跨文化商务沟通（英文版第6版）课件 第2章 制度环境

Chapter2UniversalSystems2-1Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.2UniversalSystemsEconomicSystemsPoliticalSystemsEducationalSystemsMarriageandFamilySystemsSocialHierarchiesandSocialInteractionCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.3EconomicISMsSocialism

-Youhavetwocows.Giveonecowtoyourneighbor.Communism-Youhavetwocows.Givebothcowstothegovernment,andtheymaygiveyousomeofthemilk.Nazism-Youhavetwocows.Thegovernmentshootsyouandtakesbothofthecows.Anarchism-Youhavetwocows.Keepbothofthecowsandshootthegovernmentagentandstealanothercow.Capitalism-Youhavetwocows.Sellonecowandbuyabull.Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.4HDIU.S. 4Australia 2Brazil 84Canada 6China 101France 20Germany 9India 134Japan 12Mexico 57Netherlands 3NewZealand 5Singapore 26SouthKorea 15UnitedArabEmirates 30UnitedKingdom 28

Country

RankCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.5EconomicSystemsU.S.-capitalisticwithsocialisticovertones;freemarketwithgovernmentregulationsUnitedKingdom-basedoncapitalism;sincethe1980ssomesectorshavebeenprivatized;lessregulationofindustryhasbeenencouragedMexico–capitalisticwithsocialcontrolsJapan-capitalistic/freemarketCanada-capitalisticwithsocialcontrolsinhealthcareandretirement

Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.6PoliticalSystemsU.S.-presidentelectedbyelectoralcollege;stateshavenumerousrights.Canada–confederationwith

parliamentarysystem;primeministerandmembersoftheHouseofCommonselected;countrydividedintoprovinces;eachprovincecontrolsitsregion.China-China’spoliciesaredeterminedbya20-memberPolitboroanda7-memberstandingcommittee.TheChineseCommunistPartyistheonlylegalpoliticalparty.UnitedKingdom-ruledbyaconstitutionalmonarchywithaparliament.Themonarchisheadofstate,butelectedofficialsgovernthroughParliament.Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.7France-TheFrenchRepublichas22regions,dividedinto96departments.Presidentistheheadofstateandservesa7-yearterm.PrimeministerisappointedbythePresidentfromthemajoritypartyintheNationalAssembly.Germany–presidentiselectedbymembersofthefederalandstatelegislaturesforamaximumoftwo5-yearterms.Chancellorisheadofgovernment,electedbythelowerhouseofParliament,theFederalAssembly.Japan

-constitutionalmonarchybutemperorhasnopower.Primeminister,lowerhouse,andupperhouseelectedbythepeople.Prefectures(states)havegovernorselectedbypeople.Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.8Iran-SixreligiousleadersandsixlayleadersmakeupCouncilofGuardians;councilapprovespresidentialcandidates.Mexico-federalgovernmentwithpresidentelectedbythoseover18;votingisobligatory.Presidentmayserveonlyoneterm,butsenatorsanddeputiesmayservemorethanoneterm(termscannotbeconsecutive).Federalgovernmentcontrolssomeindustriesandeducation.UnitedArabEmirates–federationofsevenemiratesSouthKorea–mostmembersofgovernmentareelected.Statecouncilincludesthepresident,primeminister,and15-30ministryheads.Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.9WorldEconomicsForeigncompetitionIncreasedproductivityWorldcompetitionforpositionsQualityversuspriceSupernationalismSubnationalismCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.10Formaland

InformalEducationFormaleducation-aformalizededucationalstructure;educationacquiredinschoolInformaleducation-noformaleducationalinfrastructureCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.11EducationintheU.S.LearningconceptsemphasizedStudentstaughttothinkforthemselves

EmphasisonreasoninganddevelopingintellectualabilitiesCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.12EducationintheU.S.AnybodycangetintocollegeintheUnitedStates.Malaysians,remarkingontheeasyaccessibilityofAmericancollegesanduniversities,comparedU.S.schoolsunfavorablytothatoftheBritishwhoonceruledMalaysiaandprovidedthemodelfortheireducationalsystem.However,theMalaysiansobserved,“YouAmericansputmenonthemoon,sotheremustbesomethingrightaboutyoursystem.”(Althen,2003,p.102)Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.13EducationinJapanNationalcurriculumissetupbytheMinistryofEducation.Lessonsarecompulsory;coresubjectsareJapanese,Math,andEnglish.Teachingisconsideredahighstatusprofession.Teachersmustcontinuetheirprofessionalinvolvement,bemoralcitizens,andberolemodelstostudents.Schoolsdifferentiatebyability.Schoolshavehighexpectationsforstudents.Parentalinvolvementisverystrong.Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.14SocialStratificationauthoritypowerpropertyownershipincomelifestyleoccupationeducationalbackgroundaltruisticactivitykinshipconnectionstieswithvolunteerassociationsRankingofpeopleinasocietyintohigherandlowerpositionsbyothermembersofsociety,resultinginahierarchyofrespectandprestige.Onwhatbasisdowerankpeople?Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.15OccupationalRankingsU.S. Japan________________SupremeCourtjustices PrefecturalgovernorsPhysicians UniversityprofessorsStategovernors LocaljudgesPresident’scabinet OfficersinlargefirmsDiplomats GovernmentsectionheadsMayorsoflargecities DoctorsUniversityprofessors ArchitectsScientists OwnersofbusinessesCongressionalleaders LaborunionleadersBankers NewspaperreportersCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.16FamilySystemsNuclearfamily (father,mother,children)Extendedfamily (grandparents,uncles, aunts,cousins)Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.17CommonFamilySystemsPolygyny(1man,manywives)Arabcountries/IslamicbelieversPolyandry(1woman,manyhusbands)PolynesiannationsMonogamy(1husbandandwife)NorthandSouthAmerica,EuropeSerialMonogamy(peopleremarryafterdivorceordeathofspouse)U.S.Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.18SocialHierarchies/InteractionSocialreciprocity-thewayformalandinformalcommunicationsarehandled.Involvesindependentsocialreciprocity(avoidscommitment)symmetrical-obligatorysocialreciprocity(peoplehaveanequalobligation)complementary-obligatorysocialreciprocity(peopleareforeverindebtedtoothers)GroupmembershiphastwoextremespeoplecanbelongtomanygroupsorveryfewgroupspeopleinthemiddletrytobalancegroupaffiliationandpersonalfreedomCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.19Intermediaries-peoplewhoactasgo-betweenswithotherpeopleFormalit