2023年考研英语真题含答案解析

全国硕士硕士入学统一考试英语试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumbered

blankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

ThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica's

population.]homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthat

localgovernmentscan'tpossibly2.Tohelphomelesspeople

3independence,thefederalgovernmentmustsupportjob

trainingprograms,4theminimumwage,andfundmorelow-cost

housing.

5everyoneagreesonthenumberofAmericanswhoare

homeless.Estimates6anywherefrom600,000to3million.

7thefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:

thatthenumberofthehomelessis8.Oneofthefederal

governmentJsstudies9thatthenumberofthehomelesswill

reachnearly19millionbytheendofthisdecade.

Findingwaysto10thisgrowinghomelesspopulationhas

becomeincreasinglydifficult.11whenhomelessindividuals

managetofinda12thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayand

aplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkof

eachday13thestreet.Partoftheproblemisthatmany

homelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.Andasignificant

numberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers,

14notaddictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeveryday

15skillsneededtoturntheirlives16.BostonGlobe

reporterChrisReidynotesthatthesituationwillimproveonlywhen

thereare17programsthataddressthemanyneedsofthe

homeless.18EdwardZlotkowski,directorofcommunityservice

atBentleyCollegeinMassachusetts,19it,aTherehastobe

20ofprograms.What'sneededisapackagedeal.”

1.[A]Indeed

[B]Likewise

[C]Therefore

[D]Furthermore

2.[A]stand

[B]cope

[C]approve

[D]retain

3.[A]in

[B]for

[C]with

[D]toward

4.[A]raise

[B]add

[C]take

[D]keep

5.[A]generally

[B]almost

[C]hardly

[D]not

6.[A]cover

[B]change

[C]range

[D]differ

7.[A]Nowthat

[B]Although

12.[A]lodging

[B]shelter

[C]dwelling

[D]house

13.[A]searching

[B]strolling

[C]crowding

[D]wandering

14.[A]when

[B]once

[C]while

[D]whereas

15.[A]life

[B]existence

[C]survival

[D]maintenance

16.[A]around

FB]over

[C]on

[D]up

17.[A]complex

[B]comprehensive

[C]complementary

[D]compensating

18.[A]So

[B]Since

[C]As

[D]Thus

19.[A]puts

[B]interprets

[C]assumes

[D]makes

20.[A]supervision

[B]manipulation

[C]regulation

FD]coordination

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtext

bychoosing[A],[B],[C],or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWER

SHEET1.(40points;

Text1

Inspiteofaendlesstalkofdifference,“Americansocietyis

anamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Thereis“the

democratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourse,andthecasualness

andabsenceofdeference,^characteristicofpopularculture.People

areabsorbedinto“acultureofconsumption^launchedbythe19th-

centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered“vastarraysofgoodsinan

elegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringtoa

knowledgeableelite,“thesewerestores“anyonecouldenter,

regardlessofclassorbackground.Thisturnedshoppingintoa

publicanddemocraticact."Themassmedia,advertisingandsports

areotherforcesforhomogenization.

Immigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculture,which

maynotbealtogetherelevatingbutishardlypoisonous.Writingfor

theNationalImmigrationForum,GregoryRodriguezreportsthat

today'simmigrationisneitheratunprecedentedlevelsnor

resistanttoassimilation.In1998immigrantswere9.8percentof

population;in1900,13.6percent.Inthe10yearspriorto1990,

3.1immigrantsarrivedforevery1,000residents;inthe10years

priorto1890,9.2forevery1,000.Now,considerthreeindicesof

assimilation-language,homeownershipandintermarriage.

The1990Censusrevealedthat“amajorityofimmigrantsfrom

eachofthefifteenmostcommoncountriesoforiginspokeEnglish

'well'or'verywell'aftertenyearsofresidence."The

childrenofimmigrantstendtobebilingualandproficientin

English."Bythethirdgeneration,theoriginallanguageislostin

themajorityofimmigrantfamilies."Hencethedescriptionof

Americaasa“graveyard“forlanguages.By1996foreign-born

immigrantswhohadarrivedbefore1970hadahomeownershiprateof

75.6percent,higherthanthe69.8percentrateamongnative-born

Americans.

Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics“havehigherratesof

intermarriagethandoU.S.-bornwhitesandblacks."Bythethird

generation,onethirdofHispanicwomenaremarriedtonon-Hispanics,

and41percentofAsian-Americanwomenaremarriedtonon-Asians.

Rodrigueznotesthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundthe

worldarefansofsuperstarslikeArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarth

Brooks,yetusomeAmericansfearthatimmigrantslivingwithinthe

UnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation'sassimilative

power.”

Aretheredivisiveissuesandpocketsofseethingangerin

America?Indeed.Itisbigenoughtohaveabitofeverything.But

particularlywhenviewedagainstAmerica'sturbulentpast,today's

socialindiceshardlysuggestadarkanddeterioratingsocial

environment.

21.Theword“homogenizing”(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobably

means.

[A]identifying

[B]associating

[C]assimilating

[D]monopolizing

22.Accordingtotheauthor,thedepartmentstoresofthe19th

century.

[A]playedaroleinthespreadofpopularculture

[B]becameintimateshopsforcommonconsumers

[C]satisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableelite

[D]oweditsemergencetothecultureofconsumption

23.ThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S..

[A]areresistanttohomogenization

[B]exertagreatinfluenceonAmericanculture

[C]arehardlyathreattothecommonculture

[D]constitutethemajorityofthepopulation

24.WhyareArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksmentionedin

Paragraph5?

[A]Toprovetheirpopularityaroundtheworld.

[B]Torevealthepublic,sfearofinmigrants.

[C]Togiveexamplesofsuccessfulimmigrants.

[D]ToshowthepowerfulinfluenceofAmericanculture.

25.Intheauthor'sopinion,theabsorptionofimmigrantsinto

Americansocietyis________.

[A]rewarding

[B]successful

[C]fruitless

[D]harmful

Text2

Stratford-on-Avon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustry

WilliamShakespeare-buttherearetwcdistinctlyseparateand

increasinglyhostilebranches.ThereistheRoyalShakespeare

Company(RSC),whichpresentssuperbproductionsoftheplaysatthe

ShakespeareMemorialTheatreontheAvon.Andtherearethe

townsfolkwholargelyliveoffthetouristswhocome,nottoseethe

plays,buttolookatAnneHathaway'sCottage,Shakespeare's

birthplaceandtheothersights.

TheworthyresidentsofStratforddoubtthatthetheatreaddsa

pennytotheirrevenue.TheyfranklydisliketheRSC,sactors,them

withtheirlonghairandbeardsandsandalsandnoisiness.It'sall

deliciouslyironicwhenyouconsiderthatShakespeare,whoearns

theirliving,washimselfanactor(withabeard)anddidhisshare

ofnoise-making.

Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.Thesightseers

whocomebybus-andoftentakeinWarwickCastleandBlenheim

Palaceontheside-don'tusuallyseetheplays,andsomeofthem

areevensurprisedtofindatheatreinStratford.However,the

playgoersdomanagealittlesight-seeingalongwiththeirplaygoing.

Itistheplaygoers,theRSCcontends,whobringinmuchofthe

townJsrevenuebecausetheyspendthenight(someofthemfouror

fivenights)pouringcashintothehotelsandrestaurants.The

sightseerscantakeineverythingandgetoutoftownbynightfall.

Thetownsfolkdon'tseeitthiswayandlocalcouncildoesnot

contributedirectlytothesubsidyoftheRoyalShakespeareCompany.

Stratfordcriespoortraditionally.Neverthelesseveryhotelintown

seemstobeaddinganewwingorcocktaillounge.Hiltonisbuilding

itsownhotelthere,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwith

HamletHamburgerBars,theLearLounge,theBanquoBanquetingRoom,

andsoforth,andwillbeveryexpensive.

Anyway,thetownsfolkcan'tunderstandwhytheRoyal

ShakespeareCompanyneedsasubsidy.(Thetheatrehasbroken

attendancerecordsforthreeyearsinarow.Lastyearits1,431

seatswere94percentoccupiedallyearlongandthisyearthey'11

dobetter.)Thereason,ofcourse,isthatcostshaverocketedand

ticketpriceshavestayedlow.

Itwouldbeashametoraisepricestoomuchbecauseitwould

driveawaytheyoungpeoplewhoareStratford'smostattractive

clientele.Theycomeentirelyfortheplays,notthesights.They

allseemtolookalike(thoughtheycomefromallover)-lean,

pointed,dedicatedfaces,wearingjeansandsandals,eatingtheir

bunsandbeddingdownforthenightontheflagstonesoutsidethe

theatretobuythe20seatsand80standing-roomticketsheldfor

thesleepersandsoldtothemwhentheboxofficeopensat10:30a.m.

26.Fromthefirsttwoparagraphs,welearnthat________.

[A]thetownsfolkdenytheRSC'scontributiontothetown's

revenue

[B]theactorsoftheRSCimitateShakespeareonandoffstage

[C]thetwobranchesoftheRSCarenotongoodterms

[D]thetownsfolkearnlittlefromtourism

27.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that.

[A]thesightseerscannotvisittheCastleandthePalace

separately

[B]theplaygoersspendmoremoneythanthesightseers

[C]thesightseersdomoreshoppingthantheplaygoers

[D]theplaygoersgotonootherplacesintownthanthe

theater

28.Bysaying“Stratfordcriespoortraditionally”(Line2-3,

Paragraph4),theauthorimpliesthat.

[A]Stratfordcannotaffordtheexpansionprojects

[B]Stratfordhaslongbeeninfinancialdifficulties

[C]thetownisnotreallyshortofmoney

[D]thetownsfolkusedtobepoorlypaid

29.Accordingtothetownsfolk,theRSCdeservesnosubsidybecause

■

[A]ticketpricescanberaisedtocoverthespending

[B]thecompanyisfinanciallyill-managed

[C]thebehavioroftheactorsisnotsociallyacceptable

[D]thetheatreattendanceisontherise

30.Fromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthor.

[A]issupportiveofbothsides

[B]favorsthetownsfolkJsview

[C]takesadetachedattitude

[D]issympathetictotheRSC

Text3

Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,

somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals.Theysuddenly

becameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growing

animalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Now

somethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.

Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.

WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownis

justhowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfa

centuryofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdo

notattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountofliving

biologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,

butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.Accordingtotheir

latestpaperpublishedinNature^thebiomassoflargepredators

(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryis

reducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartof

exploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsince

then.

Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative.One

reasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today's

vesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,whichwere

notavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhat

isintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetween

presentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedby

changesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhave

beenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenot

havebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailableto

trapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.

Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffish

werelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongera

problem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.

Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrect

baseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.

Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamongmarine

biologists,thatoftheashiftingbaseline."Thenotionisthat

peoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappened

intheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelatively

shorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhat

themaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafishery

comeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofits

originallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabad

waytodobusiness.

31.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggest

that.

[A]largeanimalwerevulnerabletothechangingenvironment

[B]smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared

[C]largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday

[D]slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones

32.WecaninferfromDr.MyersandDr.Worm*spaperthat.

[A]thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshas

reducedby90%

[B]thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesastherewere15

yearsago

[C]thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%ofthe

originalamount

[D]thenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnew

fisheriesthanintheold

33.Bysaying“thesefiguresareconservative^(Line1,paragraph3),

Dr.Wormmeansthat.

[A]fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidly

[B]thecatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthanrecorded

[C]themarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterloss

[D]thedatacollectedsofarareoutofdate

34.Dr.Myersandotherresearchersholdthat_______.

[A]peopleshculdlookforabaselinethatcanworkfora

longertime

[B]fisheriesshouldkeeptheiryieldsbelow50%ofthebiomass

[C]theoceanbiomassshouldberestoredtoitsoriginallevel

[D]peopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetothechanging

situation

35.TheauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheriesJ

[A]managementefficiency

[B]biomasslevel

[C]catch-sizelimits

[D]technologicalapplication

Text4

Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweird.Butthe

weirdestmaybethis:artists,onlyjobistoexploreemotions,and

yettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.

Thiswasn'talwaysso.Theearliestformsofart,1ikepainting

andmusic,arethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewhere

fromthe19thcenturyonward,moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessas

meaningless,phonyor,worstofall,boring,aswewentfrom

Wordsworth,sdaffodilstoBaudelaire,sflowersofevil.

Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappiness

becausemoderntimeshaveseensomuchmisery.Butit'snotasif

earliertimesdicin'tknowperpetualwar,disasterandthemassacre

ofinnocents.Thereason,infact,maybejusttheopposite:there

istoomuchdamnhappinessintheworldtoday.

Afterall,whatistheonemodernformofexpressionalmost

completelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness?Advertising.Therise

ofanti-happyarta'mostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmassmedia,

andwithit,acommercialcultureinwhichhappinessisnotjustan

idealbutanideology.

Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery.

Theyworkeduntilexhausted,1ivedwithfewprotectionsanddied

young.IntheWest,beforemusscommunicationand1itcracy,themost

powerfulmassmediunwasthechurch,whichremindedworshippersthat

theirsoulswereindangerandthattheywuldsomedaybemeatfor

worms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobea

bummertoo.

TodaythemessagestheaverageWesternerissurroundedwithare

notreligiousbutcommercial,andforeverhappy.Fast-foodeaters,

newsanchors,textmessengers,allsmiling,smiling,smiling.Our

magazinesfeaturebeamingcelebritiesandhappyfamiliesinperfect

homes.Andsincethesemessageshaveanagenda-tolureustoopen

ourwallets-theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseemunreliable.

wCelebrate!vcommandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrex,

beforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattacks.

Butwhatweforget-whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting

isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethings

thatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforloss

anddisappointment.Today,surroundedbypromisesofeasyhappiness,

weneedarttotellus,asreligiononcedid,Mementomori:remember

thatyouwilldie,thateverythingends,andthathappinesscomes

notindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It'samessageevenmore

bitterthanaclovecigarette,yet,somehow,abreathoffreshair.

36.BycitingtheexamplesofpoetsWordsworthandBaudelaire,the

authorintendstoshowthat.

[A]poetryisnotasexpressiveofjoyaspaintingormusic

[B]artgrowsoutofbothpositiveandnegativefeelings

[C]poetstodayarelessskepticalofhappiness

[D]artistshavechangedtheirfocusofinterest

37.Theword“bummer”(Line5,paragraph5)mostprobablymeans

something.

[A]religious

[B]unpleasant

[C]entertaining

[D]commercial

38.TntheauthorJsopinion,advertising.

[A]emergesinthewakeoftheanti-happyart

[B]isacauseofdisappointmentforthegeneralpublic

[C]replacesthechurchasamajorsourceofinformation

[D]createsanillusionofhappinessratherthanhappiness

itself

39.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthattheauthorbelieves

[A]happinessmoreoftenthannotendsinsadness

[B]theanti-happyartisdistastefulbutrefreshing

[C]miseryshouldbeenjoyedratherthandenied

[D]theanti-happyartflourisheswheneconomybooms

40.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext?

[A]Religiononcefunctionedasareminderofmisery.

[B]Artprovidesabalancebetweenexpectationandreality.

[C]Peoplefeeldisappointedattherealitiesofmodernsociety.

[D]Massmediaareinclinedtocoverdisastersanddeaths.

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.For

Questions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gto

fitintoeachofthenumberedgaps.Therearetwoextrachoices,

whichyoudonotneedtouseinanyoftheblanks.Markyouranswers

onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

OnthenorthbankoftheOhioriversitsEvansville,Ind.,home

ofDavidWilliams,52,andofariverboatcasino(aplacewhere

gamblinggamesareplayed).Duringseveralyearsofgamblinginthat

casino,Williams,astateauditorearning$35,000ayear,lost

approximately$175,000.Hehadnevergambledbeforethecasinosent

himacouponfor$20worthofgambling.

Hevisitedthecasino,lostthe$20andleft.Onhissecond

visithelost$800.Thecasinoissuedtohim,asagoodcustomer,a

〃FunCard”,whichwhenusedinthecasinoearnspointsformealsand

drinks,andenablesthecasinototracktheuser'sgambling

activities.ForWilliams,thoseactivitiesbecomewhathecalls

^electronicheroin”.

(41)___.In1997helost$21,000tooneslotmachinein

twodays.TnMarch1997helost$72,186.Hesometimesplayedtwo

slotmachinesatatime,allnight,untiltheboatdockedat5a.m.,

thenwentbackaboardwhenthecasinoopenedat9a.m.Nowheis

suingthecasino,chargingthatitshouldhaverefusedhispatronage

becauseitknewhewasaddicted.Itdidknowhehadaproblem.

InMarch1998afriendofWilliams'sgothiminvoluntarily

confinedtoatreatmentcenterforaddictions,andwrotetoinform

thecasinoofWilliams,sgamblingproblem.Thecasinoincludeda

photoofWi11iamsanongthoseofbannedganblcrs,andwrotetohina

aceaseadmissions”letter.Notingthemedical/psychologicalnature

ofproblemgamblingbehavior,thelettersaidthatbeforebeing

readmittedtothecasinohewouldhavetopresent

medical/psychologicalinformationdemonstratingthatpatronizingthe

casinowouldposenothreattohissafetyorwell-being.

(42).

TheWallStreetJoumaJreportsthatthecasinohas24signs

warning:"Enjoythefun...andalwaysbetwithyourhead,notover

it.”Everyentranceticketlistsatoll-freenumberforcounseling

fromtheIndianaDepartmentofMentalHealth.Nevertheless,

Williams'ssuitchargesthatthecasino,knowinghewas

“helplesslyaddictedtogambling,“intentionallyworkedto

"lure"himto“engageinconductagainsthiswill."Well.

(43).

ThefourtheditionoftheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualof

MentalDisorderssaysupathologicalgambling“involvespersistent,

recurringanduncontrollablepursuitlessofmoneythanofthrillof

takingrisksinquestofawindfall.

(44).Pushedbyscience,orwhatclaimstobescience,

societyisreclassifyingwhatoncewereconsideredcharacterflaws

ormoralfailingsaspersonalitydisordersakintophysical

disabilities.

(45).

Forty-fourstateshavelotteries,29havecasinos,andmostof

thesestatesaretovaryingdegreesdependenton-youmightsay

addictedto-revenu