高一英语外研社版期中专题一-阅读理解解题指导(一)

第页高一英语外研社版期中专题一——阅读理解解题指导(一)课程目标:一、学习目标1.要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料。2.考生应能:理解主旨要义;理解文中具体信息;根据上下文推断生词的词义;做出简单判断和推理;理解文章的基本结构;理解作者的意图和态度。二、重点、难点1.丰富词汇量2.培养阅读兴趣3.提高阅读技巧4.克服心理障碍,提高学习英语的积极性三、考情分析1.阅读理解题目在考试中占40分,但并不是说其他题目就不考查阅读能力了,随着教育改革和考试题目的改革,任何题目即单项选择也会考查阅读能力——考查对语境的理解。2.学生不重视词汇和阅读文章,偏爱语法知识和单项选择;缺乏阅读兴趣;没有良好的阅读习惯和阅读技巧;阅读失分率很高。知识梳理:阅读理解解题指导【命题原则】1.对语篇领悟能力的检测仍是高考的重点和基本点高考英语阅读理解着重检测考生对语篇的整体把握能力、根据所提供的语境进行语篇分析的能力以及综合利用有效信息解决实际问题的能力。在近几年的高考中,涉及较低能力要求的事实性和细节性考题的比例虽呈上升趋势,但词义猜测、推理判断和主旨概括等深层次试题仍占很大比重。2.选材更趋多样化、现代化和生活化,突显语言与文化相结合的特点就体裁而言,阅读材料所选择的文段涉及记叙文、议论文和应用文等多种文体;选材风格保/持连续性,既注重题材的多样化、现代化和生活化,又较为综合地反映了政治、经济、文化和生活的各个方面,贴近生活,贴近时代,体现了"语言是文化的载体"这一重要理念。3.适当降低读速及难度要求,提高试题的信息含量,体现新课程的理念近几年阅读理解题的阅读量总体呈回落趋势,难度系数适当降低,注重考查考生获取、分辨、整合、加工和表述信息的能力。4.阅读材料更趋于"原汁原味",设问方式更加深入阅读材料基本保留了其原有的语言风格,文章的展开不再是平铺直叙,而是兼有倒叙、插叙等多种方式;一词多义、熟词生义、多种时态的混用、结构复杂的长句、省略句以及插入语等语言现象比较常见。练习1:SanFranciscohasitscablecars.SeattlehasitsSpaceNeedle.And,Longviewhasitssquirrelbridge.Thebridge,whichhasattractedinternationalattention,isnowalocallandmark.TheNuttyNarrowsBridgewasbuiltin1963byalocalbuilder,AmosPeters,togivesquirrelsawaytocrossthebusyroadwithoutgettingflattenedbypassingcars.TheoriginalbridgewasbuiltoverOlympiaWayonthewestedgeofthelibrarygrounds.Beforethebridgewasbuilt,squirrelshadtoavoidtraffictoandfromtheParkPlazaofficebuildingwhereofficestaffputoutanuttyfeastforthesquirrels.Manytimes,PetersandotherswhoworkedinandnearParkPlazawitnessedsquirrelsbeingrunover.OnedayPetersfoundadeadsquirrelwithanutstillinitsmouth,andthatday’scoffeebreakdiscussionturnedintosquirrelsafety.ThegroupofbusinessmencookedupthesquirrelbridgeideaandformedacommitteetoasktheblessingoftheCityCouncil(市政会).TheCouncilapproved,andCouncilwomanBessLaRivierejokinglynamedthebridge"NuttyNarrows".Afterarchitectsdesignedthebridge,AmosPetersandBillHutchstartedconstruction.Theybuiltthe60-footbridgefromaluminumandlengthsoffirehose(消防水带）.Itcost$1,000.Itdidn’ttakelongbeforereportsofsquirrelsusingthebridgestarted.Squirrelswereevenseenguidingtheiryoungandteachingthemtheropes.Thestorywaspickedupbythemedia,andNuttyNarrowsbecameknowninnewspapersallovertheworld.In1983,after20yearsofuse,Peterstookdowntheworn-outbridge.Repairsweremadeandcrosspieceswerereplaced.ThefadedsignwasrepaintedandinJuly1983,hundredsofanimalloversattendedthecompletionceremonyofthenewbridge.Petersdiedin1984,andaten-footwoodensquirrelsculpturewasplacednearthebridgeinmemoryofitsbuilderandhisdevotiontotheproject.本篇阅读理解体现了高考英语的命题原则:原汁原味;题材多样化;题目设置在细节理解的基础上,夹杂推理判断题和词义猜测题等;也突显了东西方文化的差异。旨在培养中学生的文化意识和文化素养。1.TheNuttyNarrowsBridgewasbuiltinorderto________.A.offersquirrelsaplacetoeatnutsB.setupalocallandmarkC.helpimprovetrafficD.protectsquirrels【答案】D【命题】细节理解题。考查对文章特定细节的理解和判断能力。【解析】由第二段中的togivesquirrelsawaytocrossthebusyroadwithoutgettingflattenedbypassingcars可知,修建NuttyNarrowsBridge的目的是保护/松鼠安全地过马路。2.Whathappenedoverthecoffeebreakdiscussion?A.ThecommitteegottheCouncil’sblessing.B.Thesquirrelbridgeideawasborn.C.ACouncilwomannamedthebridge.D.Asquirrelwasfounddead.【答案】B【命题】细节理解题。考查对文章特定细节的理解和判断能力。【解析】根据第四段中的…andthatday’scoffeebreakdiscussionturnedintosquirrelsafety…cookedupthesquirrelbridgeidea可知,在某一天喝咖啡休息的讨论中,Peters和其他人萌生了给松鼠建座桥的想法。3.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“teachingthemtheropes"probablymeaninthetext?A.Passingthemarope. B.Directingthemtostorefoodforwinter.C.Teachingthemalesson. D.Showingthemhowtousethebridge.【答案】D【命题】词义猜测题。考查对文中特定词语的理解和判断能力。【解析】根据前面的guidingtheiryoung,可以推断此处应该是松鼠教它们的孩子如何使用绳索,而不是给它们递绳子,也不是给它们一个教训。4.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEofthesquirrelbridge?A.Itwasreplacedbyalongerone. B.Itwasbuiltfromwoodandmetal.C.Itwasrebuiltafteryearsofuse. D.ItwasdesignedbyBillHutch.【答案】C【命题】细节理解题。考查对文章特定细节的理解和判断能力。【解析】根据文章倒数第二段中的In1983,after20yearsofuse,Peterstookdowntheworn-outbridge.Repairsweremadeandcrosspieceswerereplaced.可知,绳索用了20年后,Peters进行了修缮,并替换上了新的绳索。文中没有涉及是否替换的绳索更长;第五段中提到绳索是铝制的,而且是architects设计的,只是说Peters和Hutch开始建设,因此可以排除其他选项。5.WhatcanwelearnaboutAmosPeters?A.Heisrememberedforhisloveofanimals.B.Hedonated$1,000tobuildthebridge.C.HewasamemberoftheCityCouncil.D.Hewasawardedamedalforbuildingthebridge.【答案】A【命题】推理判断题。考查对文章言外之意进行符合逻辑的推理的能力。【解析】根据最后一段中的…aten-footwoodensquirrelsculpturewasplacednearthebridgeinmemoryofitsbuilderandhisdevotiontotheproject.可以推断,Peters因为爱动物,倡导修建这座桥而被人们记住。文中没有提到他是否因此得到奖章,因此可以排除D。【解题技巧】技巧一、先通读,后细读阅读一篇文章,最好采用先通读、再细读的策略。首先要快速浏览全文,这一点非常重要。因为一篇文章是一个整体,是围绕一个中心思想组织的。如果我们了解了文章大体讲的是什么,有了整个篇章的结构模式,就有利于我们理顺句子或段落间的关系,准确地把握文章的主旨,同时也有利于我们在解题过程中有重点地细读部分内容。一篇文章无论长短,都要做到一口气读下来。对于生词,只要不妨碍我们理解主要内容,可暂时放下不管。如果我们读读停停,左顾右盼,往往会把文章完整的体系破坏了,有碍于对文章整体的理解。在掌握了文章的大体内容后,我们再根据需要解答的问题逐句细读,认真分析词义及句子结构,从而更准确地把握文章的具体内容。练习2:AnoldfriendfromCaliforniacalledfromtheairporttotellmethathehadarrived.Iwasnotabletoleavetheoffice,butIhadmadeplansforhisarrival.Afterexplainingwheremynewhousewas,ItoldhimthatIhadleftthekeyunderthedoormat(门垫).SinceIknewitwouldbeprettylatebeforeIcouldgethome,Isuggestedthathemakehimselfathomeandhelphimselftoanythingthatwasintherefrigerator.Twohourslatermyfriendphonedmefromthehouse.Atthemoment,hesaid,hewaslisteningtosomeofmyrecordsafterhavinghadadeliciousmeal.Now,hesaid,hewasdrinkingaglassoforangejuice.WhenIaskedhimifhehadhadanydifficultyfindingthehouse,heansweredthattheonlyproblemwasthathehadnotbeenabletofindthekeyunderthedoormat,butluckily,thelivingroomwindowbytheappletreehadbeenleftopenandhehadclimbedinthroughthewindow.Ilistenedtoallthisingreatsurprise.Thereisnoappletreeoutsidemywindow,butthereisonebythelivingroomwindowofmynextdoorneighbor’shouse!【文章大意】我的一个朋友在机场给我打电话,他到了并且让我去接他,可是我没时间,于是告诉他钥匙在哪里,家里有什么吃的;而我的朋友因为没找到钥匙而误爬进我邻居的家里,并且在那吃东西、听音乐。1.Anoldfriendofminecalled______.A.totellmetomeethimattheairportB.totellmeabouthisarrivalC.toaskmetoleavetheofficeD.toaskmetomakeplansforhisarrival【答案】B【命题】细节理解题。考查对文章特定细节的理解和判断能力。【解析】浏览全文,寻找细节。该题的细节是:totellmethathehadarrived.2.Myfriendclimbedintotheroombecause______.A.therewasanappletreeoutsideB.thelivingroomwindowwasleftopenC.hehaddifficultyopeningthedoorD.hehadn’tfoundthekey【答案】D【命题】细节理解题。考查对文章特定细节的理解和判断能力。【解析】注意原文中heansweredthattheonlyproblemwasthathehadnotbeenabletofindthekeyunderthedoormat,butluckily,thelivingroomwindowbytheappletreehadbeenleftopen.技巧二、略读略读(skimming)是利用较短的时间粗略地阅读全文的阅读策略,其主要目的是迅速抓住文章的主旨大意或作者的写作意图。这是一种高效的、有选择性的、有针对性的阅读技巧。掌握略读这一技巧的关键就在于学会在阅读过程中区别文章的重要部分和非重要部分,全局部分和枝节部分。一些次要信息要大胆略去不读,迅速找出topicsentence,即找出能概括全段大意的句子。在运用这一方法阅读文章时,要特别注意：①文章的标题;②文章的首句或引导性段落;③文章尾部的结论性词汇;④反映段落中心思想的主题句。如果我们找到了每段的主题句,再将这些主题句集中在一起,就差不多能够把握全文的中心内容了。练习3:WhatdoyouthinkofBritishpeopleandAmericanpeople?Youmightthinkthattherearenodifferencesbetweenthepeopleinthetwocountries.Afteralltheyspeakthesamelanguage,don’tthey?ButifyouaskaBritishoranAmericanperson,thedifferencesarequitegreat.WhatdoBritishpeoplethinkAmericansarelike?TheBritishthinkAmericansareverystrange.Theymakealotofnoiseandtheylaughtooloudly.Theyarerich,andtheyonlythinkaboutmoney.ButtheBritishdosaythatAmericansarekind,friendlypeople.Theyarehappytohelpyouifyouareintrouble.WhatdoAmericansthinkoftheBritish?Well,theythinktheBritisharecoldandveryunfriendly.Theyarenotinterestedinsuccessorinmakinglotsofmoney.TheythinkBritainisthebestcountryintheworld.Theylookdownuponothercountries.ButAmericanssaythattheBritisharequitegoodworkers.Theyarebraveandhonest.Andintimeoftroubletheyfacedifficultieshappily.YoucanseethattheseideascancausemisunderstandingbetweentheBritishandAmericans.ButwhenAmericanandBritishpeoplebecomefriends,theyusuallyfindthingsarenotasbadastheyexpected.本文主题句:①WhatdoyouthinkofBritishpeopleandAmericanpeople?②WhatdoBritishpeoplethinkAmericansarelike?③WhatdoAme/ricansthinkoftheBritish?④ButwhenAmericanandBritishpeoplebecomefriends,theyusuallyfindthingsarenotasbadastheyexpected.本文结构：分—总。前三段分别提出三个问题；最后一段升华主题,英国人和美国人之间并不如想象中那么坏。1.WhatdotheBritishthinkAmericansarelike?A.Theyarestrangebutfriendly. B.Theyarepoor.C.Theyarerichbutunfriendly. D.Theyarehappyintrouble.【答案】A【命题】细节理解题。考查对文章特定细节的理解和判断能力。【解析】通过查读和找主题句,我们可知该题是就第二段设置的。该题的核心句:①TheBritishthinkAmericansareverystrange.②ButtheBritishdosaythatAmericansarekind,friendlypeople.2.TheAmericanandBritishpeopleusuallygetalongquitewell____.A.whenmisunderstandingiscausedbetweenthemB.oncetheybecomefriendsC.aftertheyfightD.whentheyhelpeachother【答案】B【命题】细节理解题。考查对文章特定细节的理解和判断能力。【解析】通过查读和找主题句,在文章最后一段找到答案:ButwhenAmericanandBritishpeoplebecomefriends,theyusuallyfindthingsarenotasbadastheyexpected.技巧三、查读查读(scanning),也称为扫描式阅读,是指用较短的时间快速扫视文章,查找具体信息或相关事实与细节的阅读技巧。查读有一定的目的性,是带着问题寻找答案的阅读方法,在考试中具有很高的实用价值。先在问题中找出二至三个关键词语,用作答案的指示牌。然后回到文章中迅速扫描,以确定答案可能存在的区域,最后将文章中与之匹配的部分标出,确定正确答案。在查读过程中,我们可以一目十行地快速扫描整篇文章,也可用手指或钢笔从左至右或逐行快速移动,同时眼睛要紧随其移动,查看所要寻找的具体内容,对那些与想要查找的信息无关的内容可一带而过甚至不必阅读。【即学即练】LastyearIwenttoNepal(尼泊尔)forthreemonthstoworkinahospital.Ithinkit’simportanttoseeasmuchofacountryasyoucan,butitisdifficulttotravelaroundNepal.Thehospitalletmehaveafewdays’holiday,soIdecidedtogointothejungle(丛林)andIaskedaNepaleseguide,KamalRai,togowithme.Westartedourtripatsixinthemorningwithtwoelephantscarryingourequipment.Itwashot,butKamalmademewearshoesandtrouserstoprotectmefromsnakes.Inthejungletherewasalotofwildlife,butweweretryingtofindbigcats,especiallytigers.Weclimbedontotheelephants’backstoseebetter,butitisunusualtofindtigersintheafternoonbecausetheysleepinthedaytime.Then,inthedistance,wesawatiger,andKamaltoldmetobeveryquiet.Wemovednearerandfoundadeaddeer.Thiswasthetiger’slunch!Istartedtofeelveryfrightened.Weheardthetigerasecondbeforewesawit.Itjumpedoutsuddenly,fivehundredkilosplusandfourmeterslong.Itgrabbed(咬住)Kamal’slegbetweenitsteeth,butIsucceededinpullingKamalaway.Oneofourelephantsranatthetigerandmadeitgobackintothegras/s,sowequicklyescapedtoletthetigereatitslunch.Thatnightitwasimpossibletosleep.Thewriterofthepassagemustbe____.A.aNepalesedoctorB.aforeigntouristC.aNepalesetravelerD.aforeigndoctor【答案】D【命题】推理判断题。考查对文章言外之意进行符合逻辑的推理的能力。【解析】该题目中的关键词:doctor,tourist,traveler,Nepalese,foreign。利用查读法迅速找出关键词和关键句,由文中描红部分可知作者是医生,并且是来Nepal工作的外国医生,可推断选D。尽管文中也有:travel,trip,但这是医院让作者休息几天的时候他进行的旅行。技巧四、默读专家认为,做阅读理解不应该是读,而应该是看。默读有利于发展阅读者的内部语言,有利于强化理解,有利于提高阅读速度。测试表明,我们朗读时,一分钟能念125个字就已很不错了,而默读时,每分钟可读150个字以上,有人阅读小说时甚至可达每分钟600字。默读时一定要做到如下三点：①全神贯注。这是有效阅读最需要的心理素质。②积极思维。默读有利于思维活动的开展,有利于深层理解。③减少回视。回视率高不仅限制了速度,也会对内容的理解产生支离破碎的影响。练习:5:Asonecomestosomecrossroads,heorsheseesasignwhichsaysthatdrivershavetostopwhentheycometothemainroadahead.Atothercrossroads,drivershavetogoslow,buttheydonotactuallyhavetostopunless,ofcourse,thereissomethingcomingalongthemainroad;andatstillothers,theydonothaveeithertostoportogoslow,becausetheyarethemselvesonthemainroad.Mr.Williams,whowasalwaysaverycarefuldriver,wasdrivinghomefromworkoneeveningwhenhecametoac