主题25　不同国家地理状况

5/5主题25不同国家地理状况Ⅰ.阅读理解AOnthestreetsofManhattanandWashington，DC，inneighborhoodsinSeoulandparksinParis，ginkgo（银杏）treesarelosingtheirleavesinreactiontothefirstgustofcoldwinterair.Thisleafdrop，gradualatfirst，andthensudden，carpetsstreetswithgolden，fan-shapedleaves.Scientistsaredocumentingevidenceoftheeventhappeninglaterandlater，apossibleindicationofclimatechange.Butthestoryofginkgosisnotthefamiliaroneofhumancarelessnesswithnature.ThankstofossilsfoundinNorthDakota，scientistsfoundaginkgohasgeneticallysimilarancestorsdatingback170millionyearstotheJurassicPeriod.“Italmostwentextinct.Thenhumansrescueditandspreaditaroundtheworld.It’ssuchagreatevolutionary（进化）andculturalstory，”saysPeterCrane，aginkgoexpert.Onetheoryforthedeclineoftheginkgospeciesbegan130millionyearsago，whenfloweringplantsbeganspreading.Theygrewfasterandattractedmorepollinators（传粉者）thanginkgos.“It’spossiblethatginkgoswereelbowedoutoftheway，”saysCrane.Alreadycompetingtosurvive，ginkgosbegantodisappearduringatimeofglobalcoolingthatbeganaround66millionyearsago.Bythetimethelasticeageended11，000yearsago，theremainingsurvivorswerefoundinChina.Ginkgotreesaresmelly.“Myguessisthattheywereeatenbyanimalsthatlikedsmellythings.Theythenpassedthroughtheirbodyandgrew，”Cranesays.Thosesameseedsmayhavehelpedginkgofindfavorwithhumans1，000yearsago.Oncecleanedoftheirouterlayer，ginkgoseedsaresafetoeat.It’sthen，whenthetreeshadlongsincedisappearedelsewhere，thatpeopleinChinamayhavebegunplantingthemandeatingtheirseeds.Thengraduallyginkgosspreadacrosstheworld.Nowit’sseeminglynaturallyresistanttoinsectsandhighlevelsofairpollution.Craneisn’tworriedaboutitsfuture，thoughthepopularityofthespecieswillhelpitsurvive.“Thoughitsstatusinthewildmaybedifficulttoaccess，it’saplantthat’sunlikelytoevergoextinct，”hesays.1.Whatmayhavecausedthefurtherdelayofginkgo’sleafdrop？（）A.Thecolderweatherinwinter. B.Theprotectionfromcitycouncils.C.Theglobalwarmingphenomenon. D.Thecarelessinteractionwithhumans.2.Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytalkabout？（）A.Thereasonswhyginkgosalmostdiedout. B.Theadvantagesofginkgosoverotherplants.C.Thetheoriesofexpertsformultiplyingginkgos. D.Thecompetitionbetweenvariousfloweringplants.3.Whatmighthavecontributedtoginkgos’survival？（）A.Theireatableseeds. B.Theirunpleasantsmell.C.Thenaturalevolution. D.Thecarefulplanting.4.HowdoesCranefeelaboutginkgos’future？（）A.Worried. B.Optimistic.C.Uncertain. D.Hopeless.B（2026·石家庄质检）AthirdoftheArctic’stundra（北极冻原），forestsandwetlandshavebecomeasourceofcarbonemissions（排放），anewstudyhasfound，asglobalheatingendsthousandsofyearsofcarbonstorage.Forthousandsofyears，Arcticlandecosystemshaveactedasadeep-freeze，holdingpotentialemissionsinthetundra.ButecosystemsintheregionarereleasingmoreCO2intotheatmospherewithrisingtemperatures，astudypublishedinNatureClimateChangeconcluded.Morethan30％oftheregionisasourceofCO2，accordingtotheanalysis，risingto40％whenemissionsfromwildfiresareincluded.Byusingdatafrom200studysitesbetween1990and2020，theresearchdemonstrateshowtheArctic’stundra，forestsandwetlandsarebeingtransformedbyrapidwarming.TheshiftisoccurringdespitetheArcticbecominggreener.“InoneplacewhereIworkinAlaska，whenthetundraunfreezes，theplantsthatabsorbCO2growmore，soyoucansometimesgetanuptickincarbonstorage，”SueNatalia，theleadresearchersaid.“Butthetundracontinuestounfreezeandthemicrobes（微生物）takeover.Youcanvisuallyseethechangesinthelandscape.”ThereisagrowingconcernaboutthenaturalprocessesthatregulatetheEarth’sclimate，whicharebeingaffectedbyrisingtemperatures.Together，theplanet’soceans，forests，soilsandothernaturalcarbonsinksabsorbabouthalfofallhumanemissions，buttherearesignsthatthesesinksareunderstress.TheArcticecosystemhasbeengatheringcarbonforthousandsofyears，helpingcooltheatmosphere.Inawarmingworld，theresearcherssay，itscarboncycleisbeginningtochangeandneedsbettermonitoring.DrAnnaVirkkala，theauthorofthestudy，said，“ThecarbonintheArcticsoilisclosetohalfoftheEarth’ssoilcarbonpool，muchmorethanintheatmosphere.Thishugepoolshouldideallystayintheground.Butnow，risingtemperaturesarespeedingthebreakdownofplantandanimalremains，whichreleasesstoredcarbonbackintotheairasgreenhousegaseslikeCO2，creatingacyclethatfuelsevenmorewarming.”5.What’sthemainreasonforthereleaseofcarbonfromArcticsoils？（）A.Tundradefrosting. B.Wildfireerupting.C.Treeover-cutting. D.Wetlanddisappearing.6.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“uptick”inparagraph4mean？（）A.Boost. B.Loss.C.Limit. D.Release.7.WhatcanweinferabouttheArctic’ssoilcarbonpoolaccordingtoDrAnnaVirkkala？（）A.Ithaslesscarbonthantheair. B.Itoughttobestoredinthetundra.C.Itcanbreakdownorganicmatter. D.Itislessaffectedbyglobalwarming.8.Whatisthemainideaofthetext？（）A.Arcticgreeningcutscarbonemissions. B.MorecarbonisbeingreleasedinArctic.C.Arcticcarbonstorageisgrowingrapidly. D.ExtremeclimatemakesArcticinhabitable.C（2026·湖北联考）Gliding（滑行）downtheTambopataRiverinthePeruvianAmazon，Iunderstandtheluxuryofbeingonaboatatnightinthejungle.Theairisthickwith35℃heatand99percenthumidity（湿度）.Theconstantbreezegeneratedbyourmovingboatoffersmuch-neededescapefromtheheat，whilealsokeepingtheendlessmosquitoesatbay.Iampartofateamoffive，ledbyChrisKetolafromFaunaForever，aconservationNGO（non-governmentalorganization）.We’rehereatnight，whencaimans（凯门鳄）aremostactive，torecordanysightingandtocatchoneforcrucialdatasuchasbodymeasurements.Thiswillhelpustolearnmoreaboutcaimanbiologyandassesspopulationhealthtoaidinthespecies’conservation.Amassiveshapeappearsinthecurrentahead.OurdriverPipi，blindfromhisbackposition，reactsinstantlytoChris’storchsignals.Theboatturnssharply，missingthelogbyinches.Iletoutasighofreliefbuteveryoneactsasifthenearmississimplypartofthenight’sroutine.Momentslater，thereflectiveeyesofacaimancatchChris’storchlight.Wechangeourcourse，approachingslowlyandquietly.MylovefortheAmazonbeganduringmy2017visittoTambopata，whereIdreamedofdocumentingitsunparalleledbiodiversity.Now，withFaunaForever，I’mlivingthatdream.Pipicutstheengineandglidesalongsideacaiman，stoppingaboutanarm’slengthaway.Heslowlyextendshishandabovethereptile，pauses，andthenplungeshishandintothewater.Securingaholdontheanimal，hepullsitout.“Ajuvenilewhitecaiman，”hestates，“aboutayearold.”Thisismyfirstclose-uplookatawildcaimanandI’minawe：itseyes，tinywhiteteethandtoughskinarebeautifulanddetailed.Theseanimalsreachedevolutionaryperfectionmillionsofyearsagoandtheirunchangedshapesincethetimeofdinosaursreflectsthis.9.Whydoestheauthorconsidertheboattripinthejunglealuxury？（）A.Thejungletourrevealspreciousspecies. B.Heenjoysthegreatfacilitiesontheboat.C.Itprovidesararereliefintheharshjungle. D.Theboatistheonlywaytoreachcaimans.10.Howdotheothersoftheteamreacttonearlyhittingtheloginthewater？（）A.Theytreatitcalmlywithoutsurprise. B.TheyremindPipiofpotentialthreats.C.Theybrieflypausefordamagecheck. D.Theypanicandsuspendtheirjourney.11.Whydoestheauthormentionhis2017visittoTambopata？（）A.Tohighlighttheengagingbiodiversitythere. B.TopopularizeTambopata’stourismindustry.C.Toemphasizehisrolechangeovertheyears. D.Toshowthemotivationforhiscurrentwork.12.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext？（）A.AResearcher’sUnforgettableJungleAdventureB.ToStudyCaimansforConservation：CatchOneFirst！C.NighttimeEncounter：AThrillingBattlewithCaimans！D.LivingFossils：TheCaiman’sEvolutionaryImportanceⅡ.阅读七选五（2026·山东临沂一模）Sedimentaryrock（沉积岩）isatypeofrockthatcoversaboutthreefourthsofEarth’slandsurface.13.Theselayerscanbeseenclearlyinsteeprockwalls.Therearemanydifferentkindsofsedimentaryrock.14.Somesedimentaryrocksformaswindandwaterleavebehindsmallbitsofrockandsand.Othersformfromchemicalsorfromtheremainsoflivingthings.Themostcommonkindsofsedimentaryrockconsistofdepositsleftbehindbywater.Thewaterwearsawayrocksandcarriesawaysandandsmallbitsofrock.Thesemineralsaredepositedinmanyplaces.Overtime，thedepositsbuildupintolayers.15.Theweightofthelayerspressesthebitsofroc