=QGroupBox("图像处理")39control_layout=QVBoxLayout()4041#缩放控制42#43#旋转控制44#4546#图像处理操作按钮47operations_layout=QGridLayout()4849self.binarize_btn=QPushButton("二值化")50self.binarize_btn.clicked.connect(lambda:cessImage("binarize"))51operations_layout.addWidget(self.binarize_btn,0,0)5253self.grayscale_btn=QPushButton("灰度化")54self.grayscale_btn.clicked.connect(lambda:cessImage("grayscale"))55operations_layout.addWidget(self.grayscale_btn,0,1)56#5758#添加到主布局59control_layout.addStretch()60control_group.setLayout(control_layout)61main_layout.addWidget(control_group,1)6263#状态栏64self.statusBar().showMessage('就绪')6566defcreateMenus(self):67#6869defcreateToolbars(self):70#717172defopenImage(self):73options=QFileDialog.Options()74file_path,_=QFileDialog.getOpenFileName(75self,"打开图像","","图像文件(*.png*.jpg*.jpeg*.bmp*.gif);;\76所有文件(*)",options=options)77iffile_path:78self.file_path=file_path79self.original_image=cv2.imread(file_path)80self.current_image=self.original_image.copy()81self.current_scale=1.0#重置缩放比例82self.updateImageDisplay()83self.statusBar().showMessage(f'已打开:{os.path.basename(file_path)}')85defsaveImage(self):86ifself.current_imageisNone:87QMessageBox.warning(self,"警告","没有可保存的图像")88return90options=QFileDialog.Options()91file_path,_=QFileDialog.getSaveFileName(92self,"保存图像","","PNG文件(*.png);;JPEG文件(*.jpg);;\93BMP文件(*.bmp)",options=options)9495iffile_path:96try:97#转换颜色空间(如果需要)98image_to_save=cv2.cvtColor(self.current_image,cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)99cv2.imwrite(file_path,image_to_save)100self.statusBar().showMessage(f'已保存:{os.path.basename(file_path)}')101exceptExceptionase:102QMessageBox.critical(self,"错误",f"保存图像失败:{str(e)}")104defzoomImage(self,value):105ifself.current_imageisNone:106return107self.zoom_value_label.setText(f"{value}%")108#计算缩放比例109new_scale=value/100.0110#基于当前图像进行缩放，而不是始终使用原始图像111ifself.current_scale!=new_scale:112height,width=self.current_image.shape[:2]113new_width=int(width*(new_scale/self.current_scale))114new_height=int(height*(new_scale/self.current_scale))115115self.current_image=cv2.resize(self.current_image,(new_width,new_height))116self.current_scale=new_scale117self.updateImageDisplay()119defrotateImage(self,value):120ifself.current_imageisNone:121return122self.rotate_value_label.setText(f"{value}°")123#获取图像中心124height,width=self.current_image.shape[:2]125center=(width//2,height//2)126#旋转矩阵127rotation_matrix=cv2.getRotationMatrix2D(center,value,1.0)128#执行旋转129self.current_image=cv2.warpAffine(self.current_image,130rotation_matrix,(width,height))132self.updateImageDisplay()134defprocessImage(self,operation):135ifself.current_imageisNone:136QMessageBox.warning(self,"警告","没有可处理的图像")137return138ifoperation=="grayscale":139self.current_image=cv2.cvtColor(self.current_image,\140cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)141self.statusBar().showMessage("已应用灰度化")142elifoperation=="binarize":143iflen(self.current_image.shape)==3:144gray=cv2.cvtColor(self.current_image,cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)145else:146gray=self.current_image147_,self.current_image=cv2.threshold(gray,127,255,cv2.THRESH_BINARY)148self.statusBar().showMessage("已应用二值化")149elifoperation=="enhance":150iflen(self.current_image.shape)==3:151ycrcb=cv2.cvtColor(self.current_image,cv2.COLOR_BGR2YCrCb)152channels=cv2.split(ycrcb)153channels[0]=cv2.equalizeHist(channels[0])154ycrcb=cv2.merge(channels)155self.current_image=cv2.cvtColor(ycrcb,cv2.COLOR_YCrCb2BGR)156else:157self.current_image=cv2.equalizeHist(self.current_image)158self.statusBar().showMessage("已应用图像增强")159159elifoperation=="edge":160iflen(self.current_image.shape)==3:161gray=cv2.cvtColor(self.current_image,cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)162else:163gray=self.current_image165self.current_image=cv2.Canny(gray,100,200)166self.statusBar().showMessage("已应用边缘检测")168self.updateImageDisplay()170defresetImage(self):171ifself.original_imageisnotNone:172self.current_image=self.original_image.copy()173self.current_scale=1.0#重置缩放比例174self.zoom_slider.setValue(100)175self.rotate_slider.setValue(0)176self.updateImageDisplay()177self.statusBar().showMessage("图像已重置")179defundo(self):180ifself.original_imageisnotNone:181self.current_image=self.original_image.copy()182self.current_scale=1.0#重置缩放比例183self.zoom_slider.setValue(100)184self.rotate_slider.setValue(0)185self.updateImageDisplay()186self.statusBar().showMessage("已撤销所有操作")188defabout(self):189QMessageBox.about(self,"关于图像处理系统",190"图像处理系统v1.0\n\n"191"一个简单的图像处理应用程序，支持图像的打开、保存、缩放、旋转、"192"二值化、灰度化、图像增强和边缘检测等功能。\n\n"193"使用PyQt5和OpenCV开发。")195defupdateImageDisplay(self):196ifself.current_imageisNone:197return199#转换OpenCV图像为Qt图像200iflen(self.current_image.shape)==3:#彩色图像201height,width,channel=self.current_image.shape202bytes_per_line=3*width203q_203q_img=QImage(204self.current_image.data,width,height,bytes_per_line,205QImage.Format_RGB888206).rgbSwapped()207else:#灰度图像208height,width=self.current_image.shape209bytes_per_line=width210q_img=QImage(211self.current_image.data,width,height,bytes_per_line,212QImage.Format_Grayscale8213)214#在标签上显示图像215pixmap=QPixmap.fromImage(q_img)216self.image_label.setPixmap(pixmap)217218defresizeEvent(self,event):219#调整窗口大小时重新显示图像220ifself.current_imageisnotNone:221self.updateImageDisplay()222super().resizeEvent(event)223224defmain():225#确保中文显示正常226app=QApplication(sys.argv)227processor=ImageProcessor()228processor.show()229sys.exit(app.exec_())230231if__name__=='__main__':232main()233说明：QT的Qlabel不能显示PIL支持的格式的文件，因此为了在QT中显示图像，需将PIL图像转换为QImage格式的图像。1.功能需求针对一个企业的数据进行数据分析及可视化。主要功能包括：(1)销售趋势分析及可视化：l显示每日销售额变化。l添加月平均销售额标记点。l使用不同颜色标识不同元素。(2)部门绩效：l折线图展示各部门绩效分数。l柱形图显示部门预算。(3)产品销售与利润：l并列柱状图展示各产品销售额和利润。l添加利润率标签（百分比）。l直观比较不同产品的盈利能力。(4)员工销售业绩：l水平条形图展示员工销售额排名。l使用渐变色增强视觉效果。l包含销售额数值标签。(5)关键指标摘要显示：l总销售额。l平均日销售额。l最高日销售额。l员工平均销售额。2.项目设计(1)数据库设计本系统使用SQLITE3数据库（enterprise_data.db）存储数据，主要涉及4张表。lsales_data（销售数据表）字段名数据类型说明idINTEGER主键，自增整数dateDATEsalesREAL销售额ldepartments（部门数据表）字段名数据类型说明idINTEGER主键，自增整数nameTEXT部门名称budgetREAL部门预算performanceINTEGER部门绩效分数lproducts（产品销售数据表）字段名数据类型说明idINTEGER主键，自增整数nameTEXT产品名称salesREAL产品销售额profitREAL产品利润lemployees（员工销售数据表）字段名数据类型说明idINTEGER主键，自增整数nameTEXT员工姓名salesREAL员工销售额(2)系统界面设计系统界面如图9-30所示。3.项目实现1importsqlite32importnumpyasnp3importmatplotlib.pyplotasplt4fromdatetimeimportdatetime,timedelta5importmatplotlib.datesasmdates67#设置中文字体支持8plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif']=['SimHei']9plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus']=False10#读取企业数据11defgenerate_data():12#连接数据库13conn=sqlite3.connect('enterprise_data.db')14cursor=conn.cursor()16#从sales_data表读取销售数据17cursor.execute("SELECTdate,salesFROMsales_dataORDERBYdate")18sales_records=cursor.fetchall()1919dates=[datetime.strptime(record[0],'%Y-%m-%d')forrecordinsales_records]20sales=[record[1]forrecordinsales_records]2122#从departments表读取部门数据23cursor.execute("SELECTname,budget,performanceFROMdepartments")24dept_records=cursor.fetchall()25departments=[record[0]forrecordindept_records]26dept_budgets=[record[1]forrecordindept_records]27dept_performance=[record[2]forrecordindept_records]2829#从products表读取产品数据30cursor.execute("SELECTname,sales,profitFROMproducts")31product_records=cursor.fetchall()32products=[record[0]forrecordinproduct_records]33product_sales=[record[1]forrecordinproduct_records]34product_profit=[record[2]forrecordinproduct_records]3536#从employees表读取员工数据37cursor.execute("SELECTname,salesFROMemployees")38employee_records=cursor.fetchall()39employees=[record[0]forrecordinemployee_records]40employee_sales=[record[1]forrecordinemployee_records]4142conn.close()#关闭数据库4344return{45'dates':dates,46'sales':sales,47'departments':departments,48'dept_budgets':dept_budgets,49'dept_performance':dept_performance,50'products':products,51'product_sales':product_sales,52'product_profit':product_profit,53'employees':employees,54'employee_sales':employee_sales55}5657#计算月度平均销售额58defcalculate_monthly_average(dates,sales):59#创建按月份分组的字典60monthly_data={}61fordate,saleinzip(dates,sales):62#创建月份键(年,月)6363month_key=(date.year,date.month)64ifmonth_keynotinmonthly_data:65monthly_data[month_key]=[]6667monthly_data[month_key].append(sale)6869#计算每个月的平均销售额和日期70monthly_avg=[]71monthly_dates=[]7273formonth_key,sales_listinmonthly_data.items():74#计算平均销售额75avg_sale=sum(sales_list)/len(sales_list)7677#创建该月的中间日期(15号)78avg_date=datetime(month_key[0],month_key[1],15)7980monthly_avg.append(avg_sale)81monthly_dates.append(avg_date)83returnmonthly_dates,monthly_avg85#创建仪表板86classBusinessDashboard:87definit(self,data):88self.data=data89self.fig,self.axs=plt.subplots(2,2,figsize=(14,10))90self.fig.suptitle('企业数据分析仪表板(2024-2025)',fontsize=20,fontweight='bold')91self.create_dashboard()92plt.tight_layout(rect=[0,0,1,0.95])93plt.show()9495defcreate_dashboard(self):96#销售趋势图97self.axs[0,0].plot(self.data['dates'],self.data['sales'],'b-',linewidth=1,alpha=0.7)98self.axs[0,0].set_title('销售趋势分析',fontsize=14)99self.axs[0,0].set_xlabel('日期')100self.axs[0,0].set_ylabel('销售额(元)')101self.axs[0,0].grid(True,linestyle='--',alpha=0.7)103#添加月度平均线104monthly_dates,monthly_avg=calculate_monthly_average(self.data['dates'],\105self.data['sales'])106self.axs[0,0].plot(monthly_dates,monthly_avg,'ro-',107107markersize=6,label='月平均')109#添加图例和格式化日期110self.axs[0,0].legend()111self.axs[0,0].xaxis.set_major_formatter(mdates.DateFormatter('%Y-%m'))113#部门预算与绩效114x=np.arange(len(self.data['departments']))115width=0.35117#预算柱状图118bars1=self.axs[0,1].bar(x-width/2,self.data['dept_budgets'],119width,label='预算',color='skyblue')121#绩效折线图(使用次坐标轴)122ax2=self.axs[0,1].twinx()123line=ax2.plot(x,self.data['dept_performance'],'ro-',124linewidth=2,markersize=8,label='绩效')126self.axs[0,1].set_title('部门预算与绩效',fontsize=14)127self.axs[0,1].set_xticks(x)128self.axs[0,1].set_xticklabels(self.data['departments'])129self.axs[0,1].set_ylabel('预算(元)')130ax2.set_ylabel('绩效分数',color='red')131ax2.tick_params(axis='y',labelcolor='red')132ax2.set_ylim(0,100)134#添加数据标签135forbarinbars1:136height=bar.get_height()137self.axs[0,1].text(bar.get_x()+bar.get_width()/2.,height,138f'{height/10000:.1f}万',139ha='center',va='bottom')141#产品销售与利润142x=np.arange(len(self.data['products']))143width=0.35145bars1=self.axs[1,0].bar(x-width/2,self.data['product_sales'],146width,label='销售额',color='lightgreen')147bars2=self.axs[1,0].bar(x+width/2,self.data['product_profit'],148width,label='利润',color='orange')150self.axs[1,0].set_title('产品销售与利润',fontsize=14)151151self.axs[1,0].set_xticks(x)152self.axs[1,0].set_xticklabels(self.data['products'])153self.axs[1,0].set_ylabel('金额(元)')154self.axs[1,0].legend()156#添加数据标签157forbarinbars1:158height=bar.get_height()159self.axs[1,0].text(bar.get_x()+bar.get_width()/2.,height,160f'{height/10000:.1f}万',161ha='center',va='bottom')163forbarinbars2:164height=bar.get_height()165self.axs[1,0].text(bar.get_x()+bar.get_width()/2.,height,166f'{height/10000:.1f}万',167ha='center',va='bottom')169#计算利润率并添加标签170fori,productinenumerate(self.data['products']):171profit_margin=self.data['product_profit'][i]/self.data['product_sales'][i]172self.axs[1,0].text(i,max(self.data['product_sales'][i],\173self.data['product_profit'][i])+50000,f'利润率:{profit_margin:.1%}',174ha='center',va='bottom'