英语词汇学各个章节的内容

Introduction部分：

Lexicology这门课算哪一种学科的分支:Lexicologyisabranchoflinguistics.

Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系：

□Morphology2)Semantics3)Stylistics4)Etymology5)Lexicography

研究lexicology的两大方法:1)Diachronicapproach:历时语言学

2)Synchronicapproach:共时语言学e.g.wife

纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？

Woman的词义的变化算Narrowingorspecialization

第一章：

Whatisword?

词具有哪些特点？

词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。

I)Awordisaminimalfreefbrmofalanguage(hathasagivensound,meaningandsyntactic

function.2)Asoundunityoragivensound;3)aunitofmeaning;4)aformthatcanfunctionalone

inasentence.

以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释

词的分类(classificationofaword)

词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？

1)simplewords2)complexwords

单音节词例子：e.g.Manandfinearesimple

多音节词例子：

e.g.Management,misfortune,blackmailmanagement可以次划分为manage和-ment

misfortune可以次划分为inis-和fortuneblackmail次划分为black和mail

Whatistherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning?

1)Thereis*nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandactualthing.e.g.dog.cat

2)Thcrelationshipbetweenthemisconventional.

3)Indifferentlanguagesthesameconceptcanberepresentedby

differentsounds.

Whatisrelationshipbetweensoundandform?

1)Thewrittenformofanaturallanguageisthewrittenrecordof

theoralform.Naturallythewrittenformshouldagreewiththeoral

form,suchasEnglishlanguage.

2)ThisisfairlytrueofEnglishinitsearlieststagei.e.OldEnglish

3)With(hedevelopmentofthelanguage,moreandmoredifferences

occurbetweenthetwo.

Whatarethegreatchangesthatcausesillogicalrelationshipor

irregularitybetweensoundandform?

I)TheinternalreasonforthisisthattheEnglishalphabetwas

adoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparateletter(o

representeachsoundinthelanguagesothatsomelettersmustdo

doubledutyorworktogetherincombination.

2)Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidly

thanspellingovertheyears,andinsomecasesthetwohavedrawnfar

apart.

3)Athirdreasonisthatsonicofthedifferenceswerecreatedbythe

earlyscribes.

4)Finallyconiestheborrowing,whichisanimportantchannelof

enrichingtheEnglishvocabulary.

要记住以上四句话中的关诞词：

I)influencedbyRomans

2)Pronunciationchanged

3)earlyscribes

4)borrowing

你能不能举出外来语而英语发音、拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？

e.g.stimulus(L).fiesta(Sp),eureka(Gr),kimono(Jap)

外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是，soundandform'不j致。

Whatisvocabulary?

Vocabularyreferstothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,but

itcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.

Vocabularyalsoreferstoallthewordsofagivendialect,givenbook,

agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.

ClassificationofWords(本课的一个重点，年年考试都考)

Whatistheclassificationofwords?Howtoclassifywordsinlinguistics?

Threecriteria:I)Byuseoffrequency?)Bynotion3)Byorigin

Byuseoffrequency可划分为：1)Thebasicwordstock2)Nonbasicwordvocabulary

Bynotion可划分为：1)Contentword2)Functionalword

Contentwordsarealsoknownasnotionalwords.(Contentwords的别称)

Functionalwordsarcalsoknownasemptywords,orformwords.(

Functionalwords的别称)

Functionalwordspossessesacharacteristicofbasicwordstock,i.e.

stability

AccordingtoStuartRobertson,etal(1957),*(年年考试必考)thenine

functionalwords,namely,and,be,haveJt,of,the,to,will,you

Whatarethecharacteristicsofbasicwordstock?

1)Allnationalcharacter2)Stability3)Productivity4)Polysemy5)Collocability

要把握住'AHnationalcharacter，的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通的词

稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？e.g.man,woman,fire,water...

e.g.machine,video,telephone...e.g.bow,chariot,knight

Stabilityisrelative,notabsolute.

根据词的usefrequency划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作Nonebasicvocabulary,非基本

词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？

I)Terminologye.g.sonata,algebra

2)Jargone.g.Bottomline(Jargon)

3)Slange.g.smoky,bear(Slang)

4)Argole.g.persuader

5)Dialectalwordse.g.station(AusE=ranch)bluid(ScotE=blood)

6)Archaismse.g.wilt(will)

7)Neologismse.g.email(Neologisms)

beaver是girl的slang表达方式，但是二者之间存在着Stylisticdifference

WhichconstitutesthelargernumberamongEnglishvocabulary,contentwordsorfunctionalword

s?

Answer:Contentwords

Whatisnativewords?

.Answer:(1)Byorigin,Englishwordscanbeclassifiedintonativewordsandborrowedwords.

(2)NativewordsarewordsbroughttoBritaininthefifthcenturybytheGermantribes:theAngles

,theSaxons,andtheJutes,:husknowasAnglo-Saxonwords.

(3)WordsofAnglo-Saxonoriginaresmallinnumber,amountingtoroughly50.000to60.000,but

theyformthemainstreamofthebasicwordstockandstandatthecoreofthelanguage

什么叫borrowedwords?

Answer:(1)wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknownasborrowedwordsorloanword

sorborrowingsinsimpleterms.

(2)ItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstitute80percentofthemodernEnglishvocabulary

(3)TheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.Inanydictionarysome80%oftheentriesareborrowed.

什么叫Denizens?

DenizensarcwordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarcwellassimilatedintotheEnglishlangu

age.InotherwordstheyhavecometoconformtotheEnglishwayofpronunciationandspelling,s

uchasportfromportus(L).

'Denizens'的例子都要记：Portfromportus(L),cupfromcuppa(L),

shiftfromskipta(ON),shirtfromskyrta(ON),changefromchangier(F),porkfrompore(F).

什么叫Translation-loans?

Translation-loansarewordsandexpressionsformedformtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlang

uagcbutmodeledonthepa:tcrnstakenfromanotherlanguage,suchas4longtimenosecfromha

ojiumeijian(Ch)

什么叫Semantic-loans?

wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,Bultheirmeaningareborrowe

d,inotherwords,Englishhasborrowedanewmeaningforanexistingwordinthelanguage,suc

hastheworddream,whichoriginallymeant'joy5and'musicanditsmodernmeaningwasborr

owedlaterfromtheNorse.

第二章：ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary

TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily

Itisassumedthattheworldhasapproximately3,000(someputit5XX)0)ianguages,whichcanbeg

roupedintoroughly300languagefamiliesonthebasisofsimilaritiesin(heirbasicwordstockand

grammar.(重点:语系划分的标准)

Whatisthecriteriatodividelanguagefamilies?

Theanswer:1.thebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstock2.grammar

(重点)TheBalto-Slaviccomprisessuchmodernlanguagesas(选择题内容：)

Prussian,Lithuanian,Polish.Czech.Bulgarian.SlovenianandRussian.

'Indo-European'两大分支：1.Easternset2.Westernset

EasternsecBalto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,ArmenianandAlbanian

Westernset:Celtic,Italic,Hellenic,Germanic.

InthewesternSet,GreekisthemodernlanguagederivedfromHellenic.

Celtic：Scottish,Irish.Welsh,Breton

ThefiveRomancelanguages,namely.Portuguese,Spanish,French.Italian,Romanianallbelong

totheItalic.

TheGermanicfamilyconsistsofthefourNorthernEuropeanLanguages:

NorwegianJcelandic,DanishandSwedish,whicharegenerallyknownasScandinavianlanguage

s.ThenthereisGerman,Dutch,FlemishandEnglish.

WithVikings'invasion,manyScandinavianwordscameintotheEnglish

language.

Itisestimatedthatatleast900wordsofScandinavianoriginhave

survivedinmodernEnglish.

OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50,00()to60,0(X)words.Itwasa

highlyinflectedlanguagejustlikemodemGerman.

重点句：ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland

古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于(scripts)

古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了(earlyscripts)

Soundandform真正达到统一是在什么时期？

.Soundandformreachedtheirconcordin(ModernEnglishperiod)

如果从词汇变化的角度而言，ModernEnglish又可以细划分为earlyperiod,modernperiod.

*现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期(重要的选择或填空内容)

EarlymodernEnglishappearedintheRenaissance

ModernEnglishperiod有什么样的外来语的进入？

TheLatinwordsswarmedintoEnglishinearlymodernEnglishperiod

现代英语时期，英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是(colonization)

TherichnessofModernEnglishinvocabularyalsoarisesfrom(Colonization)

TheEnglishlanguagehasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguagetothepresentanalyticlanguage(重

要选择或填空内容)

GrowthofPresent-dayEnglishVocabulary

Threemainsourcesofnewwords:

1)Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology

2)Social,economicandpoliticalchanges;

3)Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguage

2.4ModesofVocabularyDevelopment

1)creation2)semanticchange3)borrowing

2)Semanticchange(还包存外来词的Semanticloans)

Elevation,degradation,extension,narrowing,transfer

外来词可以被称作borrowedwords,因此又可以被称作.

重点句：borrowedwordsarealsoknownasloanedwords.

恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色

RevivingarchaicorobsoletewordsalsocontributestothegrowthofEnglishvocabularythoughq

uiteinsignificant.ThisisespeciallytrueofAmericanEnglish.

英语从syntheticlanguage发展到presentanalyticallanguage是在英语的哪一个阶段完成的?

答案：ModernEnglishperiod

文艺友兴时期，恰逢英语发展的哪个阶段?答案：EarlyModernEnglishperiod

在英语发展过程在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象？

French,Latin,EnglishinMiddleEnglishperiod

easel,port,freight,出现于英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪一种外来词的引入？

答案：MiddleEnglish,Dutch

在英语发展的某一个阶段，有一种语言进入英语，它一共带来了2500个词汇，这种语言是

什么？|答案：Dutch(前年考题)

据现代语言学家的统计，英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少？

答案：50,()00to60,00()他们的来源是(Anglo_Saxonlongue)

第二次世界大战以后，大量外来词进入英语中，如：Maojackets,blackbelt

,kongfu,这些词属于英语词汇发展的Present-dayEnglishVocabulary

注意：第二章出大题的内容无非就是请简述印欧语系的发展与组成。

OldEnglish和MiddleEnglish最大的strikingdistinction存在于哪一个方面？

答案：OldEnglishwasalanguageoffullendings,MiddleEnglishwasoneofleveledendings.

文艺复兴时期，哪两种文化得到了复兴，这对英语词汇的丰宙具有什么样的影响？

答案：Greek,Romanculture

某些希腊词被引入到了英语是在什么阶段?答案：ModemEnglish

十六世纪，有一种新工业出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响，这是哪一种industry?Printing

这导致soundandform出现concord,出现standardization.

第三章复习：

ThesmallestunitintheEnglishlanguagerefersto(morphemes)

TheminimalfreeformintheEnglishlanguagerefersto(word)

Inthepluralformchanging,someofthewordswilltakeinternalvowelchange,thisinternalvow

elchangeiscalled(allomorphs)

Deer复数没有变，还是deer,sheep复数没有变，还是sheep,因此，这种变化被称作

(zeroderivation)

名词解释：

Morphemes:Theminimalmeaningfulunitsinalanguageareknownasmorphemes.

Inotherwords,themorphemesis'thesmallestfunctioningunitincompositionofwords

Allomorphs:TheaKernativemorphsareknownasallomorphs,

e.g.themorphemeofplurality{-s}hasanumberofallomorphsindifferentsoundcontext,

e.g.incatsinbags,matches

Itcanberealizedbythechangeofaninternalvowelasinfoot-feet,man-men,goose-geeseorbyz

eromorphsasindeer-deer,fish-fish

简答题：whatarethetypesofmorphemes?(答简答题时，名词解称)

答案：Freemorphemesandboundmorphemes

Freemorphemes:

1)Freemorphemesareindependentofothermorphemesandareconsideredtobefree.

2)Thesemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammatical

unitsinsentences.

3)Theyareidenticalwithrootwords,aseachofthemconsistsofasinglefreerootwords,aseach

ofthemconsistsofasinglefreeroot

.4)freemorphemesarcfreeroots.

boundmorphemes:

1)Morphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound..

2)Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwords.

3)Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:boundrootandaffix

^分为两类：inflectionalandderivationalaffixes.

Inflectionalaffixes:Affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsare

inflectional,thusknownasinflectionalmorphemes.

Derivationalaffixes:

1)derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenowwords.

2)Derivationalaffixescanbefurtherdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.

root:

1)arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity

.2)theroot,whetherfreeorbound,generallycarriesthemaincomponentofmeaninginaword

3)a,rootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshav

ebeenremoved'

stem:

I)asteinmayconsistofasinglerootmorphemeasinironorofIworootmorphemesasinacom

poundlikehandcuff.

2)Itcanbearootinorpherneplusoneormoreaffixational

morphemesasinmouthful,underestimate.

3)Therefore,astemcanbedefinedasaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.

问题；Stem和root有一个最大的区别在哪里？(连着两年没有考过)

答案：astemcanbedefinedasaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.

问题：请加以区别下面两个词的特征:nation,dicl请加以理论的分析？

Bothnationanddietbelongtoroots,nationisfreeroot,whichcanfunctionaloneinasentence,

Nationasafreeroot,hascompletemeaning,whenbothprefixesandsuffixesattachedtoitarerem

oved,nationasafreeroot,stillremains

Dietisaboundroot,whichcannotfunctionalonegrammatically,dietcarriesthefundamentalme

aningofwords,diethastocombinewiththeothermorphemestocreatenewwords,forexample,

dictionary,contradiction.

问题：分析下面一句话：Heismuchclevererthananyotheroneinthevillage,

tooheadsarebetterthanone.

请从构词角度分析以上的例子，

cleverer,better

cleverer(-er:inflectionalaffixesbetter(good,well的特殊变

化)Itisallomorphofgoodandwell.

嚣四章________________________________

问题：在英语中,主要的构词法分为哪几种?答案:有七种：

1)Affixation2)Compounding3)conversion4)shortening

5)clipping6)acronymy7)blending

有三种最常用：affixation,compoundingandconversion

问题：由专有名词变为普通名词是词义变化的哪一种寸答案：Extension

问题：由普通名词变为专有名词是词义变化的哪一种模式?答案：Narrowing

问题:Affixation又被称为什么？它分为哪两类?答案：Affixationisalsoknownasderivation

Affixationfallsintotwosubclasses:prefixationandsuffixation

要点:有哪些前缀属于什么样的类别：

a-,non,ir:negativeprefixesde-,dis-(既属于negative,也属于reversativeprefixes)

mal-,pseudo-,mis-:pejorativeprefixessuper,sur-,extra：prefixesofdegreeorsize

anti-,contra-,counter-,pro-:prefixesoforientationandattitude

trans-,fore-tele-:locativeprefixesfore-,post-:prefixesoftimeandorder

bi-,uni-,semi-:numberprefixespan-,vice-:miscellaneousprefixes

suffixation:

1.Nounsuffixes1)Denominalnouns2)Deverbalnouns3)De-adjectivenouns:ity,-ness,

4)Nounandadjectivesuffixes

注意Compounding,acoronymy,blending,conversion,clipping的名词解释.

要点：复合词分为哪三类:l)solid2)hyphenated3)open

简答题:whatarethecharacteristicsofcompounds?

1)phoneticfeatures2)Semanticfeatures3)Grammaticalfeatures

最常见的三种词性：1)Nouncompound2)Adjectivecompounds3)verbcompounds

Whatarethedifferencebetweencompoundsandfreephrases?

问题：在名词性复合词中有哪儿种有多产性，哪两种不具有多产性?在形容性复合词当中，哪

三类有多产性?动词性复合词是靠哪两种方法复合在一起的？

*名词解释:Conversion(重点，还没考过)

Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.

Functionalshift=conversion

Zero-derivation(选择或填空要点)Adjectivetonoun:(1)fullconversion(2)partialconversion

问题：形容词转为动词分为哪两类？

答案：由Adjectivetoverbs:(1)Transitive(2)Iniransilive

简答题:形容词变动词的三种类别(没考过)

问题：请你举出由conjunction变为noun的一个例子？答案：Ifsandbuts

blendingarealsocalledblendsorportmanteauwords(选择或填空要点)

问题：、lending'分为哪四类合成词？1.head+tail2.head+head3.head+word4.word+tail

问题:绝大多数blending都是什么词性?答案：nouns

Theoverwhelmingmajorityofblendsarenouns;veryfewareverbsandadjectivesareevenfewer.

问题：截短法clipping分为哪四类？

答案：Therearefourcommontypesofclipping:

I)Frontclipping2)Backclipping3)Frontandbackclipping4)Phraseclipping

要注意clipping的例子

有一个特殊变化：fridge(refrigerator截短之后在i,g中间加一个d),

还有拼写发生变化，比如说：coke(cocacola)

问题：什么是acronymy?

Acronymyis(heprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoining(heinitiallettersofneamesofsocialan

dpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms

Acronymy包含两类：

1)initialisms(不发音)e.g.BBC.VOA,TB

2)acronyms(形成新的发音)e.g.CORE,TEFL

'Wordsfrompropernames有四大类：

1.Namesofpeoplee.g.bobby:Namesofpeople

2.Namesofplacese.g.champagne,rugby

3.Namesofbookse.g.utopia

4.Tradenamese.g.cabal

问题：以下的词采用哪种构词法？

e.g.diagnosisdiagnose:(先有诊断的名词,后有了诊断的动词，这种构词被称作)backformation

bloomers(它的构词法满足哪一种词法)：属于Wordsfrompropernames中的Namesofpeople

VJ-day:(这种构词法是由哪一种构成的［属T-Initialisins口的Acronyms

Pop:(采用哪一种构词法构成的):clippingSitcom:blendingFORTRAN:head+head

Bath(名词)---bathe(动词)

Bath和bathe存在一种什么关系？(Conversion)

重点句：Conversionisalsoknownasfunctionalshift.

问题：Noun+v-ing,这类词构成的词是什么词？答案：compounding

问题：Record-breaking,它是属于复合法中的哪一种？答案：Adjectivescompounds

问题：请说出Adjectivescompounds中多产性强的有几类？答案：有三类

1)n+v-ing2)n+a3)n+v-ed

问题：up-bringing是属于哪•类构词法构成的词？答案：nouncompounds(adv+v-ing)

问题：复合词与自由短语的最大的区别是什么I答案：区别也就是复合词的特点：

I)Phoneticfeatures2)Semanticfeatures3)Grammaticalfeatures

问题：redmeat,greenhorn,它们是复合词的哪一个特点构成的词？

答案：Semanticfeatures(也就是从构词上推不出它的涵义)

问题：Compounding又被称作什么法？答案：composition

问题：由compounding或composition构成的词被称作什么？答案：compounds

问题：复合词分为几类？分别举例加以说明？J答案：分为三类：solid,hyphenated,open

solid:blackmail,blackmarkethyphenated:brother-in-law,open:greenhorn,greenhand

问题：当形容词转为动词时分为几类：Adjectivestoverbs

答案：有三类：1)Bothtransitiveandintransitive2)Onlytransitive3)Onlyintransitive

问题：由人的行为所造成的结果进行转类之后，转成了什么词性?答案：verbtonoune.g.catch

问题：形容词可不可以转类，转成名词分为几个类别力答案：分为两类：

1)fullconversione.g.black,white2)partialconversione.gtherich,thepoor

问题：名词再变成名词分为几类？分别举例说明？答案：1)Concrete2)abstract

e.g.host:(可加-ess变成具体名诃)friend:(加-ship可变成抽象名词)

问题：(只作了解)Awordisunityofsoundandmeaning(tiueorfalse)答案：true

问题Mostloanedwordsareborrowedfromforeignlanguageswithoutany

changeinsoundandspellingtrue

外来词分为四类：

1)Denizense.g.cupfromcuppa,portformportus

2)Aliense.g.garage,decor

3)Translation-loanse.g.longtimenosee

4)Semantic-loans,e.g.dream

判断对错题：

1.Conversionmeanstransferofawordfromoneclasstoanther.答案：true

2Therelationshipbetweenawordsymbolanditsmeaningismostlyarbitraryandconventional.T

3.awordusedindifferentcontextsmaycontrastwithdifferentantonyms答案：true

4.anallomorphisanyofthevariantformsofmorphemes.答题：false

重点句：Awordwhichhasmorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonym.

E.g.fast(fast在不同的语境中对应着不同的概念)

选择题：

Chineseisournativelanguage,butwecannotsaytheChineseisour?.

a)mothertongueb)firstlanguagec)motherlanguaged)officiallanguageC

问题：以下的哪一个词isnotanexpressionusedbyAmerican?

A)tubeB)barC)MailboxD)CongressA

问题：’smog，它是飞moke,fog5合在一起形成的词，它是采用了下面哪一种构词法？

A)clippingB)compoundingC)blendingD)backfonnation答案：C)blending

问题：以下的词哪些属于：

A)simplewordB)compoundwordC)derivedwordD)shortenedform.

e.g.goldmine(compoundword)bike(shortenedform)process(derivedword:cess是一个不

可分割的boundroot,pro它是一个前缀)supermarket(derivedword)language(simpleword)

driver(derivedword)dorm(shortenedform,clipping)modernize(derivation)blackboard(co

mpound)bus(shortenedform)

(omnibus多选)

Whatis(hedifferencebetweencontentwordsandfunctionalwords,illustrateyourpointwithexa

mples?(未考过)(可能会出现的题)

注意：答题时先答名词解释，再加以例子说明。

Whatisthedifferencebetweendenotativemeaningandconrotativemeaning?(复习要考虑的题)

(论述题)Whatarcthefundamentalfeaturesofthebasicwordstockof

theEnglishvocabulary?(未考过)

答题时先答名词解释basicwordstock再答五大特点并配以例子加以说明。

(关键答好第一个特点：‘Allnationalcharacter,它又分为五个特点)

前四章复习的内容：

问题：Whichofthefollowingwordsisnotformedthroughclipping?

A)dormB)MotelC)gentD)zoo

答案：Motel:(blending)

问题：OldEnglishhasvocabularyofabouthowmanywords?

答案：50,000to60,000

问题：词素分为白由词素和粘着词索，自由词索又被称作自由词根，粘着词索

分为哪两类？

答案：粘着词素分为:Boundroot和affixes

选择题或填空：

BesidesFrenchwords,Englishalsoabsorbasmanyas2,500wordsinthe

MiddleEnglishPeriod.(Dutch)

AwordisasymbolthatB.

A)isusedbysamecommunity

B)representssomethingelseintheworld

C)bothsimpleandcomplexinnature

D)Showdifferentideasindifferentsounds

Theoppositeofsemanticelevationinmeaningchangeiscalled

degradationorpejoration.

Pronounsandnumeralsenjoynationwideuseandstability,buthaslimited

Productivity

问题：以下的这些词是粘着词素吗，以下的这些词是什么样的构词法？

I)heartandsoul(Adverbialinnature)

2)father-maleparent(conceptualmeaning)

3)City-bred(noun+v-ed)

4)Lip-reading-lipread(backformation)

5)headache(compoundn+v)

6)antecedent(下划线的这一部分是什么：boundmorphemes)

7)preview(prefix:前缀)

8)receive(boundroot)

9)called(inflectionalaffixes)

第五章：WordMeaning

Themeanings0ftMeaning，指的是哪三个层次的内容?

意义中的含义的三个层次的划分：

Whatarethemeaningsof'Meaning'?

I)Reference(Wreference的词必然具有sense,也必然具有Concept)

2)Concept(能够形成Coixxpt的词必然有reference)

3)Sense(有sense的词未必具有concept,也未必具有reference)

(Conjunction,prepositions,adverbs,它们都足具有sense的词，但是未必具有reference,也未

必具有concept,例如：if,but,probably:它们有sense,但没有concept)

Whatis(herelationshipbetweenthereferenceandthethingoutsidethelanguage?(等同于：What

isrelationshipbetweensoundandform)

答：Arbitraryandconventional

名词解释：reference

名词Concept:1.Meaningandconceptarccloselyconnectedbutnotidentical.

Theyarebothrelateddirectlytoreferentsandarenotionsofthewordsbutbelongtodifferent

categories.

2.Concept,whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjective

worldinthehumanmind.

3.Conceptisuniversaltoallmenalikeregardlessofculture,race,languageandsoon.

4.aconceptcanhaveasmanyreferringexpressionsastherearelanguagesintheworld.

重点:sense的名词解释：

Sense:1.'sense'denotestherelationshipsinsidethelanguage.4Thesenseofanexpressionisits

placeinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage/

2.Sincethesenseofanexpressionisnotathing,itisoftendifficulttosaywhatsortofidentityit

is.Itisalsoanabstraction.

*3.Everywordthathasmeaninghassense(noteverywordhasreference)

重点：Whatarethetypeofmotivation?

I)Onomatopoeicmotivation

2)MorphologicalMotivation

3)SemanticMotivation

4)EtymologicalMotivation

填空：

I.someofthewordswheneditedwithprefixesandsuffixes,itwillbecomeanothernewword,

eithernewinmeaningornewinsense,thismotivationiscalled(morphologicalmotivation)

2.Compoundsaretotallydiff^renlinthemeaningbeforeitwascarriedoutwithdifferentelements,

sothemeaningofacompoundcannotbededucedfromcomponentconstitutedthis

compound,thismotivationiscalled(morphologicalmotivation)

3.peninoldEnglish,refersto(hefeather,butwiththedevelopmentoftechnology,fountainwas

invented,butthenameofthismaterialwaskeptuptothisday,peoplestillusedthepentoreferto

wriltingtool,thismotivationiscalled(etymologicalmotivaton)

4.Conceptualmeaningalsoknowas(denotativemeaning)

4.1aconicanswer(简短回答)，

laconic的形成是属于哪一种理据(etymologicalmotivation)

问题：pingpongball,cuckoo是靠哪一种理据形成的新词？

答案：OnomatopoeicMotivation

问题:atthefootofmountain,themouthofriver,此时采用了哪一种理据构成?

答案：Semanticmovtivation

论述题：1.Whatarethetypesofmotivation?

2.Whatarethetypesofmeaning?

按大的分支来分分为：(1grammaticalmeaning(2)Lexicalmeaning

分析题:*'Thedogischasingacat',analyzethesentencebasedongrammaticalmeaning.

Lexicalmeaningitselfhastwocomponents:conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning.

(语法意义上分析没考过，但从词汇意义上分析考过)

语法意义指一个词的词性.句中充当的成份，句子的时态，单复数形式等.

l)'Dog,cat'arenouns,and'chase'istransitiveverb.

2)Thesentenceisusedinpresentcontinuoustense.

3)'Thedog,acat'aresingularform.

问题:Thepenismightierthansword?请从语法意义的角度上分析这句话？

Both'penandsword'arenouns.

'mightier'isanadjective,and'than'ispreposition.

Thesentenceisinsimplepresenttense.

这是现在时中采用的哪一种语法结构？

'Mightierthan'iscomparativedegree.

'penandsword'areinsingularform.

'Thepen'issubject,and'sword'functionsasanobjecttopreposition'than'.

'mightier'ispredictive.

重点名词解释：

Conceptualmeaning:

1)Conceptualmeaning(alsoknownasdenotativemeaning)isthemeaninggiveninthedictionary

andforms(hecoreofword-meaning.

2)Beingconstantandrelativelystable,conceptualmeaningformsthebasisforcommuniationas

thesamewordhasthesameconceptualmeaingtoallthespeakersofthesamelanguage.

*Associativemeaning:(一定要把它的四种分支答上)

1)associativemeaningisthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.

2)11differsfromtheconcep:ualmeaninginthatitisopen-endedandindeterminaled.

3)Itisliabletotheinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture,experience,religion,geographicalregion,

classbackground,education,etc.

4)Associativemeaningcomprisesfourtypes:connotative,stylistic,affective,andcollocative.

问题：Connotativemeaningisnotthesametoeverybody,everysituationandeverytime,analyze

thestatement?

答案：e.g.Achildisprejudicedagainst,oftenjeeredat,beatenorscoldedathome,thenhometo

hisisnothingbut'aheir,henceunfavourableconnotatitions,

问题：某些贬义词是不是任何时候都是贬义词？

答案：e.g.Aphraselike'sonofabitch5whichnormallyhasanassociativemeaningofcrude

vulgaritymayconveytheconnotationof'friendliness5and'intimacy'usedbetweentwoclose

friendswhentheymeetaftersomeprolongedperiodoftime.

问题:Stylisticmeaning根据字典上的划分有几种划分？根据TheFiveClocks划分，有几种划

分？

答案:Insomedictionaries,stylisticfeaturesareclearlymarked

as'fbrmar,'informaP,Mitcrary','archaic',slang5.

MarlinJoosinhisbookTheFiveClockssuggestsfivedegreesof

formality:'frozen','fbnnal','consultative','casuaPand'intimate'.

问题:在日常生活中，人们把文体只简单地划分为哪三类？

答案:l)fbrmal2)neutral3)informal

注意:要把书中89页中例子［22北23］分析要记好.

在情感意义affectivemeaning,考试往往要落脚在affectivemeaning的两个分类:(年年

affectivemeaning例子都考)

(I)appreciativemeaning

(2)pejorativemeaning

Collocativemeaning中的例子要记好:pretty,handsome

Green搭配的例子记好:greenonthejob,greenfruit.greenwithenvy,green-eyedmonster.

复习：

问题：Blackmail从发音的角度被划分成什么词，从理据的角度被划分成什么词？

答案:Complex

Morphologicalmotivation

问题:有reference的词必然具有senseandconcept(正确)

有sense的词一定具有reference』错误)

Thewordwhichhavemeaningdoesnothavenecessarilyreference.

问题：*Forget,forgot,forgetting,forgotten,fbrgets，这是从哪一个角度来界定这个词的分支？

答案：Grammaticalmeaning

问题:"frozen,'fonnar,'consultati