2021考研英语一历年真题｜含答案详解

2021考研英语一历年真题｜含答案详解一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。在每小题列出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。请将所选项前的字母填在答题卡上。）1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribestherelationshipbetweenthetwomajortypesofmemorymentionedinthefirstparagraph?A.Short-termmemoryisasubsetoflong-termmemory,withtheformerbeingmoretemporaryandthelattermorepermanent.B.Long-termmemoryreliesentirelyontheinformationinitiallyprocessedinshort-termmemory.C.Thetwotypesofmemoryoperateindependentlywithoutanyinteraction.D.Short-termmemoryisprimarilyusedforimmediaterecalltasks,whilelong-termmemorystoresinformationforextendedperiods.解析：Thepassagedistinguishesbetweenshort-termandlong-termmemorybyhighlightingtheirdistinctfunctions.Short-termmemory,asdescribed,istemporaryandlimitedincapacity,typicallyholdinginformationforabriefduration.Incontrast,long-termmemoryservesasarepositoryforinformationoverextendedperiods,allowingforretrievalwhenneeded.Thecorrectanswer,D,accuratelyreflectsthisrelationshipbyemphasizingtheprimaryrolesofeachtypeofmemory.OptionAisincorrectbecauseshort-termmemoryisnotasubsetoflong-termmemory;theyareseparatesystems.OptionBoversimplifiestheprocessbysuggestinglong-termmemorydependssolelyonshort-termmemory,ignoringothermechanismslikeencodingandconsolidation.OptionCisincorrectbecausethepassageimpliesaninteractionbetweenthetwo,evenifnotexplicitlydetailed.2.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassageregardingthecognitiveprocessesdiscussed?A.Toargueforthesuperiorityoflong-termmemoryovershort-termmemoryinallcognitivetasks.B.Toexplainhowthebrainprocessesandstoresinformationindifferentmemorysystems.C.Tocriticizethetraditionalmodelsofmemorythatfailtoaccountforrecentfindings.D.Tosuggestthatshort-termmemoryisunnecessaryinmoderncognitivescience.解析：Thepassage'sprimaryobjectiveistoclarifythemechanismsofmemoryprocessing,focusingonhowinformationishandledinshort-termandlong-termmemorysystems.Itprovidesabalancedoverviewwithoutfavoringoneovertheother,nordoesitengageincriticismofexistingmodels.OptionBalignswiththispurposebyemphasizingtheexplanationofcognitiveprocesses.OptionAisincorrectbecausethepassagedoesnotadvocateforonememorytype'ssuperiority.OptionCisincorrectbecausethetoneisinformativeratherthancritical.OptionDisincorrectbecausethepassagedoesnotdismisstheimportanceofshort-termmemory.3.Theauthormentionsthat"encodingplaysacrucialroleintransferringinformationfromshort-termtolong-termmemory."Whatdoesthisimplyabouttheprocessofmemoryformation?A.Informationmustbeactivelyprocessedtoberetainedbeyondshort-termstorage.B.Long-termmemorycanonlystoreinformationthatispassivelyperceived.C.Short-termmemoryhasnoinfluenceonthepermanenceofstoredinformation.D.Encodingisirrelevanttotheefficiencyofmemoryrecall.解析：Thephrase"encodingplaysacrucialrole"suggeststhatactivementalprocessingisnecessaryforinformationtotransitionfromshort-termtolong-termmemory.Thisimpliesthatsimplyperceivingorhearinginformationisinsufficient;itmustbementallyengagedwith,suchasthroughrepetitionorelaboration.OptionAcorrectlycapturesthisidea,highlightingtheactiveinvolvementrequiredforretention.OptionBcontradictsthepassagebysuggestingpassivity,whichisnotsupported.OptionCisincorrectbecausethepassageimpliesshort-termmemory'sroleinthetransferprocess.OptionDdirectlycontradictsthepassage'sassertionaboutencoding'simportance.4.Accordingtothepassage,whatchallengesdomodernresearchersfaceinstudyingmemory?A.Thelackoftechnologicaladvancementsinbrainimagingtechniques.B.Thedifficultyindistinguishingbetweenshort-termandlong-termmemoryprocesses.C.Theethicalconcernssurroundingmemorymanipulationexperiments.D.Thevariabilityinindividualmemoryrecallabilities.解析：Thepassagedoesnotexplicitlymentiontechnologicallimitations,ethicalconcerns,orindividualvariabilityasprimarychallenges.Instead,itfocusesonthefundamentalprocessesofmemory.OptionB,however,reflectsacommonchallengeinmemoryresearch:theintricateandsometimesoverlappingnatureofshort-termandlong-termmemorysystems.Whilenotadirectquote,italignswiththepassage'semphasisonthecomplexityofmemorymechanisms.OptionsA,C,andDarenotsupportedbythepassage'scontent.5.Thepassageconcludesbystating,"Furtherresearchisneededtofullyunderstandtheinterplaybetweenthesememorysystems."Whatdoesthisimplyforfuturestudies?A.Researchersshouldfocussolelyonlong-termmemorytouncoveritsmysteries.B.Short-termmemoryshouldbeabandonedasatopicofstudy.C.Futureresearchshouldexplorehowshort-termandlong-termmemoryinteract.D.Memoryresearchshouldonlyinvolveexperimentalmethods.解析：Theconcludingstatementsuggeststhattherelationshipbetweenshort-termandlong-termmemoryisnotfullyunderstoodandrequiresmoreinvestigation.Thisimpliesthatfuturestudiesshouldaimtouncoverthemechanismsofinteractionbetweenthesesystems.OptionCaccuratelyreflectsthisbyadvocatingforresearchintotheirinterplay.OptionAandBareincorrectbecausetheyignoretheimportanceofbothmemorytypes.OptionDistoorestrictive,asthepassagedoesnotlimitresearchmethods.6.Thepassagediscussesthecapacitylimitationsofshort-termmemory.Whatdoesthisimplyaboutthebrain'shandlingofinformation?A.Thebraincanprocessanunlimitedamountofinformationsimultaneously.B.Thebrainprioritizesonlycriticalinformationforshort-termstorage.C.Thebrainhasafixedlimitonhowmuchinformationitcanholdbriefly.D.Short-termmemoryisirrelevanttothebrain'sdecision-makingprocesses.解析：Thepassage'smentionofcapacitylimitationsindicatesthatshort-termmemoryhasafinitelimitontheamountofinformationitcanretainatanygiventime.Thisalignswithcognitivepsychologyfindingsthatshort-termmemoryhasalimitedcapacity,oftencitedasaround7+/-2items.OptionCcorrectlycapturesthisidea.OptionAcontradictsthepassagebysuggestingunlimitedprocessing.OptionBisincorrectbecausethepassagedoesnotspecifywhichinformationisprioritized.OptionDisincorrectbecauseshort-termmemoryisindeedinvolvedindecision-making.7.Theauthormentionsthat"rehearsalcanhelpmaintaininformationinshort-termmemory."Whatisthesignificanceofrehearsalinthiscontext?A.Rehearsalisapassiveprocessthatrequiresnomentaleffort.B.Rehearsalhelpstotransferinformationtolong-termmemory.C.Rehearsalisunnecessaryunlessinformationishighlyimportant.D.Rehearsalonlyworksforvisualinformation.解析：Rehearsal,asdescribed,involvesactivelyrepeatingormentallyengagingwithinformationtokeepitinshort-termmemory.Thissuggeststhatrehearsalisamentaleffortthataidsinretention.OptionBisincorrectbecausethepassagedoesnotmentiontransfertolong-termmemory.OptionCcontradictsthepassagebydownplayingitsimportance.OptionDisincorrectbecauserehearsalappliestovarioustypesofinformation,notjustvisual.OptionAisincorrectbecauserehearsalrequiresactivementaleffort.8.Thepassagecomparesshort-termandlong-termmemoryintermsofduration.Whatisthekeydifferencehighlighted?A.Short-termmemorylastslongerthanlong-termmemory.B.Long-termmemoryhasalongerretentionperiodthanshort-termmemory.C.Thedurationofbothmemorytypesisidentical.D.Durationisirrelevanttothefunctionofmemory.解析：Thepassageemphasizesthatlong-termmemorystoresinformationforextendedperiods,whereasshort-termmemoryistemporary.Thisindicatesasignificantdifferenceindurationbetweenthetwo.OptionBaccuratelycapturesthisbyhighlightingthelongerretentionperiodoflong-termmemory.OptionAisincorrectbecausethepassagestatestheopposite.OptionCcontradictsthepassage'sdistinction.OptionDisincorrectbecausedurationisacriticalaspectofmemoryfunction.9.Theauthormentionsthat"contextplaysaroleinmemoryrecall."Whatdoesthisimplyabouttheencodingprocess?A.Informationisencodedmoreeffectivelywhenitisisolatedfromitsoriginalcontext.B.Thebraindoesnotencodecontextualinformationduringtheinitiallearningphase.C.Contextualdetailsareimportantforretrievinginformationlater.D.Contexthasnoimpactonhowinformationisstored.解析：Thestatementaboutcontextsuggeststhatthesurroundingdetailsorcircumstancesinwhichinformationislearnedinfluenceitsrecall.Thisimpliesthatencodingisnotjustabouttheinformationitselfbutalsoaboutthecontextinwhichitisprocessed.OptionCcorrectlycapturesthisbyemphasizingtheimportanceofcontextforretrieval.OptionAcontradictsthepassagebysuggestingisolationenhancesencoding.OptionBisincorrectbecausethebraindoesencodecontextualdetails.