2026年中国石油大学-科技英语总复习-答题篇

中国石油大学《科技英语》综合复习资料PartIVocabularyandStructure（词汇与结构）1.Aspartsoftheworldbecome__B____,millionsofpeoplewilltrytomigratetomore___B___areas.A.hospitable…uninhabitable B.uninhabitable…hospitableC.habitable…inhospitable D.inhospitable…uninhabitable2.A(n)___C___issomeonewhoisbeingconsideredforaposition,forexamplesomeonewhoisrunninginanelectionorapplyingforajob.A.astronomer B.scientistC.candidate D.researcher3.Therearescientificsatellitesin____B______thatmeasurewaveheights,buttoofewtogivereliableworldwidecoverage.A.mark B.orbitC.store D.line4.Thefirst-yearcoursesprovideshortintroductionstotheseareas,whilethesecond-yearcourses_____B_____theareasingreaterdepth.A.classify B.investigateC.clear D.examine5.Theirmarriagewasindangerofbreakinguplastyearbutitseemsquite__D____now.A.favorable B.criticalC.profitable D.stable6.Ifindividualsareawakenedeachtimeastheybeganadreamphaseofsleep,theyarelikelytobecomeirritableeveniftheirtotalamountofsleephasbeen___B___.A.efficient B.sufficientC.deficient D.proficient7.Lindadidn’tliketheworkbecauseitlacked____C______;shewasdoingthesamethingallthetime.A.anxiety B.priorityC.variety D.society8.Shewantedtoaskhimallabouthisprivatelife,butwisely_____C_____herself.A.rescued B.heldC.restrained D.curbed9.Afterhewasattacked,hemanagedto____D______tothephoneandcallforhelp.A.pound B.comeC.turn D.stagger10.Theissuewaswhetherornotthebacteria(细菌)inhisbodywould_____C_____thelocalecosystem.A.break B.balanceC.contaminate D.contain11.Movingtoanewschoolcan____C______achild’seducation,especiallybetweentheagesofelevenandsixteen.A.upset B.balanceC.disrupt D.disorder12.China’snewsmediaisfollowingworldtrendbymarketizationand___D_______intoenterprises.A.conversion B.translationC.transplanting D.transforming13.Upto22peoplewerekilledand187othersinjuredinasuicidebombattackwhich__B____ademonstrationinanorthernIraqicity.A.transported B.targetedC.yielded D.aimed14.Thegeneralsecretary’sdecisiontoinvestwasa__C____mistake,resultinginaheavylossofmoney.A.firm B.privateC.costly D.incentive15.Ifeelnervousaboutthe__A____oftheexperimentasitdeterminesthefutureofthisdomain.A.outcome B.outlookC.output D.outline16.OnceattachedtothehostProgram,thecomputervirusesthenlookforotherprogramsto___C___.A.affect B.effectC.infect D.perfect17.Theirgovernmentalwayslooksatproblemsfromthefinancialviewpoint,andthesocial___C___isneverconsidered.A.inspect B.prospectC.aspect D.respect18.One’sappearancedoesnotalways__B____withhisquality,sodon’tjudgepeoplebylooks.A.compare B.coincideC.collide D.content19.Weworkbestinapeacefulandcomfortable____B______soastoincreaseourproductivityandrelieveourexhaustion.A.pace B.atmosphereC.rhyme D.hemisphere20.Thenew____B_____ofthisdictionaryhasnotbeeninuseyet,butitsappearancehasarousedquitealotofattention.A.vision B.versionC.variation D.verification21.Thenewsslowly____C______throughtoeveryoneintheoffice;finallyeverybodyfeltworriedabouttheuncertaintyofthefuture.A.melted B.frozeC.filtered D.flowed22.Wedorememberyourinitialobjections,butunfortunatelyyoudidn’tplacethem__D____.A.inregister B.todocumentC.inbetween D.onrecord23.Thecostmaybelowerthanwefirstthought,but__B____itwillstillbequitesubstantial.A.innocase B.inanycaseC.incaseof D.incase24.Sometimesyoucan__A_____valuableantiquesbychance–forexamplewhenyou’reclearingoutanoldbuilding.A.comeby B.comeinC.comeout D.comedown25.Obviouslyyoucamehereintendingto___D____theUnitedStatesandyouwillneedaworkvisa.A.restwith B.resorttoC.renderinto D.residein26.Thenew__D____editionofthisbookfocusesspecificallyonthecomplexitiesofgrammaticalchoicesthatstudentsneedtomaster.A.altered B.convertedC.modified D.revised27.Thepoorconditionofthisapartmentblockisadangertoallits____B______.A.habitats B.inhabitantsC.habits D.inherits28.Enoughlavahad____C______fromthevolcanotoburytheentirevillage.A.disrupted B.splashedC.erupted D.spilt29.Youarelegally___B___totakefaultygoodsbacktothestorewhereyouboughtthem.A.devoted B.entitledC.accessed D.contributed30.Timeandtimeagain,womenseemto__B____onpromotionandcareeropportunities.A.fallout B.loseoutC.wipeout D.putout31.___A____intheofficehadamistake,andthefirmregrettedcausingthecustomerinconvenience.A.SomeoneB.Anyone C.Noone D.Everyone32.Rodisdeterminedtogetaseatfortheconcert__C____itmeansstandinginaqueueallnight.A.asifB.provided C.evenif D.whatever33.Thismagazineisvery__B___withyoungpeople,wholikeitscontentandstyle.A.familiarB.popular C.similar D.Particular34._B____twice,thepostmanrefusedtodeliverourlettersunlesswechainedourdog.A.BeingbittenB.Bitten C.Havingbeenbitten D.Tobebitten35.Themorningpaper__A____astoryaboutdemonstrationsinNewYorkandWashingtonA.carried B.extendedC.brought D.tookPartIIIdentification（判断正误）1.Nosoonerhadtheyenteredtheroomwhenthetelephonerang.错2.Asagraduatefromhighschool,Tomisfacedwiththreechoices:attendingcollege,findingajoborjoiningthearmy.对3.Itwashisnervousnessintheinterviewwhichprobablycausedhimtolosethejob.错4.

YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeetingthoughyoudon’t

mindtakingthenighttrain.错5.Whynotstayathomenowthattheroadissoslipperyafterthe

heavysnow？对6.ButforthehelpofmyEnglishteacher,IwouldnothavewonthefirstprizeintheEnglishWritingCompetition.对7

.Thosebravearmysoldierswouldratherdiewiththeirheadshighthan

livedwiththeirkneesbent.错8.Itisnogoodtrytoremembergrammaticalrules.Youneedtopracticewhatyouhavelearned.错9.TheGreatWallissuchawell-knowntouristattractionthatmillionsofpeoplepourineveryyear.对10.Overthepast20years,theinternethashelpedchangeourworldineitherwayoranother错

forthebetter.

PartIIIWord-filling(单词填空)1.Georgiasaiditwouldtakea___aggressive__（咄咄逼人的）diplomaticstepstorespondtotheRussianactioninordertodefenditsrights.2.Inmostwesterncountries,uponreachingana__appropriate__（适当的）age,childrenareencouraged,butnotforced,to“leavethenest”.3.Amongallthevotingpeople,thegreatmajorityagreedtoa_abolish____(废除)thiskindofcruelpunishmentasitisagainstmorality.4.Ittooktheauthoritiesalongtimetomake_identification__(identify)oftheaccidentvictims.5.Suppliesmay_fluctuate__(fluctuation)accordingtoseasonalavailabilitybutyou’llalwaysfindawideselection.6.The__extraction__(extract)ofmineralresourcesfromthegroundhaslefthugescarsonthelandscape.7.Theinflationratecannotbeproperly__quantified__(quantity)buttheofficialfigureis46%.8.Heisveryaggressive,totally_dominating__(dominant)everyoneheworkswith.9.Manyexpertsgaveopinionsatthemeeting,butu_ultimately__(最终地)thedecisionlaywiththepresidentbeforeitwasreleasedtothepublic.10.Hecondemnedthew_wastefulness__(浪费)ofhavingeveryonedrivingaroundinprivatecarsinsteadofusingpublictransport.PartIVSentencetranslation（句子翻译）A.E-CTranslation（英汉翻译）1.Butdependencyisnovicewhenthehabitishealthful—andyoudon’thavetobeanOlympiantobenefit.但依赖性也并非坏事，只要它是有益于健康的—你不必非是个奥运选手才能获益。2.Despiteourpreferenceforgivingupprivacyinexchangeforconvenience,ourexperiencesonlinemaymakeusyearnfortheanonymityofthepast.尽管我们愿意牺牲隐私来换取便利，网络经历可能让我们渴望回到“隐姓埋名”的过去。3.Whilecautioningthatmarginoferrorwaslargeenoughforrenderdatafromtheearlycenturiesuntrustworthy,theyfoundthat20thcenturywasthewarmestofthemillennium.尽管他们告诫误差幅度较大，有关早前几个世纪的数据可能不太可靠，但同时他们也发现，20世纪的确是上一千年中最热的一个世纪。4.Therehasbeensomeconcernthatthelargerdenominationnotes—a500noteisworthapproximately315atthecurrentexchangerate—willberichpickingsforcounterfeiters,especiallyintheearlydaysaspeoplegetusedtothenewcurrency.目前令人担心的是高面值欧元纸币可能出现的假币问题，500欧元的纸币按目前的汇率值315英镑，这为造假者牟取暴利提供了很大便利，尤其是在人们对欧元还不太熟悉的初期阶段。5.Chemicallyanypetroleumisanextremelycomplexmixtureofhydrocarbon(hydrogenandcarbon)compounds,withminoramountsofnitrogen,oxygen,andsulfurasimpurities.从化学上讲，任何石油都是由烃（碳和氢）化合物组成的极其复杂的混合物，并含有少量作为杂质的氮、氧及硫。B.C-ETranslation（汉英翻译）1.请允许我向你的成功表示祝贺。(congratulateon)Permitmetocongratulateyouonyoursuccess.2.管理者的层次越低，越有可能花时间去执行非管理性任务。(themore…,themore…)Thelowerthelevel,themorelikelyamanageristospendtimeperformingnonmanagerialtasks.3.山起着稳定地球外壳的作用。（playarolein）Mountainsplayanimportantroleinstabilizingthecrustoftheearth.4.他日益发现一份奔波于全球的职业同传统的家庭生活很难兼具。(combinewith)Heincreasinglyfindsaglobe-hoppingcareerhardtocombinewithatraditionalfamilylife.5.任何人也不能把台湾从中国分离出去。(separate...from)NobodyshouldseparateTaiwanfromChina.PartVReadingComprehension(阅读理解)Passage1 Geologyisanaturalscience.Withitmencandiscoverallkindsofusefulminerals.Geologystudiestheearth.Butofthethreespheres,theatmosphere,thehydrosphereandthelithosphere,itonlydirectlystudiesthelithosphere.Itstudiesthecompositionanddistributionofmaterialintheearth’scrust.Itstudiesalsotheformation,changesanddevelopmentofrocksandmineralsintheearth’scrust. Geologyisaverycomplexscience.Therearemanybranchesingeology.Mineralogyisthescienceoftheminerals.Petrologyisthescienceoftherocks.Geomorphologydealswithoriginoflandscapesandchangesinthem.Historicalgeologytracestheevolutionanddevelopmentoftheearthandoftheanimalsandplantsonit.Stratigraphystudiesthesequenceoftherocksintheearth’scrust.Paleontologydealswiththeancientanimalsandplants.Thesearejustafewofthemostimportantbranchesofgeology. Geologyisaveryimportantscience.Wedependupongeologyforthediscoveryofmineraldepositsneededbythevariousindustries.Alotofmineralsareusedasfuelandrawmaterials.Withoutthemindustrializationisimpossible.Mineralsarealsousedasfertilizersinagriculture.Chinaisveryrichinmineraldepositsofallkinds.Thestudyofgeologywillhelpustodiscoverthem. Petroleumoccurswidelyintheearthasgas,liquid,semisolid,orsolid,orinmorethanoneofthesestatesatasingleplace.Chemicallyanypetroleumisanextremelycomplexmixtureofhydrocarbon(hydrogenandcarbon)compounds,withminoramountsofnitrogen,oxygen,andsulfurasimpurities.Liquidpetroleum,whichiscalledcrudeoiltodistinguishitfromrefinedoil,isthemostimportantcommercially.Itconsistschieflyoftheliquidhydrocarbons,withvaryingamountsofdissolvedgases,bitumens,andimpurities. Petroleumgas,commonlycallednaturalgastodistinguishitfrommanufacturedgas,consistsofthelighterparaffinhydrocarbons,ofwhichthemostabundantismethanegas(CH4).Thesemisolidandsolidformsofpetroleumconsistoftheheavyhydrocarbonsandbitumens. Geologyplaysanimportantroleinthesearchforoilandnaturalgas.Fourprerequisitesarenecessaryforoil(andgas)toaccumulateincommercialquantitiesinanarea:(1)Theoiloriginatesinasourcebed,andamarineshale,onceablackmudrichinorganiccompounds,isthoughttobeacommonsourcerock.(2)Theoilthenmigratestoapermeablereservoirrock,andtodothisitmaytravelforlongdistancesbothverticallyandhorizontally.Oilcannotmovethroughthetinyopeningsoftheshalesourcebedsrapidlyenoughtobeextractedprofitably.(3)Anonpermeablelayermustoccuraboveareservoirbed.Sinceoilislighterthanwater,ittendstomoveupwardthroughopeningsandcracksuntilitencountersimperviousbedsthatitcannotpenetrate.Theoilmaythenaccumulatebeneaththeimperviouslayers.Somegasoccursinsolutionwithintheoil,andifenoughispresentitseparatesouttooccupytheuppermostregionofsuchatrap.(4)Afavorablestructuremustexisttoconcentratetheoilandanticlines,saltplugs,andfaultsarecommonexamples.Afaultzonemayitselfbeimpervious,orfaultingmayhaveshiftedanimperviousbedsothatitnowblocksareservoirbed.Stratigraphictrapstendtobemoredifficulttolocateandmayformwheretiltedreservoirbedsareoverlainunconformablybyimperviouslayersorwherethereservoirbedsbecomethinnerup-dipandwedgeoutwithinenclosingimperviousbeds.Thusoilthatwasoncedistributedinsparseamountsthroughoutaverylargevolumeofrockmaynowberichlyconcentratedwithintheuppermostportionsoffavorablereservoirrocks. Thetaskofthegeologististhelocationofpromisingstructuresinregionswhererocksarefavorablefortheoccurrenceoftheotherprerequisites.Drillingaholeisthentheonlyknownmethodofdeterminingwhetherornotoilispresentinthestructure.1.Whatismainlydealtwithinthepassage?CA.Theformationofoil. B.Theformationofrocks.C.Thegeneralintroductionofgeology. D.Therolesofgeologyinfindingoil.2.GeologyisanaturalscienceanditdoesNOTstudy__D____.A.themineralsintheearth’scrustB.therocksintheearth’scrustC.theevolutionanddevelopmentoftheearthD.theoriginoftheatmospheresurroundingtheearth3.Oneprerequisiteforoiltoaccumulateinquantityisthattheoiloriginatesin___A___.A.asourcerock B.ablackmudC.theseawater D.organiccompounds4.Intheformationofoil,anonpermeablelayeraboveareservoirbedisnecessarybecauseitcan__B____.A.acceleratethetravelspeedoftheoil B.hindertheoiltomoveupwardC.helptheoiltomoveupward D.helppeopletodiscovertheoil5.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?____B____A.Drillingaholeisoneoftheknownmethodsofdeterminingwhetherornotoilispresentinthestructure.B.Ageologistusuallytriestolocatepromisingstructuresinregionswhererocksarefavorablefortheoccurrenceoftheotherprerequisites.C.Anunfavorablestructuremustexisttoconcentratetheoil.D.Apermeablelayermustoccuraboveareservoirbed.Passage2 Inordertotalkaboutthenatureoftheuniverseandtodiscussquestionssuchaswhetherithasabeginningoranend,youhavetobeclearaboutwhatascientifictheoryis.Ishalltakethesimple-mindedviewthatatheoryisjustamodeloftheuniverse,orarestrictedpartofit,andasetofrulesthatrelatequantitiesinthemodeltoobservationsthatwemake.Itexistsonlyinourmindsanddoesnothaveanyotherreality.Atheoryisagoodtheoryifitsatisfiestworequirements.Itmustaccuratelydescribealargeclassofobservationsonthebasisofamodelthatcontainsonlyafewarbitraryelements,anditmustmakedefinitepredictionsabouttheresultsoffutureobservations.Forexample,Aristotle’stheorythateverythingwasmadeoutoffourelements,earth,air,fire,andwater,wassimpleenoughtoqualify,butitdidnotmakeanydefinitepredictions.Ontheotherhand,Newton’stheoryofgravitywasbasedonanevensimplermodel,inwhichbodiesattractedeachotherwithaforcethatwasproportionaltoaquantitycalledtheirmassandinverselyproportionaltothesquareofthedistancebetweenthem.Yetitpredictsthemotionofthesun,themoon,andtheplanetstoahighdegreeofaccuracy. Anyphysicaltheoryisalwaysprovisional,inthesensethatitisonlyahypothesis:youcanneverproveit.Nomatterhowmanytimestheresultsofexperimentsagreewithsometheory,youcanneverbesurethatthenexttimetheresultwillnotcontradictthetheory.Ontheotherhand,youcandisproveatheorybyfindingevenasingleobservationthatdisagreeswiththepredictionsofthetheory.Inpractice,whatoftenhappensisthatanewtheorythatisdevisedisreallyanextensionoftheprevioustheory. Theeventualgoalofscienceistoprovideasingletheorythatdescribesthewholeuniverse.However,theapproachmostscientistsactuallyfollowistoseparatetheproblemintotwoparts.First,therearethelawsthattellushowtheuniversechangeswithtime.Ifweknowwhattheuniverseislikeatanyonetime,thesephysicallawstellushowitwilllookatanylatertime.Second,thereisthequestionoftheinitialstateoftheuniverse.Somepeoplefeelthatscienceshouldbeconcernedwithonlythefirstpart;theyregardthequestionoftheinitialsituationasamatterforreligion.TheywouldsaythatGodcouldhavestartedtheuniverseoffanywayhewanted.Thatmaybeso,butinthatcasehealsocouldhavemadeitdevelopinacompletelyarbitraryway.Yetitappearsthathechosetomakeitevolveinaveryregularwayaccordingtocertainlaws.Itthereforeseemsequallyreasonabletosupposethattherearealsolawsgoverningtheinitialstate. Itturnsouttobeverydifficulttodeviseatheorytodescribetheuniverseallinonego.Instead,webreaktheproblemupintobitsandinventanumberofpartialtheories.Eachofthesepartialtheoriesdescribesandpredictsacertainlimitedclassofobservations,neglectingtheeffectsofotherquantities,orrepresentingthembysimplesetsofnumbers.Itmaybethatthisapproachiscompletelywrong.Ifeverythingintheuniversedependsoneverythingelseinafundamentalway,itmightbeimpossibletogetclosetoafullsolutionbyinvestigatingpartsoftheprobleminisolation.Nevertheless,itiscertainlythewaythatwehavemadeprogressinthepast.TheclassicalexampleistheNewtoniantheoryofgravity,whichtellsusthatthegravitationalforcebetweentwobodiesdependsonlyononenumberassociatedwitheachbody,itsmass,butisotherwiseindependentofwhatthebodiesaremadeof.Thusonedoesnotneedtohaveatheoryofthestructureandconstitutionofthesunandtheplanetsinordertocalculatetheirorbits. Todayscientistsdescribetheuniverseontermsoftwobasicpartialtheories—thegeneraltheoryofrelativityandquantummechanics.Theyarethegreatintellectualachievementsofthefirsthalfofthiscentury.Thegeneraltheoryofrelativitydescribestheforceofgravityandthelarge-scalestructureoftheuniverse.Quantummechanics,ontheotherhand,dealswithphenomenaonextremelysmallscales,suchasamillionthofamillionthofaninch.Unfortunately,however,thesetwotheoriesareknowntobeinconsistentwitheachother—theycannotbothbecorrect.Oneofthemajorendeavorsinphysicstoday,isthesearchforanewtheorythatwillincorporatethemboth—aquantumtheoryofgravity.Wedonotyethavesuchanewtheory,andwemaystillbealongwayfromhavingone,butwedoalreadyknowmanyofthepropertiesthatitmusthave.6.Accordingtotheauthor,atheoryisallofthefollowingEXCEPTfor___D___.A.amodeloftheuniverse B.arestrictedpartoftheuniverseC.asetofrules D.areality7.ThedifferencebetweenAristotle’stheoryandNewton’stheoryis__D____.A.Aristotle’stheorycandescribealargeclassofobservations,whileNewton’scannot.B.Newton’stheorycandescribealargeclassofobservations,whileAristotle’scannot.C.Aristotle’stheorycanmakeadefinitepredictionofthefutureobservations,whileNewton’scannot.D.Newton’stheorycanmakeadefinitepredictionofthefutureobservations,whileAristotle’scannot.8.Theapproachadoptedbymostscientiststodeviseatheorytodescribetheuniverseis___A______.A.tobreaktheproblemupintobitsandinventanumberofpartialtheoriesB.toinventonetheorytodescribethewholeuniverseC.tocombinegeneraltheoryofrelativitywithquantummechanicsD.tostudytheoriginoftheuniverse9．ItisdescribedinNewton’stheoryofgravitythatbodiesattractedeachotherwithaforcewhichis___B___.A.inverselyproportionaltotheirmassB.inverselyproportionaltothesquareofthedistancebetweenthemC.proportionaltothesquareofthedistancebetweenthemD.proportionaltotheconstitutionofthem10．Accordingthepassage,thegreatintellectualachievementsofthefirsthalfofthe20thcenturyare__C____.A.Newton’stheoryofgravityandthegeneraltheoryofrelativityB.Newton’stheoryofgravityandquantummechanicsC.thegeneraltheoryofrelativityandquantummechanicsD.thegeneraltheoryofrelativityandthequantumtheoryofgravityPassage3SofarasIknow,MissHannahArendtwasthefirstpersontodefinetheessentialdifferencebetweenworkandlabor.Tobehappy,amanmustfeel,firstly,freeand,secondly,important.Hecannotbereallyhappyifheiscompelledbysocietytodowhathedoesnotenjoydoing,orifwhatheenjoysdoingisignoredbysocietyasifnovalueorimportance.Inasocietywhereslaveryinthestrictsensehasbeenabolished,thesignthatwhatamandoesisofsocialvalueisthatheispaidmoneytodoit,butalaborertodaycanrightlybecalledawageslave.Amanisalaborerifthejobsocietyoffershimisofnointeresttohimselfbutheiscompelledtotakeitbythenecessityofearningalivingandsupportinghisfamily.Theantithesistolaborisplay.Whenweplayagame,weenjoywhatwearedoing,otherwiseweshouldnotplayit,butitisapurelyprivateactivity;societycouldnotcarelesswhetherweplayitornot.Betweenlaborandplaystandswork.Amanisaworkerifheispersonallyinterestedinthejobwhichsocietypayshimtodo;whatfromthepointofviewofsocietyisnecessarylaborisfromhisownpointofviewvoluntaryplay.Whetherajobistobeclassifiedaslabororworkdepends,notonthejobitself,butonthetastesoftheindividualwhoundertakesit.Thedifferencedoesnot,forexample,coincidewiththedifferencebetweenamanualandamentaljob;agardenermaybeaworker,abankclerkalaborer.Whichamaniscanbeseenfromhisattitudetowardleisure.Toaworker,leisuremeanssimplythehoursheneedstorelaxandrestinordertoworkefficiently.Heisthereforemorelikelytotaketoolittleleisurethantoomuch;workersdieofcoronariesandforgettheirwives’birthdays.Tothelaborer,ontheotherhand,leisuremeansfreedomfromcompulsion,sothatitisnaturalforhimtoimaginethatthefewerhourshehastospendlaboring,andthemorehoursheisfreetoplay,thebetter.Whatpercentageofthepopulationinamoderntechnologicalsocietyare,likemyself,inthefortunatepositionofbeingworkers?AtaguessIwouldsaysixteenpercent,andIdonotthinkthatfigureislikelytogetbiggerinthefuture.Technologyandthedivisionoflaborhavedonetwothings:byeliminatinginmanyfieldstheneedforspecialstrengthorskill,theyhavemadeaverylargenumberofpaidoccupationswhichformerlywereenjoyableworkintoboringlabor,andbyincreasingproductivitytheyhavereducedthenumberofnecessarylaboringhours.Itisalreadypossibletoimagineasocietyinwhichthemajorityofthepopulation,thatistosay,itslaborers,willhavealmostasmuchleisureasinearliertimeswasenjoyedbythearistocracy.Whenonerecallshowaristocraciesinthepastactuallybehaved,theprospectisnotcheerful.Indeed,theproblemofdealingwithboredommaybeevenmoredifficultforsuchafuturemasssocietythanitwasforaristocracies.Thelatter,forexample,ritualizedtheirtime;therewasaseasontoshootgrouse,aseasontospendintown,etc.Themassesaremorelikelytoreplaceanunchangingritualbyfashionwhichitwillbeintheeconomicinterestofcertainpeopletochangeasoftenaspossible.Again,themassescannotgoinforhunting,forverysoontherewouldbenoanimalslefttohunt.Forotheraristocraticamusementslikegambling,dueling,andwarfare,itmaybeonlytooeasytofindequivalentsindangerousdriving,drug-taking,andsenselessactsofviolence.Workersseldomcommitactsofviolence,becausetheycanputtheiraggressionintotheirwork,beitphysicalliketheworkofasmith,ormentalliketheworkofascientistoranartist.Theroleofaggressioninmentalworkisaptlyexpressedbythephrase“gettingone’steethintoaproblem.”11.Fromthepointviewoftheauthor,laboris__C____forit.A.avoluntaryjobtoaperson,andsocietypaysnomoneyB.anenjoyablejobtoaperson,andsocietypaysnomoneyC.ajoylessjobtoaperson,butsocietypaysmoneyD.amanualjobtoaperson,butsocietypaysmoney12.Accordingtothepassage,oneisn’thappyifhe__A____.A.iscompelledtotakeajobB.hastoworkunnecessarilylongtimeC.earnslittlemoneybydoingajobD.hastoolittlemoneytosupporthisfamily13.Theauthorconsidersplayas__A____.A.anenjoyableandprivateactivityB.ahelpfulandpublicactivityC.aforcedandprivateactivityD.avoluntaryandpublicactivity14.Ajobcanbeclassifiedaslabororwork,dependingon__C____.A.whetherthejobiseasyorhardB.whetheritisamanualormentaljobC.thetasteoftheindividualwhodoesthejobD.thepaymentofthejob15.TheauthorsaysthatthedivisionoflaborandtechnologyhasallthefollowingeffectsonthelaborEXCEPT__C____.A.turningenjoyableworkintoboringlaborB.reducingthenumberoflaboringhoursC.decreasingproductivityD.eliminatingtheneedforspecialskillPassage4IspentsomeofthemostexcitingdaysofmylifeworkingontheeasternshoresofKenya’sLakeTurkana,searchingforthefossilizedremainsofourearlyancestors.Wedidnotalwaysfindwhatwewanted,buteverydaytherewasmuchmoretodiscoverthanthetracesofourownpredecessors.Thefossils,somequitecomplete,othersmerefragments,spokeofanotherworldinwhichtheancestorsofmanyoftoday’sAfricanmammalsroamedintherichgrasslandandforestfringesbetween1.5millionand2millionyearsago.TheenvironmentwasnottoodifferentfromthewettergrasslandsofAfricatoday,butitwasfullofamazinganimalsthatarenowlongextinct. OneinparticularIwouldhavelovedtoseealivewasashort-neckedgirafferelativethathadhuge“antlers”,somewithaspanacrossthehornsofclosetoalmost3meters.Therewerebuffalo-s