2023年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析

2023年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandnark

A,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark

A,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimpcrtant

issuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_

justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_

thecourt'sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.

JusticeAntoninSeala,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivity

makesitlesslikelythatthecourt'sdecisionsw川be_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partof

theproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourt

shouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.

Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_between

thecourtandpolitics.

TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrom

politics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thosein

powerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtoset

lawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_.

Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamental

social_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,the

lawit16isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesare

soeasily_17_asunjust.

Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt'slegitimacybymakingthemselves

_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparate

frompoliticsand,_20_,convincingaslaw.

1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize

2.[A]when[B]lest[Cjbefore[D]unless

3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated

4.[A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D]accepted

5.[A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded

6.[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone

7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]loads[D]applies

8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle

9.[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict

10.[A]by[B]as[C]though[D]towards

11.[A]so[B]since[Cjprovided[D]though

12.[A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace

13.[A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer

14.[A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied

15.[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conceptions

16.[A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls

17.[A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranked[D]distorted

18.[A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[D]ignore

19.[A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable

20.[A]byallmesns[B]atallcosts[C]inaword[D]asaresult

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,

CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(4Cpoints)

Text1

Comeon-Everybocy'sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalf

forcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleads

tonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,Tina

Rosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshe

There'snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.An

emergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegative

ones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformof

peerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorv/eseeeveryday.

Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectour

peergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It'sliketheteacherwhobreaks

upthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.

Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat'stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfrom

theoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.

21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas

[A]asupplementtothesocialcure

[B]astimulustogroupdynamics

[C]anobstacletoschoolprogress

[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors

22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould

[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers

[B]learnfromadvertisers'experience

[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers

[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements

23.Intheauthor'sview,Rosenberg,sbookfailsto

[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors

[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure

[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding

[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect

24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors

[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends

[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies

[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit

[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits

25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis

[A]harmful

[B]desirable

[C]profound

[D]questionable

Text2

Adealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajor

energysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenit

announceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclear

regulations.

Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnot

challengetheconstitutionalityofVermont'srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofa

desperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.Ifsastunning

move.

Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2023,whenthecorporationboughtVermonfs

onlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstate

approvalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorsto

operatepast2023.In2023,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionof

theplant'slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature^approval.Then,too,thecompany

wentalong.

EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn't

foreseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofa

coolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raised

seriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee'ssafetyandEntergy'smanagement-

especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.Enragedby

Entergy'sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowingan

extension.

Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2023agreementisinvalidbecauseof

the2023legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerover

nuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthas

ruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssay

thatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersex:end.

Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultif

everystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebeside

thepoint.

ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadyso

damagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbe

consequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblictrust.Entergyruns11other

reactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.Pledgingto

runPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenfor

another20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthe

company'sapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.

26.Thephrase“renegingonn(Line3.para.1)isclosestinmeaningto

[A]condemning.

[B]reaffirming.

[C]dishonoring.

[D]securing.

27.Byenteringintothe2023agreement,Entergyintendedto

[A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.

[B]seekfavorfromthefederallegislature.

[C]acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense.

[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.

28.AccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits

[A]managerialpractices.

[B]technicalinnovativeness.

[C]financialgoals.

[D]businessvision

29.Intheauthor'sview,theVermontcasewilltest

[A]Entergy'scapacitytofulfillallitspromises.

[B]thematureofstates*patchworkregulations.

[C]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.

[D]thelimitsofstates'powerovernuclearissues.

30.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat

[A]Entergy'sbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected.

[B]theauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.

[C]EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.

[D]Vermont'sreputationmightbedamaged.

Text3

Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingto

beobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarry

outtheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsan

ambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethe

contextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatwe

experience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.

Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.

Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similarto

newlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyand

acceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibility

process,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher'sme,here,nowbecomesthe

community'sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestarting

point.

Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.

But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Within

thecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;

editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;other

scientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(including

otherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asa

discoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetween

sharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandtietechnologyinvolvedtransforms

anindividuafsdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity'scrediblediscovery.

Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendsto

focusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.

Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownand

believed.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublished

discoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwill

alwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearcners.

Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologist

AlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenand

thinkingwhatnobodyhasthought."Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtelling

otherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarereqjired

fortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.

Intheend,credibility"happens"toadiscoveryclaim-aprocessthatcorrespondsto

whatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.<lWereason

together,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother'sreasoningandeachother's

conceptionsofreason."

31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits

[A]uncertaintyandcomplexity.

[B]misconceptionanddeceptiveness.

[C]logicalityandobjectivity.

[D]systematicnessandregularity.

32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcrediblityprocessrequires

[A]strictinspection.

[B]sharedefforts.

[C]individualwisdom.

[D]persistentinnovation.

33.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit

[A]hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.

[B]hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.

[C]hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.

[D]hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.

34.AlbertSzent-Gy?rgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat

[A]scientificclaimsv/illsurvivechallenges.

[B]discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.

[C]effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.

[D]scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind.

35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?

[A]NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment.

[B]CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery.

[C]EvolutionofCrecibilityinDoingScience.

[D]ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience.

Text4

IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivil

servant.WhenHoffa'sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmerican

governmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2023thenumberofunionistsin

America'spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,

morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesare

unionized.

Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions'thriving.First,theycanshut

thingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostly

brightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica'spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversity

degree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalong

way.Britain'sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtrade

unionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sector

unions.

Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthe

PublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate'sbudgetispatrolled

byunions.Theteachers'unionskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsanda

varietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.

Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthaninthe

privateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshave

repeatedly"backloaded"public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbut

addingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.

Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,where

charterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthere

isplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,

teachers'unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.

Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclamp

down.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,

thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthe

currentsystem,too.

JohnDonahueatHarvard'sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofculturein

Westerncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.The

onlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversity

sportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankers'fatpaypacketshave

attractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachievers

maybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.

36.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthat

[A]Teamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers.

[B]JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant.

[C]unionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership.

[D]thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwthunionists.

37.WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph2?

[A]Public-sectorunionsareprudentintakingactions.

[B]Educationisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership.

[C]LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions.

[D]Public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions.

38.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4thattheincomeinthestatesectoris

[A]illegallysecured.

[B]indirectlyaugmented.

[C]excessivelyincreased.

[D]fairlyadjusted.

39.TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunions

[A]oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem.

[B]canchangepeople'spoliticalattitudes.

[C]maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms.

[D]aredominantinthegovernment.

40.JohnDonahue'sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneof

[A]disapproval.

[B]appreciation.

[CJtolerance.

[D]indifference.

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,

choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.

Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.Markyouranswerson

ANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowand

realisethatyouareflying,higherthanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptop,thinnerthana

brown-paperenvelope,oryourcellphoneinthepalmofyourhand.Takeamomentortwo

towonderatthosemarvels.Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue.

Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuses,warriors,

entrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasa

typewriterandprintingpress,studioandtheatre,paintbrushandgallery,pianoandradio,

themailaswellasthemailcarrier.(41)

Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice,thefirstmediamachinethatserves

asthemodeofproduction,meansofdistribution,siteolreception,andplaceofpraiseand

critique.Thecomputeristhe21stcentury'sculturemachine.

Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecomputer,wemustalsotreadwith

caution.(42)1callitasecretwarfortworeasons.First,mostpeopledonotrealisethat

therearestrongcommercialagendasatworktokeeptheminpassiveconsumptionmode.

Second,themajorityofpeoplewhousenetworkedcomputerstouploadarenoteven

awareofthesignificanceofwhattheyaredoing.

Allanimalsdownload,butonlyafewupload.Beaversbuilddamsandbirdsmake

nests.Yetforthemostpart,theanimalkingdommovesthroughtheworlddownloading.

Humansareuniqueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundanduse

themtocreatesuperfluousmaterialgoods-paintings,sculptureandarchitecture-and

superfluousexperiences-music,literature,religionandphilosophy.(43)

Forallthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachines,mostpeoplearestillstuckin

downloadmode.Evenaftertheadventofwidespreadsocialmedia,apyramidof

productionremains,withasmallnumberofpeopleuploadingmaterial,aslightlylarger

groupcommentingonormodifyingthatcontent,andahugepercentageremaining

contenttojustconsume.(44)

Televisionisaone-waytapflowingintoourhomes.Thehardesttaskthattelevision

asksofanyoneistoturnthepoweroffafterhehasturnediton.

(45)Whatcountsasmeaningfuluploading?Mydefnitionrevolvesaroundtheconcept

of"stickiness"-creationsandexperiencestowhichothersadhere.

[A]Ofcourse,itispreciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureand

ultimatelywhatitistobehuman.Downloadingandconsumingculturerequiresgreatskills,

butfailingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponeselfofadefiningconstituentof

humanity.

[B]Applicationsliketumblr,whichallowuserstocombinepictures,wordsand

othermediaincreativewaysandthensharethem,havethepotentialtoaddstickinessby

amusing,entertainingandenlighteningothers.

[C]Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhad

alsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleevery

day.

[D]Thisisbecausethenetworkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbetween

downloadinganduploading-betweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecreation-whose

outcomewillshapeourcollectivefutureinwayswecanonlybegintoimagine.

[E]Thechallengethecomputermountstotelevisionthusbearslittlesimilaritytoone

formatbeingreplacedbyanotherinthemannerofrecordplayersbeingreplacedbyCD

players.

[F]Onereasonforthepersistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepast

half-century,muchoftheworld'smediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasinglemedium-

television-andtelevisionisdefinedbydownloading.

[G]Thenetworkedcomputeroffersthefirstchancein50yearstoreversetheflow,to

encouragethoughtfuldownloadingand,evenmoreimportantly,meaningfuluploading.

PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

SincethedaysofAristotle,asearchforuniversalprincipleshascharacterizedthe

scientificenterprise.Insomeways,thisquestforcommonalitiesdefinesscience.

Newton'slawsofmotionandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostofdifferentphenomena

intoasingleexplicatoryframework.

(46)lnphysics,oneapproachtakesthisimpulseforunificationtoitsextreme,and

seeksatheoryofeverything-asinglegenerativeequationforallwesee.ltisbecoming

lessclear,however,thatsuchatheorywouldbeasimplification,giventhedimensions

anduniversesthatitmightentail,nonetheless,unificationofsortsremainsamajorgoal.

Thistendencyinthenaturalscienceshaslongbeenevidentinthesocialsciencestoo.

(47)Here,Darwinismseemstoofferjustificationforitallhumanssharecommonoriginsit

seemsreasonabletosupposethatculturaldiversitycouldalsobetracedtomore

constrainedbeginnings.Justasthebewilderingvarietyofhumancourtshipritualsmight

allbeconsideredformsofsexualselection,perhapstheworld'slanguages,music,social

andreligiouscustomsandevenhistoryaregovernedbyuniversalfeatures.(48)Tofilter

outwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplex

culturalbehavioraroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveterms.

That,atleast,isthehope.Butacomparativestudyoflinguistictraitspublishedonline

todaysuppliesarealitycheck.RussellGrayattheUniversityofAucklandandhis

colleaguesconsidertheevolutionofgrammarsinthelightoftwopreviousattemptstofind

universalityinlanguage.

ThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky,whosuggested

thathumansarebornwithaninnatelanguage-acquisitioncapacitythatdictatesa

universalgrammar.Afewgenerativerulesarethensufficienttounfoldtheentire

fundamentalstructureofalanguage,whichiswhychildrencanlearnitsoquickly.

(49)Thesecond,tyJoshuaGreenberg,takesamoreempiricalapproachto

universalityidentifyingtraits(particularlyinwordorder)sharedbymanylanguagev/hich

areconsideredtorepresentbiasesthatresultfromcognitiveconstraints

Grayandhiscolleagueshaveputthemtothetestbyexaminingfourfamilytreesthat

betweenthemrepresentmorethan2,000languages.(50)Chomsky'sgrammarshould

showpatternsoflanguagechangethatareindependentofthefamilytreeorthepathway

trackedthroughit.WhereasGreenbergianuniversalitypredictsstrongco-dependencies

betweenparticulartypesofword-orderrelations.Neitherofthesepatternsisborneoutby

theanalysis,suggestingthatthestructuresofthelanguagesarelireage-specificandnot

governedbyuniversals

SectionIIIWriting

PartA

51.Directions:

Someinternationalsstudentsarecomingtoyouruniversity.Writethemanemailin

thenameoftheStudents,Unionto

1)extendyourwelcomeand

2)providesomesuggestionsfortheircampuslifehere.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyournameat

theendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.

Donotwritetheaddress(10points)

PartB

52.Directions:writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.In

youressayyoushould

1)describethedrawingbriefly

2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and

3)giveyourcomments

YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

1.【答案】B

【解析】从审后信息可以看出.以句体现的是"__法官体现得像政治家叩勺状况下，法

庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士依J形象，因此应当选C,maintain"维持，保持二其

他显然语义不通。

2.【答案】A

【解析】从第三段可以看出，文章认为法院和政治之间应当是有界线的。因此这里应当

是当法官像政治家同样行事，模糊了两者之间的区别时，就失去了其作为法律卫士的合法性。

只有B,when表达这个意思。

3.【答案】B

【解析】第二段给B勺详细事例阐明，法官出目前政治活动中会使法官形象受损，影响他

们独立、公正日勺名声。只有B,weaken能表达这个意思。

4.【答案】D

【解析】空前信息显示，法官出席政治活动会让法院的审判收到影响，人们就会认为其

审判不公正，因此选D,beacceptedas..."被认为是:

5.【答案】C

【解析】空所在的语境为：产生这样的问题，部分原因在尸法官没有__道德规范"。

后一句话说，至少法院应当遵守行为规范，这显然是深入阐明上一句话。因此上一句是说法

官没有受到道德规范的约束，选C,bound.

6.【答案】B

【解析】根据解析5可以看出，这里应当是说遵守行为规范，subject与t。连用，表达

”服从某物,受…支配”。改本题选B,

7.【答案】D

【解析】分析句了•构造可知，这里是由that引导日勺定语从句修饰阐明前面的行为规范，

是说法院也应当遵守合用于其他联邦司法部的行为规范。applyto"合用于"符合题意。resort

to"求援于";stickto”坚持（原则等）”语意不通。

8.【答案】B

【解析】空所在的语境为，类似这样的案例提出了这样一种问题：法院和政治之间与否

还存在着界线。提出问题，产生问题用只能选raise,

9.【答案】A

【解析】根据第8题可知,空内应填line,"界线:barrier”障碍”,similarity”相似性”,

conflict"冲突"都不合题意,

10.【答案】B

【解析】根据句意，宪法日勺起