专题02阅读理解（说明文）-备战2023年高考英语母题题源解密（解析版）

专题02阅读理解(说明文)【母题来源一】2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（甲卷）【母题题文】Goffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada“keyhole”inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect“key”wouldletoutthenut.Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical(对称的)shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan“allocentricframeofreference”.Intheexperiment,Goffin’scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.Wheretrial-and-errorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.ThisindicatesthatGoffin’scockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,similartotwo-year-oldbabies.Thenextstepaccordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues(线索),oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.24.Howdidthecockatoosgetthenutfromtheboxintheexperiment?A.Byfollowinginstructions. B.Byusingatool.C.Byturningtheboxaround. D.Byremovingthelid.25.Whichtaskcanhumanone-year-oldsmostlikelycompleteaccordingtothetext?A.Usingakeytounlockadoor. B.Tellingparrotsfromotherbirds.C.Puttingaballintoaroundhole. D.Groupingtoysofdifferentshapes.26.Whatdoesthefollow-uptestaimtofindoutaboutthecockatoos?A.Howfartheyareabletosee. B.Howtheytrackmovingobjects.C.Whethertheyaresmarterthanmonkeys. D.Whethertheyuseasenseoftouchinthetest.27.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckers B.Cockatoos:IndependentLearnersC.Cockatoos:CleverSignal-Readers D.Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters【答案】24.B25.C26.D27.D【试题解析】【语篇导读】通过实验发现，澳大拉西亚地区戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉的形状识别能力相当于两岁的人类幼儿。24.B【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.(虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就能熟练地使用工具)”以及“thebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Inserting,thecorrect“keys”wouldletoutthenut.(研究人员给了这些鸟5把形状各异的“钥匙”供它们选择。插入，正确的“钥匙”会让坚果出来)”可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚果的。故选B。25.C细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage(在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)”结合选项，可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。26.D推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues,oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.(根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状)”可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。27.D主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段“Coffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.(科芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似)”可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。D项“Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters(凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工)”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选D。【母题来源二】2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（乙卷）【母题题文】TheGovernment'ssugartaxonsoftdrinkshasbroughtinhalfasmuchmoneyasMinistersfirstpredicteditwouldgenerate,thefirstofficialdataonthepolicyhasshown.FirstannouncedinApril,2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity（肥胖）.Itisbelievedthattoday'schildrenandteenagersareconsumingthreetimestherecommendedlevelofsugar,puttingthematahigherriskofthedisease.Initiallythesugartaxwasexpectedtomake£520mayearfortheTreasury.However,dataofthefirstsixmonthsshoweditwouldmakelessthanhalfthisamount.Atpresentitisexpectedtogenerate£240mfortheyearendinginApril2019,whichwillgotoschoolsports.Itcomesaftermorethanhalfofsoftdrinkssoldinshopshavehadtheirsugarlevelscutbymanufacturers（制造商）sotheycanavoidpayingthetax.Drinksnowcontain45millionfewerkilosofsugarasaresultofmanufacturers'effortstoavoidthecharge,accordingtoTreasuryfigures.SinceAprildrinkscompanieshavebeenforcedtopaybetween18pand24pforeverylitreofsugarydrinktheyproduceorimport,dependingonthesugarcontent.However,somehighsugarbrands,likeClassicCocaCola,haveacceptedthesugartaxandarerefusingtochangeforfearofupsettingconsumers.Fruitjuices,milk-baseddrinksandmostalcoholicdrinksarefreeofthetax,asaresmallcompaniesmanufacturingfewerthan1mlitresperyear.Today'sfigures,accordingtoonegovernmentofficial,showthepositiveinfluencethesugartaxishavingbyraisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilities（设施）andhealthiereatinginschools.Helpingthenextgenerationtohaveahealthyandactivechildhoodisofgreatimportance,andtheindustryisplayingitspart.32.Whywasthesugartaxintroduced?A.Tocollectmoneyforschools.B.Toimprovethequalityofdrinks.C.Toprotectchildren'shealth.D.Toencourageresearchineducation.33.Howdidsomedrinkscompaniesrespondtothesugartax?A.Theyturnedtooverseasmarkets.B.Theyraisedthepricesoftheirproducts.C.Theycutdownontheirproduction.D.Theyreducedtheirproducts'sugarcontent.34.Fromwhichofthefollowingisthesugartaxcollected?A.Mostalcoholicdrinks.B.Milk-baseddrinks.C.Fruitjuices.D.ClassicCoke.35.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheadoptionofthesugartaxpolicy?A.Itisashort-sighteddecision.B.Itisasuccessstory.C.Itbenefitsmanufacturers.D.Itupsetscustomers.【答案】32.C33.D34.D35.B【语篇导读】本文主要介绍糖税的产生，在一些国家生效，以及它所带来的正面影响。【试题解析】32.C细节理解题。本题询问Whywasthesugartaxintroduced?为什么要实行糖税？根据第二段FirstannouncedinApril,2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity（肥胖）.：该税种于2016年4月首次公布，适用于每100毫升含糖量超过5克的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖症可知，A项为学校募集资金为正确。B项意为：为了提高饮料的质量。C项意为：为了保护儿童的健康。D项意为：为了鼓励教育方面的研究。故选A。33.D细节理解题。本题询问Howdidsomedrinkscompaniesrespondtothesugartax?一些饮料公司是如何应对糖税的？根据第四段Itcomesaftermorethanhalfofsoftdrinkssoldinshopshavehadtheirsugarlevelscutbymanufacturers（制造商）sotheycanavoidpayingthetax.在这之前，商店里销售的软饮料有一半以上被制造商降低了糖分，这样他们就可以避免交税。A项意为：他们转向海外市场。B项意为：他们提高了他们产品的价格。C项意为：他们削减了生产。D项意为：他们减少了产品的含糖量。可知，A项符合题意。故选A。34.D细节理解题。本题询问Fromwhichofthefollowingisthesugartaxcollected?糖税是从以下哪项中征收的？根据五段Fruitjuices,milk-baseddrinksandmostalcoholicdrinksarefreeofthetax,asaresmallcompaniesmanufacturingfewerthan1mlitresperyear.果汁、奶类饮料和大多数酒精饮料免征糖税，每年生产少于100万升的小公司也是如此。可知，糖税是从大多数酒精饮料中征收的,故选D。35.B推理判断题。本题询问Whatcanbeinferredabouttheadoptionofthesugartaxpolicy?关于采用糖税政策可以推断出什么？根据最后一段Today'sfigures,accordingtoonegovernmentofficial,showthepositiveinfluencethesugartaxishavingbyraisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilities（设施）andhealthiereatinginschools.Helpingthenextgenerationtohaveahealthyandactivechildhoodisofgreatimportance,andtheindustryisplayingitspart.据一位政府官员说，今天的数字显示了糖税的积极影响，它为体育设施和学校的健康饮食筹集了数百万英镑。帮助下一代拥有一个健康和活跃的童年是非常重要的，而这个行业正在发挥其作用。可推断它是一个成功的例子，A项意为：这是一个目光短浅的决定。C项意为：它使制造商受益。D项意为：它使顾客不高兴。故选B。【母题来源三】2022年全国高考新高考I卷【母题题文】Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(对齐),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(结构),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn’tgrowtobesolarge.AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago.”Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,“saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.32.WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamiánBlasi’sresearchfocuson?A.Itsvariety. B.Itsdistribution. C.Itsquantity. D.Itsdevelopment.33.Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?A.Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.B.Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirlipseasily.C.Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.D.Theirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.34.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A.Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.35.WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?A.Itiskeytoeffectivecommunication. B.Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.C.Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem. D.Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.【答案】32.D33.C34.A35.C【语篇导读】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在从世界上一半的语言中出现了新的语音。【试题解析】D细节理解题。根据题干关键词DamianBlasi,定位到文章第二段最后一句NowateamofresearchersledbyDamianBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.（现在，由瑞士苏黎世大学的达米安·布拉西领导的一个研究小组已经发现了这种趋势是如何以及为什么会出现的），根据文章第一段中的“Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and"v",weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.（30多年前，学者CharlesHockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。）”可知DamianBlasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D项。33.C细节理解题。根据题干关键词“ancienthumanadults”定位到第三段。根据“Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned，makingithardtoproducelabiodentals，whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure,makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.（他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。选项中的“Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured”是原文的“theupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned”以及“Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure”的同义转换。故选C项。34.A主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesafterthesoNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。C推理判断题。根据题干关键词“StevenMoran”定位到文章最后一段。根据““Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,”saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.（研究小组成员StevenMoran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”）”可知，StevenMoran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。选项中的“complexanddynamicsystem”是原文中的“ratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthings”的同义转换。故选C项。【课程标准解读】阅读理解是高考英语试题的重点，是考查学生语篇阅读能力、语言意识、英语语感的重要题型。在全国各省市的高考英语阅读理解题中，说明文所占比重尤为突出。它既要求考生能熟练运用词汇和语法知识、理解文章语句、把握语篇整体结构，还要求学生有大量的阅读积淀和知识储备，熟悉不同的话题和不同的题目考查方式。【命题意图】说明文通常是使用平实的语言客观地解说事物、阐明事理，给人以知识的文体。它通常运用举例、对比、分类、引用、演绎、归纳等方法，按照时间、空间或事物发展的逻辑顺序进行介绍和说明。通过对实体事物（如仪器、产品、自然环境）的解说，或对抽象事理（如概念、原理、定律）的阐释，使人们对事物的形态、特征、构造、性能、种类、成因、功能等有所了解，或对事理的特点、来源、演变、异同等有所认识，从而获得相关的知识。说明文实用性很强，它包括广告、说明书、内容提要、规则章程、解说词、操作指南等。【考试方向】阅读理解主要测试考生理解主旨与要义、理解文中具体信息、根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义、做出判断和推理、理解文章的基本结构、理解作者的意图、观点和态度等的能力。说明文的主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义推断题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题，其中事实细节题和推理判断题居多。下文将介绍考生在解题过程中容易出现的问题和相应的策略。【得分要点】（一）增加外刊积累、避免思维定式高考英语阅读很大一部分选自国外的网站、报纸、杂志等，时效性和话题性比较突出。因此，考生要熟悉外刊的文章特点、常用写作技巧、话题相关的文化背景知识等相关信息，消除文化隔阂、文化差异造成的理解困难和理解偏差。比如，外刊的标题一般简短概括，非常精练。为了使语句短小而生动、醒目，所使用的词语和句子必须压缩到最精练的程度，这就要求必须有独特的撰写方式。除了大家熟知的省略、缩写等方式，还常常引用或套用名言、典故、谚语和文学著作，运用押韵等修辞手法。这一点是很多考生，甚至是教师的认识盲点。尤其是科普类说明文，很多人对它的认识仅仅停留在标题是文章中心的简单概括，而忽视了它可能采用的修辞手法或者引用或套用所涉及的文化背景知识。（二）关注句间衔接，紧扣段落中心英语文章中有大量的词汇是作者用来联系句子的，从而使整篇文章前后贯通、语义明确。标志词（signalwords）就是表明句子间和段落间的逻辑关系，具有词义、语法结构标志作用的词或词组。句子间的逻辑关系和衔接手段不外乎列举、原因、结果、让步、对照、补充、目的、条件等。如表示列举的词：forexample，forinstance;表罗列的词：first，second，third，tobeginwith，toconclude;表转折的词：however，but，whereas;表示原因的词：because，since，as;表示结果的词：so，therefore，thus，consequently，asaresult;表示对照的词：onthecontrary，bycontrast，incomparison;表示目的的词：sothat，inorderthat等。标志词就像指路牌一样，指明作者思路发展的方向和思路之间的逻辑联系。标志词前后的信息往往都是命题和答题的主要线索或依据，因此，识别标志词对考生更快、更好地理解文章具有举足轻重的作用。（三）把握文章结构，理清作者思路说明文主题鲜明、脉络清晰，行文结构模式较为固定。弄清文本结构有助于把握文章主旨和阅读重点。作者在谋篇布局上常使用以下说明方法：描述法（description）（包括举例子、下定义、列数据等）、因果法（causeandeffect）、问题与对策法（problemandsolution）。实验、研究型文章一般会以实验的过程、进展为线索，多用描述法、问题与对策法等方法，通过列数据、做对比等来说明新的科学研究发现及其产生的影响。介绍说明型文章通常是介绍一种新产品、新技术，更多运用描述法从功能、用途、材料和市场前景等方面进行介绍。在阅读时，首先用略读法快速浏览每段的首尾句，分析原文的文本结构，然后根据作者谋篇布局的逻辑线索归纳主旨大意。如果文章中含有小标题、副标题等，在概括全文主旨大意和写作目的时需要重点考虑。说明文是高考英语阅读理解题中的重点内容。说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，虽然，说明文抽象度高，解题难度较大，但是，只要考生掌握说明文的文章特点、篇章结构、作者的行文脉络和叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，对其做出准确的语意理解，轻松解题便水到渠成。1.（2022·吉林长春·模拟预测）NewYork-basedEcovativehasbeencreatingenvironmentallyfriendlypackagingmadefrommushroomsandagriculturalwastesince2009.Now,thecompanywantstobringtheiramazingmaterialintohomesandofficeswithanewlineofcompostable(可堆肥的)furnishingsthataregrownusingjustthreematerials:mycelium(thevegetativepartofmushrooms),hemp(麻类植物),andsalt.Whilecreatinghardmaterialfrommushroomsmightsoundmagical,thecompany’sCEOEbenBayersaysitisarelativelylow-techprocessandcomparesitto“makingbread”.Thecompanybeginsbyaddingafewmyceliumcellstodamphemporotheragriculturalwaste.Themyceliumthatgrowslikelittlehairsisallowedtotwistwiththewasteuntileverythingis”glued“together.Thecombinationisthenmixedagainandplacedintothedesiredmold(模具)whereitcontinuestogrowandharden.Theresultingmaterialisthenbakedintheoven.Inadditiontomakingitasstrongaswood,theheatalsokillsthemycelium,thusgivingthecompostablematerialasimilarshelflifetowood.Also,thoughthetabletopsofthestylishTaflandKing’stablesreleasedattherecentlyheldBiofabricate2016conferenceinNewYorkCityresemblemarble,theyarefarfromit.TheperfectlycarvedblocksaremadeofamaterialgrownbyaNorthCarolina-basedcompanynamedbioMASONusinggrainsofsandsandbacteria.Asyouhaveprobablyguessed,thiswaste-freefurnituredoesnotcomecheap.Customerscanexpecttopayanywherefrom$249USDfortheTaflto$699USDfortheKing’stable,bothofwhichareonlyavailableinlimitedquantities.ThosethatcannotaffordthosepricescanchoosecheaperGIY(growityourself)onesmadeofvariousproductsrangingfromChristmastreedecorationstolampshades.1．WhydidEbencomparemakinghardmaterialstomakingbread?A．Theirrawmaterialsarethesame. B．Theirproductappearancesarealike.C．Theirproductionprocessesaresimple. D．Theirproductioncostsarerelativelylow.2．WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout?A．Themethodofmakingmushroomshard. B．Howtomakemushroomfurniturematerials.C．Whatareneededtomakemushroomfurniture. D．Thedifficultiesofmakingmushroomfurniture.3．WhatcanwelearnaboutTaflandKing’stables?A．Theyareinlimitedsupply. B．TheyareofferedinGIYforms.C．Theyconsistmainlyofmarble. D．TheyaredesignedbybioMASON.4．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．TheInventionofNewKindsofFurnitureB．TheFirstSaleofFurnitureMadeofMushroomsC．ScientistsFoundNewMaterialtoMakeFurnitureD．FutureFurnitureMayBeGrownfromMushrooms【答案】1.C2.B3.A4.D【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Ecovative公司用蘑菇研发制造了一种未来新型环保家具。【试题解析】1．C细节理解题。根据第二段中“Whilecreatinghardmaterialfrommushroomsmightsoundmagical,thecompany’sCEOEbenBayersaysitisarelativelylow-techprocessandcomparesitto“makingbread”.(虽然用蘑菇制造硬材料听起来很神奇，但该公司首席执行官EbenBayer表示，这是一种技术含量相对较低的过程，并将其比作“制作面包”)”可知，Eben将制作硬质材料比作制作面包因为他们的生产过程很简单。故选C。2．B主旨大意题。根据第三段“Themyceliumthatgrowslikelittlehairsisallowedtotwistwiththewasteuntileverythingis”glued“together.Thecombinationisthenmixedagainandplacedintothedesiredmold(模具)whereitcontinuestogrowandharden.Theresultingmaterialisthenbakedintheoven.Inadditiontomakingitasstrongaswood,theheatalsokillsthemycelium,thusgivingthecompostablematerialasimilarshelflifetowood.(菌丝体长得像小茸毛，可以和废料一起扭动，直到所有东西都“粘”在一起。然后将混合物再次混合，放入想要的模具中，继续生长和硬化。然后将得到的材料放入烤箱烘烤。除了使其像木材一样坚固外，高温还会杀死菌丝，从而使这种可降解材料的保质期与木材相似)”可知，第三段主要讲的是如何制作蘑菇家具材料。故选B。3．A细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Customerscanexpecttopayanywherefrom$249USDfortheTaflto$699USDfortheKing’stable,bothofwhichareonlyavailableinlimitedquantities.(顾客可以支付249美元的Tafl到699美元的King’stables，这两种都是限量供应的)”可知，Tafl和King’stables供应有限。故选A。4.D主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Now,thecompanywantstobringtheiramazingmaterialintohomesandofficeswithanewlineofcompostable(可堆肥的)furnishingsthataregrownusingjustthreematerials:mycelium(thevegetativepartofmushrooms),hemp(麻类植物),andsalt.(现在，该公司希望将他们的神奇材料带入家庭和办公室，他们推出了一种新的可堆肥家具系列，这种家具只使用三种材料生长：菌丝（蘑菇的营养部分）、麻类植物和盐)”结合文章主要介绍了Ecovative公司用蘑菇研发制造了一种未来新型环保家具。可知，D选项“未来的家具可能是从蘑菇中生长出来的”最符合文章标题。故选D。2.（2022·河南安阳·模拟预测）Insteadofahumandeliveryman,BeijingresidentXiaoWeireceivedhisonlineorderfordailynecessitiesinlessthan30minutesfromanunmanneddeliveryvehicle.Thefour-wheeledvehiclenamed“magicbag”is1.56metershigh,2.77meterslong,and1.19meterswide.Weighing500kg,itcancarryabout100kgofgoodsatatimeandrunadistanceof100kmonasinglechargewithamaximumtravelingspeedof20kph.AftercustomersplaceordersontheMeituanapp,anintelligentdistributionsystemwillassignorderstothoseautonomousvehicles,whichwillpickupanddelivergoodstopick-upstationsatthefinaldestinations.Customerscancollectthedeliveryfromthestationswithoutanyhumancontactduringthewholeprocess,saidMeituanDianping,China’smajoronlinefooddeliveryplatform.“Icancheckthereal-timerouteofthedriverlessvehicle.Itisfast,convenientandsafeaswell,”saidXiao.“ThisisalsothefirsttimethatMeituanhasusedunmannedvehiclestocompletedeliveryordersonopenroads.”Meanwhile,accordingtoMeituan,dailysalesonitsretailgroceryserviceapphaveincreasedby200to300percentinBeijingcomparedtofiguresfrombeforetheepidemic.Thecatering（餐饮）chainbrandXiaohengDumplingshascooperatedwithanunmannedvehicleenterprisetopilotunmannedvehicledeliveryservicesinBeijing.LiHeng,thefounderofXiaohengDumplings,believesunmanneddeliveryisthefutureoftheindustryasitiscleaner,saferandmoreefficient.“Anunmannedvehiclecandeliver300to400mealsaday,whileadeliverymancanonlydeliverdozensofmeals,”Lisaid.Xiaoheng’sunmannedvehicleshaveaheatpreservationfunction.Anewtypeofvehiclewithafreezingfunctionwillbeintroducedinthefuturetodeliverfrozenfood.MeituanandXiaohengwillcontinuetheunmanneddeliveryserviceinthefuture.Morevarietiesofgoods,includingfood,medicine,anddailynecessities,willbeaddedtosuchdeliveryservices.1．WhatdoesParagraph2mainlytalkabout?A．Theoriginofdriverlessdeliveryvehicles.B．Theintroductionofdriverlessdeliveryvehicles.C．Thereasonforusingdriverlessdeliveryvehicles.D．Thebackgroundofcreatingdriverlessdeliveryvehicles.2．Whatarecustomersrequiredtodotoplaceorders?A．Contactthefooddeliveryplatform.B．Collectgroceriesatthepick-upstation.C．DownloadaMeituanapp.D．Trackthereal-timerouteofthevehicle.3．WhatisLiHeng’sattitudetowardsunmanneddeliveryvehicles?A．Favorable. B．Suspicious. C．Cautious. D．Indifferent.4．Whatcanwelearnfromthetext?A．Driverlessvehicleshavebeeninoperationinmanycities.B．Moretypesofgoodswillbedeliveredbydriverlessvehicles.C．Driverlessvehiclescanhandgoodstothecustomersdirectly.D．Meituanisexperiencingahugelaborshortageofdelivering.【答案】1.B2.B3.A4.B【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了无人驾驶配送车辆帮助顾客快速配送网上订购的商品。【试题解析】1．B主旨大意题。根据第二段“Thefour-wheeledvehiclenamed“magicbag”is1.56metershigh,2.77meterslong,and1.19meterswide.Weighing500kg,itcancarryabout100kgofgoodsatatimeandrunadistanceof100kmonasinglechargewithamaximumtravelingspeedof20kph.(这款名为“魔法袋”的四轮汽车高1.56米，长2.77米，宽1.19米。它重500公斤，一次可携带约100公斤货物，单次充电可跑100公里，最大行驶速度20公里/小时。)”可知，本段主要是无人驾驶运载工具的介绍。故选B。2．B细节理解题。根据第三段“AftercustomersplaceordersontheMeituanapp,anintelligentdistributionsystemwillassignorderstothoseautonomousvehicles,whichwillpickupanddelivergoodstopick-upstationsatthefinaldestinations.Customerscancollectthedeliveryfromthestationswithoutanyhumancontactduringthewholeprocess,saidMeituanDianping,China’smajoronlinefooddeliveryplatform.(客户在美团app上下单后，智能配送系统会将订单分配给这些自动驾驶车辆，这些车辆会将货物提取并送到最终目的地的取货站。中国主要的在线外卖平台美团点评表示，顾客可以在整个过程中不需要任何人际接触就可以从外卖站取货。)”可知，客户下单后只需要在取货站取货。故选B。3．A推理判断题。根据第五段“LiHeng,thefounderofXiaohengDumplings,believesunmanneddeliveryisthefutureoftheindustryasitiscleaner,saferandmoreefficient.“Anunmannedvehiclecandeliver300to400mealsaday,whileadeliverymancanonlydeliverdozensofmeals,”Lisaid.Xiaoheng’sunmannedvehicleshaveaheatpreservationfunction.Anewtypeofvehiclewithafreezingfunctionwillbeintroducedinthefuturetodeliverfrozenfood.(小恒饺子的创始人李恒认为，无人配送更清洁、更安全、更高效，是该行业的未来。“一辆无人驾驶汽车每天可以送300到400顿饭，而快递员只能送几十顿饭，”李说。“小恒”的无人驾驶汽车具有保温功能。未来将推出一种具有冷冻功能的新型车辆，用于运送冷冻食品。)”可推断，李恒对无人运载工具的态度是赞成的。故选A。4．B细节理解题。根据最后一段“MeituanandXiaohengwillcontinuetheunmanneddeliveryserviceinthefuture.Morevarietiesofgoods,includingfood,medicine,anddailynecessities,willbeaddedtosuchdeliveryservices.(美团和小恒未来将继续提供无人送货服务。增加食品、药品、生活必需品等商品的配送品种。)”可知，更多种类的商品将由无人驾驶车辆配送。故选B。3.2022·福建厦门·模拟预测Ourplanetishometomanyradioactivesubstances-notjustinisgeologicinnardsbutalsoinitshospitals,atitsindustrialsitesandinitsfoodprocessingplants.InColorado,forinstance,27buildingshousescary-soundingchemicalelementssuchascesium137andcobalt60.Thesematerialsarenotthereforriskypurposes,though.Theyplayapartincancertreatment,bloodirradiation,medicalandfoodsterilization,structureandequipmenttesting,geologicexploration,etc.Theradioactivematerialisnotalwaysbadinablackand-whiteway:itcanbeausefultool.Theraysgivenoffbycesiumandcobaltcankillgermsmultiplyinginyourmeatandmakeyourappleslastlonger.Radiographicinstrumentscandetect,say,cracksinacity’spipesinasimilarwaytoanx-raypickingupahairlinefractureinyourknee.Apracticecalled“welllogging”usessealedradioactivesourcestomapthegeologyofholesoilseekersdrillintotheearth.Andofcourse,radiationiskeytocancertreatment.Theriskarisesbecausethesameradioactivematerialthatisbeneficialcouldalsobestolenormisplacedandfinditswayintotraffickingringsordirtybombs.Itmightalsobarnworkersifsomethingaccidentallygoeswrongduringanormalnine-to-fiveday.In2017alone,accordingtoareportfromtheJamesMartinCenterforNonproliferationStudies,therewere171“incidentsofnuclearorotherradioactivematerialsoutsideofregulatorycontrol”basedonopensourcereports,104ofwhichhappenedintheU.S.AninitiativecalledRadSecure100waslaunchedtoremoveandbettersecureenergeticmaterialin100U.S.cities.“Whereisthemosthigh-riskmateriallocatedaroundthemostpeople?”saysEmilyAdams,deputydirectorofadomesticprogramintheOfficeofRadiologicalSecurity.“Andthat’showwegotour100.”1．Whatmessagedoestheauthorseemtoconveyinparagraph1?A．Radioactivesubstancescanwarmourplanet.B．Foodprocessingdoesharmtoworkersinplants.C．Theradioactivematerialisbasicallyeverywhere.D．It’shardtoremovescary-soundingelementsinbuildings.2．Whydoestheauthormention“welllogging”inparagraph2?A．Tomakeasummary. B．Toraiseaquestion.C．Toprovideacontrast. D．Tosupportanidea.3．WhatisRadSecure100intendedfor?A．Makinguseofenergeticsubstances. B．Ensuringsafetyoftheradioactivematerial.C．Warningpeopleofthemosthigh-riskmaterial D．ProtectingtheOfficeofRadiologicalSecurity.4．Whatisthewriter’sattitudetowardstheradioactivematerial?A．Pessimistic. B．Objective. C．Disapproval. D．Carefree.【答案】1.C2.D3.B4.B【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了我们的星球有许多放射性物质，这些物质可以发挥好的作用，但是也存在一定的隐患。【试题解析】1．C推理判断题。根据第一段“Ourplanetishometomanyradioactivesubstances-notjustinisgeologicinnardsbutalsoinishospitals,atitsindustrialsitesandinitsfoodprocessingplants.InColorado,forinstance,27buildingshousescary-soundingchemicalelementssuchascesium137andcobalt60.Thesematerialsarenotthereforriskypurposes,though.Theyplaya