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EnergyManagementandGridFlexibilityReport

Contents

3Introduction

4Flexibility:scopeandapplication

7Residentialflexibility

8lesof

9

12Enablingtechnologies

Incentivesandoperatingthe

14flexibilitysystem

18Interoperabiltyandcybersecurity

22standardizationlandscape

Formsofflexibility

10

Customerexperienceandcontrol

11Flexibilitydatamodels

EnergyManagementandGridFlexibilityReport

24conclusionandnextsteps

Introduction

Gridflexibilityisasimpleconcept.TheEnergyNetworksAssociation(ENA)describesitas:“Flexibilityisabout

changingwhereorwhenelectricityisconsumedorgenerated".1

Flexibilityhasbeenusedtomanagepowernetworks

formanydecades,butthereisgrowinginterestaswe

movetowardsnetzeroenergysystems.Themoveto

renewablepowergenerationandelectriccooling,heatingandtransportisforcingamoveawayfromtraditional

techniquesofgridmanagementandevergreateruseoffgridflexibility.

Althoughflexibilityatallscalesisimportant,fromindustrialtoresidential,itisresidentialflexibilitythathasbeenthe

mainfocusofstandardizationgivenitsroleinmanagingElectricVehicles(EVs)chargingloadsandelectricheating.

Thisreportfocusesontheapplicationofflexibilitytothe

residentialsectorandsetsoutthekeyconcepts,

implementationsofresidentialflexibilityaroundtheworld,andstandards,publishedandinpreparation,thatare

supportingbothdecision-makersandtechnicalpractitionersinthisimportantdevelopment.

Governmentsandpowernetworkoperatorsaroundthe

worldaredevelopingflexibilityservices,and

manufacturersarepreparingappliancestoworkwith

these.Electricityuserswillincreasinglybeofferedthe

opportunitytoengagewiththenewflexibilityproducts,

andtheirnewapplianceswillbepre-enabledtorespondtosignalsfromthepowernetworks,offeringalowercost

transitiontocleanenergyandlowerelectricitychargesforconsumerswithnoorlittleimpactontheirlives.

Standardsareatthecentreofthisactivity,allowingend-to-endcommunicationsandinteroperableappliances.

EnergyNetworkAssociation,'InsightsForum'.Availableat

https://

/assets/images/insights-forum-slides.pdf?

1723711173

[Accessed22May2025].

EnergyManagementandGridFlexibilityReport

Flexibility:

scopeand

application

EnergyManagementandGridFlexiilityReport

Gridflexibilitydescribestheabilityofelectricalloadsandgeneratorstoaltertheiroperationinresponsetosignalsfromthenetworkstokeepsupplyanddemandequal,

avoidoverloadingthecablesandassetsandkeepthenetworkstable.Flexibilitycanbeappliedatallscalesofthepowernetwork,tobothgeneratorsandloadsandencompassesahostofmarketsectors,applicationsandtechnologies.ThetermDemandSideResponse(DSR)isalsousedandhasasimilarmeaning.

Untilnow,supplyanddemandonthenetworkshas

largelyeenmanagedyadjustinggenerationoutput,andconsumerloadshavegenerallybeentakenasa

given,althoughtherehaveeenexceptionstothis,

suchasEconomy7intheUK,whichofferedlowercostelectricitytochargeelectricstorageheatersduringthenightlydemandtroughinordertomaintainloadonthelargepowerstations.

Akeyprincipleofflexibilityisthat,inmostcases,it

movesdemandfromaperiodofhighdemandto

onewithlowerdemandand,ideally,thecustomerisunawareofthechange.Forinstance,anEVthatneedstochargeovernightandonlyneedsacoupleofhourschargingcanhavethechargingperiodmovedtoanytwo-hourperiodovernightwithoutanyimpactonthecustomer.

Thisisnotalwaysthecaseandforsomeflexibility

schemes.Heatingandcoolingdemandcanecurtailedoverashortperiodyadjustingthethermostatset

pointandreducingcomfortlevels.However,this

isnormallykeptsmallenoughtobeacceptedby

customersandtheycanberewardedwithlowertarifftocompensate.

©2026BSI.Allrightsreserved.4

DriversforflexibilityFrequencyvsvoltageconstraints

EnergyManagementandGridFlexibilityReport

Thetransitiontonetzeromeansthatwemustmakemuchgreateruseofdemand-sideflexibilityforseveralreasons.

·Theshifttowindandsolargenerationtakesawaythe

abilitytocontrolenergygenerationoutput;theirlow

marginalcostofgenerationmeanstheywillbekepton

andtheiroutputwillvarydependingontheweather.Withthislossofdispatchablegeneration,wemustincreasinglylooktowardmanagingdemandinstead.

·Shiftingmajorenergydemands,suchasthemoveof

transportandheatingtoelectricityandgrowinguse

ofairconditioning,willputincreaseddemandsonthe

powernetwork,potentiallybeyonditscurrentcapacity.

WidescaleadoptionofheatpumpsandEVsinurbanareascreatesaneedtocontroltheseloadsatthedistribution

network.Andwherelargescalerenewablegenerationmovesgenerationfurtherawayfromthemainload

centres,itcanmeanthatthereisn'tsufficientcapacityinthetransmissionlinestodeliverittocustomers.

·Newdevicecapability,suchasEVsandhomepower

storageoffernewwaystosupportthegrid.Exporting

storedpowerontothegridfromindividualhomesisa

newoptionthatiscalledVehicletoGrid(V2G)and,giventhecombinedsizeofthestoragecapacityprovidedbyEVsnationally,couldoffersignificantsupporttonetworks.2

Availableat

/nic-electricity-distribution-networks-creating

-

capacity-for-the-future,p46.[Accessed22May2025].

NIC(2025),Electricitydistributionnetworks:Creatingcapacityforthefuture'.

Therearetwomajorrolesforflexibilityinmeetingthischallenge;roughlyequatedtofrequencyandvoltageconstraints.³

Frequencyconstraintsarisewhenthereisn'tenoughpowerbeingfedintothesystemtomeetthedemandandthegridfrequencyfalls.Usingflexibilitytomanagethisisreferredtoasfrequencyresponse.Inprinciple,flexibilityanywhereonthesystemwillcontributetofrequencyresponse.

Voltageconstraintsarisewhentransmissionordistributioncablesreachtheirmaximumcapacityandtheresistanceofthepowerlinescausesavoltagedrop.Flexibilityisusedtokeepcableswithintheiroperatinglimits.Voltageflexibilityisonlyhelpfulifitaffectstheloadontheoverloadedlines,soistypicallyaregionalorlocalservice.Itfollowsthat

whenflexibilityisbeingusedtoreduceconstraintsontheLowVoltage(LV),networkclosetohomesthentheflexibilitymustcomefromthesamepartofthenetwork;ifthatloadismadeupofresidentialloads,thenitistoresidentialloadsthatwemustlookfortheflexibility.

3PDIECSRD63460,Architectureanduse-casesforEVstoprovidegridsupportfunc-tionscontainsalistofthemanyformsofflexibilityandindicatesthosethatEVsareabletosupport.

⑥2026BSI.Allrightsreserved.5

LocalPVgeneration

Transmission

Load

City

Windfarm

Solarpark

Networkconstraints

Electricitynetworkscanbelimitedbylocalcongestion,orimbalancesbetweensupplyanddemand.Flexibilityhelpsmanagetheseconstraintsyshiftingoradjustingdemandawayfromperiodswhenthereisinsufficientsupplyor

networkcapacity.

Localwindgeneration

Insufficientdistributioncapacity

Insufficientlocaldemandandexportcapacity

Insufficientgeneration

output©2026BSI.Allrightsreserved.6

EnergyManagementandGridFlexiilityReport

Frequencyresponsefromresidentialloads,althoughindividuallysmall,canmakeasignificantcontributionwhenmanyhomesarerespondingandtheindividualloadsarecombinedoraggregated.Happily,new

technologies,supportedyinternationalstandards,areprovidingthetoolstoallowthistohappen.

4ReferredtoasDemandSideResponseServiceProviders(DSRSPs)intheUK.

EnergyManagementandGridFlexiilityReport©2026BSI.Allrightsreserved.7

Althoughflexibilityatallscalessharethesamefundamentalconcepts,thedifferentmarketsectorshaveverydifferent

requirements;thefinancialvalueofaflexibilityservicefromasinglelargesitejustifiesbespokearrangementswhereasthevalueofresidentialflexibilityfromasinglepropertyismuchlowerandarrangementsmustbereadilyscalable

withlowcostpersite.

Residentialflexibility

Onefeatureofresidentialflexibilityistheuseofaggregators4

whocontractwithindividualcustomersandcombinethemintoaloadlargeenoughtocontractwiththenetworkcompanies.TheaggregatorcontractswiththeDistributionSystemOperator

(DSO)andmanagesthecustomerloadsinresponsetosignals

fromtheDSO.TheDSOmakesanypaymentstotheaggregatorwhothenpassestheseontotheircustomers.

Anadditionalchallengeforresidentialflexibilityisaroundtechnologyneutrality.ItishighlydesiraleforaggregatorsandDSOstobeabletoignorethedetailsoftheequipmenttheyarecontrolling.Thischallengehasbeenmetby

developingstandardsthatdefinegeneralformsof

flexibilitythatcanbeappliedtoanysmartapplianceso

thattheaggregatorcanrequestflexibilityfromallEnergySmartAppliances(ESAs)andthendispatchwhatisofferedwhenrequestedbytheDSO.

Residentialflexibilitydelivery

AggregatorscombineflexibilityfrommanyhouseholdsandcoordinateresponsestosignalsfromDistributionSystemOperators,enalingsmallresidentialloadstoprovide

meaningfulsystemservices.

Supplier

DSO

TSO

aggregator

Area2

Area1

Governmentsaroundtheworldarelookingtogrow

residentialflexibilitycapacity.IntheUKtheDepartmentforEnergySecurityandNetZero(DESNZ)hassetoutitsambitionsforflexibility:“Theopportunityishuge,as

batterystorageandconsumer-ledflexibilityarescalableandcouldberelativelyquicktodeploy.

Theirdeploymentcouldnotonlycutbillsforconsumersbutminimizetheamountofmorecostlygenerationandassociatednetworkinfrastructurethatneedstobe

built,whilstmaintainingsecurityofsupply.”5

/programs-and--[Accessed22May2025].

©2026BSI.Allrightsreserved.

8

Australiaisusingflexibilitytomanagetheoutputfromembeddedphotovoltaic(PV)generation6andNew

Internationalexamplesofresidential

flexibility

ZealandhasidentifiedsavingsofNZ$4bnthroughto2050ondistributionnetworkreinforcementthroughtheuseofEVsmartcharging.7

InJapan,theECHONETConsortiumwasestablishedin

1997withthe“ECHONETLitespecifications”announcedin2011andrecognizedasastandardprotocolforHEMS(HomeEnergyManagementSystems).8

TheUS,especiallyinCalifornia,haspioneereddemandflexibility.TheCalifornianEnergyCommissionstatesthat“…however,manyrenewablesproducevarying

5DepartmentforEnergySecurity&NetZero‘CleanPower2030ActionPlan:Aneweraofcleanelectricity’(April2025).Availableat

.uk/

government/publications/clean-power-2030-action-plan/clean-power-2030-

planelectricity

action--a-new-era-of-clean--main-report[Accessed22May2025].

EnergyManagementandGridFlexiilityReport

6CitiPower&Powercor,‘Flexiblesolarexportstrial’.Availableat

https://www.

.au/network-planning-and-projects/network-innovation/flexi-

ble-exports/[Accessed22May2025].

7EECA(March2024)‘ResidentialsmartEVchargersanddemandflexibili-ty’.Availableat

t.nz/insights/eeca-insights/residen

-tial-smart-ev-charging-and-demand-flexibility/[Accessed22May2025].

8ECHONET,‘Greeting’.Availableat

https://echonet.jp/greeting_en/[Ac

-cessed22May2025].

9CaliforniaEnergyCommission,‘LoadFlexibility’.Availableat

https://www.

topics/topics/loadflexibility

amountsofpowerthroughouttheday.Toensuregridreliability,poweravailablefromrenewableresourcesneedstomatchtheamountofelectricityusedandtimeused”.9

EnergyManagementandGridFlexiilityReport©2026BSI.Allrightsreserved.9

AnexampleofthisisinGermany,11wherein2024aregulationwasintroducedthat,inreturnforafasterconnectionandlowertariff,heatpumps,EVchargersandatterystorageunitsmustecontrollaleythelocalpowernetworkwhenrequiredtomanagelocaldemand.

Formsofflexibility

Therearemanyformsofflexibilitythatnetworkscanusetomanagetheirsystems10andonlysomeofthesearerelevanttoresidentialcustomers.

IntheUK,PAS1878,EnergySmartAppliances.SystemFunctionalityandArchitecture,identifiesthree

formsofresidentialflexibilityand,whiletheseareUKspecificterms,theydescribebasicapproachestoflexibilitysharedacrossinternational

implementations.

Routine:ThecustomerandtheirsystemsfollowkWhpricesignalstominimizetheirenergycosts.Generally,thepricesignalfollowsthecostofgenerationbutwhenthelocal

networkconstraintsarepredictable,theDSOcan,inprinciple,useroutinemodetomanagelocalnetworkdemand.

PAS1878-EnergySmartAppliances

PAS1878definesthetechnicalframeworkthatenalesenergysmartappliancestoparticipatesecurelyandinteroperablyinDSR.Thenewlypublished2026editionreflectssignificant

industrymaturationandfeedback,supportingconsumer-ledflexibilityatscale.

Download

Response:ThecustomerrespondstosignalsfromtheirDSO,eitherdirectlyorviaanaggregatorwhentheDSOneedstomanagelocalnetworkconstraints.

Frequency:ESAsorHEMscanbeenabledtomonitor

networkfrequencyandaltertheirbehaviourdependingonthefrequency.Aheatpump,forinstance,mighte

requiredtodelaystartupifthegridfrequencywastoolow,indicatinginsufficientsupplycapacity.

Increasinglyflexibilityisalsobeingusedtomanagethedemandfornetworkconnections.Normally,generationconnectionsareofferedafterthenetworkhasbeen

reinforced,toacceptthenewcapacity.Butflexibilitycanbeusedtoallowthenetworktoofferconstrained

10Afullrangeofflexibilityservices(DFS)offeredbytheUK’sNationalEnergy

SystemOperator(NESO)canbefoundhere:ESO,‘DemandFlexibility

Service(DFS)’.

https://www.neso.energy/industry-information/balancing

-services/de-mand-flexibility-service-dfs[Accessed22May2025].

11EnWG,Individualprovision.Availableat

https://www.gesetze-im-internet.

de/enwg_2005/__14a.html

[Accessed22May2025].

connectionsbeforereinforcementiscompleted,sothegeneratorcanbeinstructedtoreducetheiroutputwhenthenetworkcan’tacceptit.Thisapproachcanalsobe

appliedtonewdemandconnections,evenatresidentiallevel.

Thereisanimportantdistinctiontobemaderegardingthedegreeofcustomercontroloffered.ManyschemesprovidefortheDSOtodirectlycontrolthecustomerappliances,

forinstance,inGermany,Article14allowsthelocalDSOtoreducecustomerdemandforaperiodofuptotwohoursandthesignalcannoterefused.

Otherimplementationsallowthecustomermorecontrol.ForPAS1878,thecustomerinformstheiraggregator

ofwhatflexibilitytheirappliancescanprovide.The

aggregatorcanthentriggerthatflexibilityofferiftheDSOcallsforflexibility;thus,customersonlyofferflexibility

whentheyarewillingto.

Customer

experienceandcontrol

EnergyManagementandGridFlexiilityReport©2026BSI.Allrightsreserved.10

Allowingcontroloverthesecommandscreatesnew

challenges.Forexample,aflexibilitycommandwon’t

necessarilycomethroughwhenthecustomerisfreetoconsiderthemorevenawake.Noraretheylikelytowanttodevotemuchoftheirtimetoconsideringflexibility

commands.Hence,theyarelikelytoneedautomationtostandinforthem.

Thisisnosmallchallengegiventhedifferentneedsofall

theusersofahouse,andtheneedtolinkanumberofdatasources;weatherdata,energypricedata,dailyschedulesandevenpersonaldiaries.Itfollowsthatthismeansthatuserswillneedfullconfidenceintheprivacyoftheirdata.

Powerenvelope-basedcontrol

Definesallowablepowerlimitsovertimeratherthandirecton/offcontrol.

AnumberofdatamodelshavebeendefinedinCENELEC

BSEN50491-12-2andtheseareeingusedastheasisforBSENIEC63402-2-2standardwhichiscurrentlyindevelopment.

Thesemodelsdescribehowappliancescanadjustpower,energyuse,ortiminginresponsetonetworksignalswhilemeetinguserneeds.

kw

Timewindow

Allowsuserstoshifttheirdemandwithinarangeoftimes.

EarliestLatest

kw

Devicecontrol

Adjustsuserdevicesettingstomanageload.

24oC

26oC

24oC

Temperature

EnergyManagementandGridFlexiilityReport©2026BSI.Allrightsreserved.11

Flexiility

datamodels

Enablingresidentialflexibilitypresentsamajortechnicalchallengeutismadepossileythedevelopment

ofnewtechnologies,keyamongstthesethedigitaltransformation.

TheEuropeanCommissionhasstatedthat“Europe

needstouildanenergysystemthatismuchsmarter

andmoreinteractivethanitistoday.Energyand

resourceefficiency,decarbonization,electrification,

sectorintegrationanddecentralizationoftheenergy

systemallrequireatremendouseffortindigitalization.”12

ThisisreflectedbytheUKgovernment,“…wehave

publishedtheUK’sfirstEnergyDigitalizationStrategy,asdigitalizationisanessentialrequirementforrealizingasmartandflexibleenergysystem.”13

Digitalizationistransformingmanyofthecomponentsoftheenergysystem,allowingthemtobesecurely

connectedandcontrolled.Digitalizationalsoallows

smarthomesystemstobeestablishedtotakeaway

muchoftheurdenfromtheconsumerinmanaginganincreasinglycomplicatedhomeenergysystem.

12EuropeanCommission(2022).'Digitalisingtheenergysystem-EUactionplan'.Availableat

https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/

TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52022DC0552[Accessed22May2025].

13Transitioningtoanetzeroenergysystem’.Availableat

https://

Enaling

technologies

assetspublishingservicegovuk/media/60f575cd8fa8f50c7f08aecd/smart

-

....

systems-and-flexibility-plan-2021.pdf[Accessed22May2025].

EnergyManagementandGridFlexiilityReport©2026BSI.Allrightsreserved.12

Smartappliancesandhomeenergymanagement

Increasingly,homeappliancesincludesmarthome

capabilitiesandcanberemotelymanaged.This

capabilitycanreadilybeintegratedintoaDSRsystemasitprovidesmuchofthenecessaryfunctionality.

Electricvehicles:smartcharging(EVSE)andVehicle-to-Grid(V2G)

ManagingthedemandfromEVSEandavoidingnetworkpeaksisakeyroleofDSRbutalsothereisthepossibilityofusingthepowerstoredinbatteriestosupportthe

networkusingV2Gfunctionality.PowercanbeexportedfromtheEVduringperiodsofhighdemandandthe

batteryre-chargedwhendemandfalls.

Smartmeteringandsettlement

Smartmeteringalsoreflectsthistransitionfrom

analoguetodigitalsystemsandprovidesacritical

componentoftheDSRsystem.Routinemodewill

dependoncustomersmovingtoshorttimeperiods,

suchas½hourtariffsandsmartmeterswillbeableto

recordandreporttheseusagepatternsforsettlingills.

RooftopsolarPV,storageandself-consumption

Rooftopphotovoltaics(PV)havebecomewidespread,a

trendthatisexpectedtogrow,oftencombinedwitha

batteryorEV.PVgenerationisnotverycontrollableandthebenefitsforthecustomercanbemaximizedifthey

areincludedinanHEMsystemsuchthattheoutputofthePVcanbestoredduringthedayandusedintheeveningwhenthecustomer'sdemandishigherandenergyis

moreexpensive.

Whole-homeautomationanddevicecontrol

AfullyequippedhomecouldhavePV,EV,heatpump,

electricalandthermalstorageandmanagingtheseforthemaximumbenefitoftheresidentisacomplextaskthat

willrequireautomation.Thiscontrolsystemcanthenbeconnectedtoexternalcontrollers,suchasanaggregator,andusedtoletthehomeprovideflexibilityforthewiderenergysystem.

Afurther,andlesshelpfulfeatureofnewhome

technologies,istheirincreasingcomplexity.Traditionalloads,suchasanelectricstorageheatercouldreadilybeswitchedonandoffwithoutdamageandtheycouldbecontrolledsimplyusinganexternalpowerswitch.

Heatpumpsandmanyothermodernappliances,onthe

otherhand,canbedamagedbyrepeatedsuddenloss

ofsupplyandtheyshouldalwaysfollowtheirshutdown

process.Thismeansthatflexibilityusingheatpumps(andothersimilarproducts)needstoinvolvetheheatpump

controlsystem;theheatpumpshouldbeinstructedtoshutdown,ratherthansimplyinterruptingthesupply.

and

EnergyManagementGridFlexibilityReport02026BSI.Allrightsreserved.13

Incentivesandoperating

theflexibilitysystem

Consumerreward

Obtainingthislevelofflexibilityfromcustomerswillbeanewexperienceforthem,andgettingtheirsupportandpositiveengagementisvital.Consumerscanbe

rewardedinseveralways,andmarketmodelsand

offeringsarebeingdevelopedtopersuadeconsumersthatgettinginvolvedinthisisworththeirwhile.

Adjustingdemandagainstvariabletariffsshouldautomaticallyrewardcustomersastheyseekthecheapestpowerperiods.

AcceptanceofcontractssuchastheGermanArticle

14.aisrewardedbyearlierconnectionsandcheaper

tariffs.RespondingtoflexibilityrequestsfromDSOs

canbemademandatorybutcanalsoberewardedviaDSOpaymentstotheaggregatorfortheavailabilityofaresponseserviceanditsdispatch.Theaggregator

thenrewardstheconsumer.Animportantrequirementforthisistheabilitytodetectandmeasureflexibilityresponses.

EnergyManagementandGridFlexibilityReport02026BSI.Allrightsreserved.14

Aflexibilitysystemwillcontainanumberofelements,whichneedtobedevelopedandstandardized,

whennecessary.

CEM=Customerenergymanager

Supply

Aggregator

SupplierDSO

CustomerDisplay

Heatpump

Storage

Meter

EVSE

CEM

Makingitwork

Introductionofthelatestadvancementsinenergymanagementandgrid

flexibilitysolutions

Muchhasalreadybeendonedevelopingflexibility

standardizationbutitremainsaworkinprogress.

Aflexibilityregimerequiresthecommunicationof

signalsfromtheDSOnetworkthroughtodevicesinthehomeandthesemessagesaredeliveredviaaseriesofstakeholdersanddomainssupportedbyinterlinking

standards.

Manyofthestandardsalreadyexistwithfurtherworkunderwaytocompletethefullsetofstandardscoveringtheseprocessesandtostreamlinethemtoopenupasmuchflexibilitycapacityaspossible.

Internationalstandardsmustcaterforapplicationsfromacrosstheworldwithmanydifferentmarketstructures,localrequirementsandinfrastructures.AstatementonthestandardizationchallengescanbefoundontheIECwebsite.14

14IEC,SyCSmartEnergy,‘Mainstandardizationchallenges’.Availableat

https://syc-se.iec.ch/smart-energy/main-standardization-challenges/

[Accessed22May2025].

EnergyManagementandGridFlexiilityReport©2026BSI.Allrightsreserved.15

Set-Up

Contractssettingoutthedetailsoftheflexibility

servicesbetweentheparticipants(forexample,the

energysystemoperator,transmissionsystemoperator,distributionsystemoperator,aggregatorandthe

consumer)arerequired,settingouthowthesystemwillbeoperated,whataggregatorandconsumersystemsneedtooffertoqualifytotakepartaswellashowtheresponsewillbedispatched,measuredandpaidfor.

Whilstsuchcontractsarenotstandardized,the

flexibilitymarketwillbenefitfromcommonterms

andconditionsandwilllikelyrequirecompliancewithstandardsforoperationandperformance.

Operation

TheDSOrequiresadispatchprocessbasedon

communicationsprotocolsbetweentheDSOandthe

aggregator.Theaggregatormustthenforwardthe

flexibilityrequesttotheESAsinthehomeofrelevant

customers.Insomejurisdictions,theDSOmaysendthesignaldirectlytotheconsumerESAwiththeDSOactingasanaggregator.Onceitreceivesacallforaflexibilityresponse,theESAsinthehomemustaccept