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Abstractvs.ConcreteConnotationsTranslationTechniquesPracticeFeaturesPart3茗烟又嘱咐道：“不可拿进园去，叫人知道了，我就‘吃不了兜着走’了。”“Don’ttakethemintotheGarden,”Ming-yenwarnedhim.“Iftheywerefound,I’dbeinserioustrouble.”ConcreteAbstractA-CAnexcessiverelianceonthenounattheexpenseoftheverbwill,intheend,detachthemindofthewriterfromtherealitiesofhereandnow,fromwhenandhowandinwhatmoodthethingwasdone,andinsensiblyinduceahabitofabstraction,generalizationandvagueness.InChinese,ifthereisnoexactwordforanabstraction,aconcretewordorphrasethatcomesnearesttotheideaisused.ConnotationsA-CFeTTPrNominalization–MajorFeatureofEnglishasanAbstractLanguage抽象名词涵义概括，指称笼统，覆盖面广，往往有一种“虚”、“泛”、“暗”、“曲”、“隐”的魅力，因而便于用来表达复杂的思想和微妙的情绪。FeaturesofChineseasaConcreteLanguage动词范畴词具体性描述形象性描述A-CCoTTPrE-CTranslationTechniques扩展名词化结构增添范畴词具体性描述形象性描述C-ETranslationTechniques动词→名词化结构省略范畴词简化具体性描述CoFe简化形象性描述A-CPrTohelpmyselflivewithoutfault,ImadealistofwhatIconsideredthe13virtues.Thesevirtuesare:1)Temperance,2)Self-control,3)Silence,4)Order,5)Firmness,6)Savings,7)Industry,8)Honesty,9)Justice,10)Cleanliness,11)Calmness,12)Morality,13)Humbleness.扩展名词化结构TTA-CBothweandtheChineseapproachedthatfirstopeningtowardeachotherwithcaution,uncertainty,eventrepidation.增添范畴词TTA-CShereplacedthereceiverandsatthere,hermindinaturmoil.Shewasnotsurewhenitcouldhavehappened,orwhatherfeelingswere.Shecouldnotthinkstraight.具体性描述TTA-CManymenhaverecognizedthesimilarityofplantstothebehaviorofanimals,andhavedreamedwistfully,butforlornly,uponsomemethodorsourceofrejuvenationsuchasPoncedeLeonsoughtintheFountainofYouthseveralcenturiesago.形象性描述TTA-C对我们大学感兴趣的学生会接到我们的电话，我们会邀请他们来参观校园。动词→名词化结构理想大学的主要目的就是帮助学生发现自己的个性，并根据自己的个性来寻找职业。TTA-C见到自己的故乡，他想起了童年的情景。省略范畴词那时他们最渴望的就是结束这摇摆不定的局面。TTA-C准备了这个药箱，有个头疼脑热的就不用找大夫了。简化具体性描述星星在清澈的晴空中闪烁。TTA-C他等着她来，急得像热锅上的蚂蚁。简化形象性描述允跪而言曰：“百姓有倒悬之危，君臣有危卵之急，非汝不能救也。”TTA-C[1]Adelayinthedeliveryofthetextbookswilldisturbourteachingplan.[2]TherecruitmentofChineselaborerswasnotuniversallyacceptedinraciallyconscious19thcenturyAmericaandsomewhiteworkerswereunsettledbytheirappearanceinlargemembers.PracticeFeTTA-C[3]Theboardofregentsrecentlyadoptedadocumentthatdividesacademicdishonestyintofourcategories:“cheating”,“fabrication”,“facilitatingacademicdishonesty”,and“plagiarism”,withspecificdefinitionsforeach.[4]Whiletakingonlinecourses,studentsdon’thavetoworryabouttravelandtheydon’thavetoworryaboutaccommodation.FeTTA-C[5]ShewonderedwhetherheroutspokennessmightbealiabilitytoFranklin.[6]Heallowedthefathertobeoverruledbythejudge,anddeclaredhisownsonguilty.A-CFeTT[7]Thereadingofallgoodbooksislikeaconversationwiththefinestmenofthepastcenturies.[8]Shewouldhaveblushedhadshebeentoldasmuchinplain,setterms,andnext,shemighthavegrownindignantandassertedthathersoleinterestlayinthemanshelovedandherdesireforhimtomakethebestofhimself.A-CFeTT[9]教师借助只读光盘、互联网及电视会议等计算机技术，可以及时有效地对学生进行跟踪指导。[10]激光可以应用于许多科学领域，又适合于各种实际用途，因此成了近年来轰动一时的科学成就之一。FeTTA-C[11]即使在哈佛大学这样声名显赫的高等学府里，排斥知识的现象也很普遍：许多学生甚至羞于向他们的朋友承认他们学习了多少东西。[12]汽车尾气污染的问题已引起政府和民众的高度重视，一系列治理措施正在有效地展开。FeTTA-C[例