全英文介绍中国科技-Science-and-Technology

Chapter6

ScienceandTechnology

AGlimpseofChineseCulture

AbriefintroductionofChineseScienceandTechnologyAncientScienceandTechnologyChineseScienceandtechnologyModernScientificandTechnologicalAchievementsAncientScienceandTechnologyTheFourMajorInventionsCompassPapermakingGunpowderPrintingTraditionalChineseMedicine(TCM)OtherImpressiveAncientInventionsModernScienceandTechnologicalAchievementsAtomicenergyNuclearandhydrogenbombsOilproductionSyntheticcrystallinebovineinsulinFirstman-madesatelliteScientificresearchonthePacificOceanBreakthroughinGoldbach'sConjectureReachonPNAsemi-moleculeFive-strokecodecomputerinputmethod

GreatWallscientificinspectionstationattheSouthPoleNuclearpowerstationsinChinaResearch,developmentandapplicationofsuper-conductivityPositiveandnegativeelectroncollider2.16metreopticalcelestialtelescopeYuanLongpingandhybridriceShenzhouVandShenzhouVIThefourMajorInventionscompassCompassThecompassvehicleCompassEarlyintheWarringStatesperiod,whileminingoresandmeltingcopperandiron,Chinesepeoplechanceduponanaturalmagnetitethatattractedironandpointedfixedlynorth.Referredtoasa"South-pointer",thespoonorladle(长柄杓子)shapedcompassismadeofmagneticlodestone(天然磁石),andtheplateisbronze.ThecircularcenterrepresentsHeaven,andthesquareplaterepresentsEarth.ThecompassvehicleUsagesofthecompassvoyagesVascodaGamavoyagetoIndiaChristopherColumbusdiscoverAmericaFerdinandMagellanvoyageroundtheworldZhenghevoyagestothe"westernocean”voyagestothe"westernocean”ThefourMajorInventionsPapermakingTheusagesofpaperWhatpeopleusedbeforepaperwasinventedShangdynasty-bones,tortoiseshellsandbronzewaresLater-silk,bambooandwoodDisadvantagesofthebambooslipsandsilkDiscussion:Whatifwedon’thavepaper?CaiLunPaperTime:EasternHanDynastyInventor:CaiLunJob:courtofficialMaterials:bark,hemp(麻头),rags,fishnet,wheatstalksandothermaterialsWaystomakepaper:1.thematerialsweresoaked.2.cutintopieces,.3.boiledwithplantash.4.washed.5.groundedwithapestleinamortar(杵和臼).6.themixturewasthenpouredevenlyonaflatsurfacetodry,orbakedtobecomepaper.

AdvantagesofCaiLunPaper:Effect:Traditionalfestival-TombsweepingdayTraditionalcustomsinTombsweepingday:FirepapersetofffirecrackersAstoryaboutwhypeoplefirepaperforthedeadpeopleThefourMajorInventionsGunpowderTime:TangDynastyInventor:SunSimiaoJob:pharmacologist(药剂师)Usagesofgunpowderinmilitaryapplication:TangDynasty:Explosivebombs,andcatapults（石弩)

Song,YuanandMingdynasties:FlyingFire-Arrows（发机飞火),BronzeCannons（火铳),andTwo-StageRockets（火龙出水)Studiedbyothercountries:YuanDynastyEffect:ThefourMajorInventionsPrinting

blockprintingPrintingmovabletypeprintingTimeofblockprintinginvented:betweentheSuiandTangdynastiesProcessofblockprinting:1.cutthewoodintoblocks.2.thencharacterswereengravedinrelief(凸起)ontheblocks.3.Inkwasbrushedontheengravedblock.4.awhitesheetofpaperwasspreadacrossit.5.thenbrushedwithacleanbrushonitsbackleavinganimagewhenthepaperwasremoved.~\(≧▽≦)/~Theworld’soldestsurvivingbookprintedonpaperisVajraSutra(《金刚经》).Itistheearliestwoodcutillustrationinaprintedbook.Disadvantagesofblockprinting:1.

2.3.MovabletypeprintingTime:SongDynastyInventor:BiShengJob:printingcarverProcessofmovabletypeprinting:1.involvedengravingsinglewordsintopiecesofclay.2.firingthemuntilhardenedandusingthemaspermanenttype.3.Thetypewasthensetintoprintingplates.Advantagesofmovabletypeprinting:1.2.3.Differentmaterials:wood,tin,copperandlead

blocksChapter6

ScienceandTechnologyTraditionalChineseMedicine(TCM)OtherImpressiveAncientInventions

Discussion:what’s

thedifferencebetween

TCMandWesternmedicine?

Meansofdiagnosis(n.诊疗),treatmentanditscompositionofdrugsandprescriptions(n.处方药,治疗措施).Traditionalmedicineisbasedonthepremise（前提)thatthecauseofsicknessisanimbalanceandblockage（阻塞、堵塞)oftheflowofqi.Acupuncture(针灸)Herbal（草药)Massage（按摩)DietsCorrectivebreathingexercises:Taijiorqigongpills(丸),powder(散),extracts(膏),pellets(丹)刮痧,推拿,针灸,拔罐Fourdiagnosticmethods:Listen(望)Smelling（闻)Inquiringandobserving（问)Feelingthepulse（切)ThemostfamousmedicalexpertsinancientChinaBianQueHuaTuo:Mafeisanand“TheFive-AnimalExercise”（五禽戏)ZhangZhongjing：OnDisease(伤寒杂病论)LiShizhen：CompendiumofMeteriaMedica（本草纲目)FireworksAbacusSilkPorcelainSeismographAnaestheticWeiqiModernMajorScientificandTechnologicalAchievementsIntroductionSince1949,scienceandtechnologyinChinahascontinuedtodeveloprapidly,particularlyinthelast20years.ContentsAtomicenergy（原子能)Nuclearandhydrogenbombs（核弹氢弹爆炸)Oilproduction（油田生产)Syntheticcrystallinebovineinsulin（合成结晶牛胰岛素)Firstman-madesatellite（第一颗人造卫星)BreakthroughinGoldbach’sConjecture(哥德巴赫猜测)ResearchonRNAsemi-molecule(核糖核酸半分子)Five-strokecodecomputerinputmethod(五笔字型中文输入法)GreatWallscientificinspectionstationattheSouthPole(南极长城科学观察站)NuclearpowerstationsinChina（中国旳核电站)Research,developmentandapplicationofsuper-conductivity(超导体)Positiveandnegativeelectroncollider(正负电子对撞机)2.16metreopticalcelestialtelescope(光学天文望远镜)YuanLongpingandhybridrice（杂交水稻)ShenzhouV(神舟五号)andShenzhouVI(神舟六号)Nuclearbomb（原子弹爆炸)Hydrogenbomb（氢弹爆炸)

Oilproduction（油田生产)DaqingOilField(大庆油田)Syntheticcrystallinebovineinsulin（合成结晶牛胰岛素)Firstman-madesatellite（第一颗人造卫星)No.1Dongfanghong东方红一号BreakthroughinGoldbach’sConjecture

(哥德巴赫猜测)

ChenJingrun

陈景润Heprovedthatanysufficientevennumbercouldbetheproductofaprimenumbersplusatmosttwootherprimenumbers(abbreviatedas1+2)."任一充分大旳偶数都能够表达成二个素数旳和，或是一种素数和一种半素数(两个素数旳乘积所得旳自然数)旳和”。4=2+2，6＝3+3,8＝5+3,10=7+3,12=7+5,14=11+3,……

Nucleotide核苷酸Five-strokecodecomputerinputmethodChineseScientificSurveyStationsZhongshanStationJanuary26,1989KunLunStationOctober16,2023ArcticYellowRiverStationJuly28,2023GreatWallStationFebruary20,1985NuclearpowerstationsinChina

（中国旳核电站)

Magneticsuspensiontrain（磁悬浮列车)Positiveandnegativeelectroncollider

(正负电子对撞机)

OpticalCelestialTelescope(光学天文望远镜)YuanLongpingandHybridRice

（杂交水稻)YuanLongping’s(袁隆平)pioneeringworkinhybridricebreedingandproductiontechniqueshasrevolutionizedricecultivationinChina.ShenzhouV

(神州五号)

October17,2023,afteralandmark14orbit,21-hourand23-minuteexpedition,YangLiweireturnedtotheEarth.ShenzhouVI

(神州六号)OnOct,17,2023,there-entrycapsuleofChina'sShenzhou-VIspacecraft,carryingastronautsFeiJunlongandNieHaishengafterafive-dayspaceexpeditionlandedsafely.

神舟八号与天宫一号对接TheShenzhou8spacecraftwasautomaticallydockedwiththeTiangong1spacemodule(launchedon29September2023)onNovember3andagainonNovember14,2023.Thisunmanneddocking—China'sfirst—wasfollowedin2023withthemannedShenzhou9m