考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷371

考研英语(阅读)模拟试卷371

一、阅读(常规阅读理解)(本题共20题，每题7.0

分，共20分。)

LastNovember,theU.S.NationalAcademyofSciencesdeliveredastingingverdictona

WhiteHouseplantochangetherulesonhowthegovernment'sagenciesmeasurerisks,

suchasthoseresultingfromchemicalexposureorfromsmokingcigarettes.Theacademy

saidthatadraftrisk-assessmentbulletincontainingtheplanwas"fundamentallyflav/ed"

andoughttobecompletelywithdrawn.Tenmonthslater,thebulletinisstillverymuch

alive.Aftersomehesitancy,SusanDudley,headoftheOfficeofInformationand

RegulatoryAffairsattheWhiteHouseOfficeofManagementandBudget(OMB),has

indicatedthatitisstillunderreviewandlikelytobefinalizedinsomeshapeorform.

Riskassessmentisacomplexandexactingactivity,andtheNationalAcademicshave

playedagloballyacknowledgedroleovermanyyearsinprovidingguidanceonhowit

shouldbedone.Buttheacademypanel,chairedbyJohnAhearne,aformerpresidentof

theNuclearRegulatoryCommissionanddirectorofethicsatthescientificsocietySigma

Xi,saidthatthebulletinwaswronginattemptingtoimposea"one-size-fits-all"approach

toriskassessmentoverseenbysopoliticalanofficeastheOMB.Italsochargedthatthe

bulletinfailedtotakeaccountofthedifferentapproachesappropriatetothevariousfields

ofscienceandengineering,orofriskstoparticulargroups,suchaschildrenorpregnant

women.Thankfully,CongressisnowapplyingsomeoversighttotheOMB.InMay,for

example,SenatorsJeffBingaman(Democrat,NewMexico)andJoe

Lieberman(Independent,Connecticut)wrotetoRobPortman,thedirectoroftheOMB,to

seekassurancesthatitwouldtaketheNationalAcademyofSciences1adviceand

withdrawtheriskassessmentbulletin.Inanevasiveresponse,Portmanwouldsayonly

thathisofficewould"notfinalizethebulletinwithoutrevision"—indicating,ineffect,

thatitisplanningtopressaheadwiththeexerciseinarevisedform.Nowthesenators

havewrittentotheOMBagain,askingitsofficialstostatebynextweekexactlyhow

theyintendtoproceed,giventhedevastatingcritiqueissuedbytheacademypanellast

year."Webeganourreviewofthedraftbulletinthinkingwewouldonlybe

recommendingchanges,"saidAhearneatthetime."Butthemorewedugintoit,the

morewerealizedthatfromascientificandtechnicalstandpoint,itshouldbewithdrawn

altogether.nTheWhiteHousespecificallywentoutandsoughtthisadvice:whywon'tit

takeit?

1、TheU.S.NationalAcademyofSciencesheldthat.

A^therulesonrisk-assessmentshouldbemodified

B、itsrulingontheWhiteHouseplanwasjustifiable

C、therisk-assessmentbulletinshouldbediscontinued

D^chemicalexposurewasasriskyassmokingcigarettes

标准答案：C

知识点解析：根据第一段最后一句"Theacademysaidthatadraftrisk-assessment

bulletincontainingtheplanwas4fundamentallyflawed'andoughttobecompletely

withdrawn"，C应为答案。

2、SusanDudleyhintedthat.

A、OMBwasresponsibleforcontrollingriskassessment

B、OMBpersistedinrevisingandfinalizingthebulletin

C、OMBwasreadytokeepthebulletinaliveandactive

D^OMB'srisk-assessmenibulletinwassurelyimperfect

标准答案：B

知识点解析：根据第二段第二句“…SusanDudley...hasindicatedthatitisstillunder

reviewandlikelytobcfinalizedinsomeshapeorform"，B应为答案。

3、Accordingtotheacademypanel,.

A、differentapproachesshouldbetakenintoaccount

B、particulargroupsofpeoplearesubjecttomorerisks

C、thereisn'tanomnipotentapproachtorisk-assessment

D、theNationalAcademieshavebeenacknowledgedglobally

标准答案：C

知识点解析:根据第三段中的"Buttheacademypanel...saidthatthebulletinwas

wronginattemptingtoimposea4one-size-fits-alPapproachtoriskassessment...C应

为答案。

4、ItisimpliedbywhatthedirectoroftheOMBsaysthathisoffice.

A、wouldcontinuetoexerciseitsbulletin

B、wouldperfectitsrisk-assessmentbulletin

C、wouldtotallywithdrawitsrisk-assessmentbulletin

D^wouldtaketheNationalAcademyofSciences'advice

标准答案：A

知识点解析：根据第五段“Inanevasiveresponse,Portmanwouldsayonlythathis

officewould'notfinalizethebulletinwithoutrevision-indicating,ineffect,thatitis

planningtopressaheadwiththecxcrciscinarevisedfbirrT,A应答案。

5、TheauthorarguesthattheWhiteHouseOMB.

A^shouldreviseitsrisk-assessmentbulletin

B、shouldreplaceitsbulletinwithanewdraft

C、sliouldfinalizeitsbulletinwilhuutrevision

D^shouldwithdrawitsrisk-assessmentbulletin

标准答案：D

知识点解析：根据本文最后三句中的“…saidAheameatthetime.'Butthemorewe

dugintoit,themorewerealizedthat...itshouldbewithdrawnaltogether.'TheWhite

Housespecificallywentoutandsoughtthisadvice：whywon'tittakeit?”,D应为答

案。

Amidsttroublingreportsofournation'seconomicwoesandpressingnationalsecurity

issues,onenewsstoryearlierthismonthreceivedfairlylittleattention:President

Obama'sMarch11executiveorderestablishingaWhiteHouseCouncilonWomenand

Girls.WhiletheCouncil'sroleislikelytobemoresymbolicthanpractical,itscreation,

andtheaccompanyingrhetoric,suggeststhattheObamaWhiteHouseisbringinga

blinkered,outdatedapproachtogenderissues-onethat,farfromtranscending

ideologicaldivisions,takesusbacktoanarrowanddogmaticfeministideology.Inhis

remarksatthesigning,BarackObamanotedthatwomenhavemadegreatstridessince

thedayswhenhisgrandmotherencounteredaglassceilingafterreachingthelevelof

bankvicepresident.Yet,despitethebrokenbarriers,hearguedthat"inequalities

stubbornlypersist":"womenstillearnjust78centsforeverydollarmenmake";"onein

fourwomenstillexperiencesdomesticviolenceintheirlifetimes";and,despitebeing

closetohalftheworkforce,womenmakeuponly17percentofmembersofCongress

and3percentofFortune500CEOs.Butaretheseinequalitiesrootedindiscrimination

andfixablebythegovernment?Numerousstudiesshowthatwhendifferencesintraining,

workhours,andcontinuityofemploymentaretakenintoaccount,thepaygapallbut

disappears.Mosteconomists,includingliberalfeministssuchasHarvard'sClaudia

Goldin,agreethatwhilesexdiscriminationexists,malc-fcmalcdispariiiesinearnings

andachievementaredueprimarilytopersonalchoicesandpriorities.Womenarefar

morelikelythanmentoavoidjobswith60-hourworkweeksandtoscaledowniheir

careerswhileraisingchildren.Theyarealsomorelikelytochooselesslucrativebutmore

fulfillingjobs.Indeed,onemightaskwhytheonlygender-specificissuesthatseemto

deservefederalattentionareonesthataffectwomen.Whynotlookatthefactthatmen

accountfor80percentofsuicidesand90percentofworkplacefatalities(aswellas70

percentofnonfatalon-the-jobinjuries)?Whataboutthetroublingtrendofboysand

youngmenlaggingsubstantiallybehindtheirfemalepeersineducation,withwomen

earningnearly60percentofcollegedegreesatatimev/henacollegediplomais

increasinglyessentialinthejobmarket?Whynottalkaboutthemarginalizationof

fatherhoodandthefactthatmanymenwhowanttobeinvolvedintheirchildren'slives

aredeniedthatchance?Thisisnotacallforanewfederalbureaucracyfor"men's

issues".However,thediscussionofgenderequalityinourcultureneedstoincludethese

issues.FortheWhiteHousetoexcludethemwhilecallingforanewefforttocombat

inequalityisatbestmyopic.

6、TheestablishmentofWhiteHouseCouncilonWomenandGirlsshowsthatObama

ANpaidmoreattentiontowomen'sissuethantoanythingelse

B>failedtopayenoughattentiontoAmerica'seconomiccrisis

C^preferstouseimpressiverhetoricindefendingthingshedoes

D^clungtooutdatedideasandtheoriesaboutsexdiscrimination

标准答案：D

知识点解析：根据第一段中的"PresidentObama飞March11executiveorder

establishingawhiteHouseCouncilonWomenandGirls,...suggeststhatthe

ObamaWhiteHouseisbringingablinkered,outdatedapproachtogenderissues../,,D

应为答案。

7^Obamamaintainsthatwomen.

A、havemadegreatprogressinsocialstatus

B、areascompetentasmenforexecutivejobs

C、stillencounterunequaltreatmentinsociety

D、experiencemoredomesticviolencethanmen

标准答案：C

知识点解析：根据第二段中的'、…hearguedthat'inequalitiesstubbornly

persist*：…“，C应为答案。

8、Theauthorarguesthatmale-femaleinequalitiesinsociety.

A、areinevitableandwillstubbornlypersist

B、arepracticallycausedbypersonalreasons

C>resultfrominveteratesexdiscrimination

D、caneasilybeequalizedbythegovernment

标准答案：B

知识点解析：根据第三段中的"...whilesexdiscriminationemsts,male-female

disparitiesinearningsandachievementaredueprimarilytopersonalchoicesand

priorities"，B应为答案c

9、Theauthornotesthatmenare.

A^treatedunequallyinsomeaspects

B、generallyinferiortowomeninstudy

C、disposedtoengageinriskyactivities

D^moreemotionallyfragilethanwomen

标准答案：A

知识点解析：根据第四段中的“Whynotlookatthefactthatmenaccountfor80

percentofsuicides...?Whataboutthetroublingtrendofboysandyoungmenlagging

substantiallybehindtheirfemalepeersineducation...?Whynottalkaboutthe

marginalizationoffatherhood...chance?,\A应为答案。

10、Theauthorcallsfor.

A^anewnotionofsocialequality

B>anewapproachtogenderissues

C、anewdefinitionofdiscrimination

D、anewefforttogetridofinequality

标准答案：B

知识点解析：作者在最后一段呼吁，讨论两性平等问题必须包括男性受到的不平等

待遇问题，也就是需要“anew叩proachtogenderissues"。所以，B应为答案。

Ifallwedidweresimplyworktolive,therealityofoureverydayexistencewouldbe

equivalenttothatofstonc-agcman.Allofhumanachievementthatmakesmodernlife

possiblehashappenedbecauseoftimethathasbeenfreedupfromtheworkofeveryday

survival.Formostofthehumanspeciestermonearthmanandwomanhavebeen

preoccupiedwiththesimplebusinessofstayingaliveinasmuchrelativecomfortas

possible.Huntingandgatliering,findingorbuildingshelter,defendingthelittlethatone

hasfromplunder,survivinglongenoughtohaveprogenyofamatureenoughageto

contributetothewelfareofthegroup-thiswasinitiallythemainbusinessofliving.It

hasonlybeencomparativelyrecently,sincetheagrarianandindustrialrevolutionsthat

utilisedemergingtechnologiestofreehumanbeingsfromthedrudgeryofday-to-day

survival,thattimehasbecomeavailabletodootherthansimplysurvive.Livingtowork

isaluxurythatweshouldnottakeforgranted,forevennowtherearemany,inthe

developedworldaswellastherest,thatdonothavesuchachoice.Whenwelivetowork

weenjoywhatwearedoing,otherwisewewouldn'tbedoingit.Theterm"livetowork"

implieschoice.Workingtolivedenotestheexactopposite:anythingwilldothatpaysthe

bills.Anyoneinthelattersituationwillattesttotheundesirabilityofbeinginsucha

position.Livingtoworksuggestsexhilarationinone'scalling;itsummonsimagesof

freedomandexcitementattheprospectofwhateachnewdaywillbring,whereas

workingtolivesuggestsdrudgeryandslavery,andlittlechoiceifany."Whatdoyou

wanttodowhenyougrowup?"isaquestionwithwhichmostchildrenwillbefamiliar,

perhapsevenweary.Itisaquestionofwhichevenayoungadultcanoftennotbesure

untiltheyhavehadexperienceofmanydifferentjobs,oratleasttheonestheyinitially

thoughttotry.Buttobeforcedtoworkatataskthatonedoesnotenjoydayafterdayfor

survivalwouldbelastchoiceonanyone'slist.Enlightenedhumanity,while

acknowledgingthatsomeundesirablejobsmustbedoneregardless,wouldacknowledge

thatifoneismotivatedintheirwork,theirworkwillbesomuchthebetterforit.

Wouldn'tyouratherlivetoworkthanworktolive?

11、Theauthorarguesthatworkingtolive.

A、safeguardsthesurvivalofhumanspecies

B、isunlikelytobringaboutourmodernlife

C>resultsinremarkablehumanachievement

D、laysthefoundationformodernwayoflife

标准答案：B

知识点解析：根据第一段可知，为了生活而工作只能保证人的存活，人类的生活水

平只能停留在石器时代，不可能有现代化的生活方式。所以，B应为答案。

12、Itisimpliedinthetextthathumanbeings.

A、havebeenintentoncontributingtothewelfareofthegroup

B、stayedaliveinasmuchascomfortaspossibleforcenturies

Cxmadelittleprogressbeforetheemergenceoftechnologies

D^wereaddictedtohunting,gathering,andbuildingshelters

标准答案：C

知识点解析:根据第二段中的“Ithasonlybeen...thatutilisedemerging

technologies...thattimehasbccomcavailabletodootherthansimplysurvive”可知，人

类直到使用了新兴技术后才从繁重的谋生劳苦中解放出来，才有时间从事谋生以外

的活动。所以，C应为答案。

13、Theauthorthinksthatlivingtoworkis.

A、exactlyoppositetoworkingtolive

B、aworthlessformofself-indulgence

C、achoiceeveryonetakesforgranted

D、anidealmanypeoplefailtorealize

标准答案：D

知识点解析：根据第三段中的“Livingtoworkisaluxurythatwcshouldnottakefor

granted,forevennowtherearemany...thatdonothavesuchachoice”可知，为工作而

生存是一种奢望，很多人实现不了。所以，D应为答案。

14、Accordingtothetext,thosewhoworktolive.

A^treasurethefruitsof(heirhardwork

B、havetodosomethingtheyhatetodo

C、havebecomeaccustomedtodrudgery

D、seizeanyopportunitytogetagoodjob

标准答案：B

知识点解析：根据第四段中的“Workingtolivedenotestheexactopposite：anything

willdothatpaysthebills.Anyoneinthelattersituationwillattesttotheundesirabilityof

beinginsuchaposition”可知，为生存而工作的人不得不做一些自己不愿做的事。所

以，B应为答案。

15、Theauthoradvocatesthatweshould.

A、learntolivetoworkdespitedifficulty

B、freeourselvesfromtiresomedrudgery

C、begenerousindoingundesirablejobs

D、developintrinsicmotivationinwork

标准答案：A

知识点解析：根据上下文，尤其最后两句"Enlightenedhumanity...would

acknowledgethatifoneismotivatedintheirwork,theirworkwillbesomuchthebetter

fbrit"和"Wouldn'tyouratherlivetoworkthanworktolive?”可知，作者提倡“liveto

work"。所以，A应为答案。

Animportantnewstudyhascastanappallinglightonaplacewhereworkplacelawsfail

toprotectworkers,wherewagesandtipsareroutinelystolen,wherehavingtoworksick,

injuredorofftheclockisthepriceofhavingajob.TheplaceistheUnitedStates,all

acrossthelowerstrataoftheurbaneconomy.Themostcomprehensiveinvestigationof

labor-lawviolationsinyearssurveyed4,387workersinLosAngeles,ChicagoandNew

York.Itsresearcherssoughtoutpeopleoftenmissedbystandardsurveysandfound

abuseseverywhere:infactories,grocerystores,retailshops,constructionsites,offices,

warehousesandprivatehomes.Thewordsweatshopclearlyisnotbigenoughanymoreto

capturetheextentandseverityoftherotinthelow-wageworkplace.Workerstoldof

employerswhoignoredtheminimumwage,deniedovertime,tookillegaldeductionsto

payfortoolsortransportation,orforcedthemtoworkunpaidbeforeoraftertheirshifts.

Morethantwo-thirdsofthemhadenduredatleastonewageviolationintheprevious

workweek.Morethanaquarterhadbeenpaidlessthantheminimumwage,oftenby

morethan$1anhour.Violationstypicallyrobbedworkersof$51aweek,froman

averagepaycheckof$339.Thereportpaintsanacutepictureofpowerlessness.Of

workerswhohadbeenseriouslyinjuredonthejob,only8percenthadfiledforworkers'

compensation-asymptom,researcherssaid,ofthepowerofemployerpressure.

Although86percentofrespondentshadworkedenoughconsecutivehourstobeentitled

totimeoffformeals,morethantwo-thirdshadhadtheirbreaksdenied,interruptedor

shortened.Workerswhocomplainedtobossesorgovernmentagenciesortriedtoform

unionssufferedillegalretaliation;firing,suspension,paycutsorthreatstocall

immigrationauthorities.Itis,ofcourse,morallyabhorrentthattheAmericaneconomy

shouldbesoriddledwithexploitation.Butitisalsopowerfullyevidentthatthereare

practicalconsequenceswhenthepowerlessarcabused.Low-wageworkersspendahigh

proportionoftheirincomeonnecessities;whentheirpaychecksaresystematicallybled

bygreedyemployers,anentirecommunity'seconomicvitalityissappedaswell.The

answersarebasic,thoughtoolongignored.Governmentneedstosendmoreinvestigators

tobackrooms,officesandfactoryfloors,andtoenlistlabororganizationsand

immigrant-rightsgroupsastheirinvestigativeeyesandears.Penaltiesforwage-law

violationsneedtoughening.Employeeswhohavehistoricallybeendeniedbasiclabor

rights-domesticworkersandhomehealthaides—needtofinallybegiventheprotection

ofwagc-and-hourlaws.Companiesmustnotbeallowedtoskirttheirlegalobligationsby

outsourcinghiringtosubcontractors,lettingothersbreakthelawforthem.

16^Accordingtoanewstudy,theUnitedStates.

A^isunanimouslyconsideredtobeanapp