初中英语：主谓一致与特殊句型全解读

初中英语：主谓一致与特殊句型全解读主谓一致主谓一致就是“主语和谓语动词在单复数、人称上保持一致”。初中主要考三大原则：语法一致、意义一致、就近一致。1.三大原则语法一致：主语是单数，谓语用单数；主语是复数，谓语用复数。Theboylikesplayingfootball.Theboyslikeplayingfootball.意义一致：主语的“实际意义”决定谓语单复数，不只看形式。Hisfamilyisabigfamily.全家是一个整体，用单数HisfamilyareallwatchingTV.强调家庭成员，用复数Thepolicearelookingforthethief.police本身就是复数含义就近一致：谓语动词与离它最近的名词保持一致。主要出现在therebe，以及either…or…,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…等并列结构中。Thereisapenandtwobooksonthedesk.Eitheryouorheiswrong.Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheteacherlikesthefilm.2.常考规则清单①并列主语用and连接通常表示两个人或物，谓语用复数：TomandJackaregoodfriends.如果and连接的两个词指同一个人、同一个事物或同一概念，谓语用单数：Thewriterandteacheriscoming.既是作家又是老师，一个人Breadandbutterishealthy.黄油面包被视作一种食物如果and连接的两个单数名词前有every,each,no修饰，谓语用单数：Everyboyandeverygirlhasachance.Noteacherandnostudentisallowedtosmokehere.②主语后带with,togetherwith,aswellas,except,besides,including等谓语与真正的主语保持一致，不受后面短语影响：Theteacherwithhisstudentsisinthelab.Heaswellashisfriendslikesmusic.NobodyexceptTomandJimknowsthesecret.③不定代词作主语everyone,someone,anyone,noone,everything,something,anything,nothing,each,either,neither等作主语时，谓语用单数：Everyoneisreadyfortheexam.Nothingisimpossibletoawillingheart.Eachofthestudentshasadictionary.注意：neitherof和eitherof后面接复数名词，谓语多用单数，但口语中也可见复数：Neitheroftheanswersiscorrect.Eitheroftheplanssoundsgood.④时间、距离、金钱、重量等作主语表示整体概念时，即使形式是复数，谓语仍用单数：Tenyearsisalongtime.Fivehundreddollarsisenoughforthetrip.Twokilometersisnotveryfar.如果强调个体数量，用复数：Tenyearshavepassed.强调这十年里的每一天，但初中阶段用is也可接受，考试首选单数。⑤以s结尾的学科名词和不可数名词news,maths,physics,politics等学科/新闻类名词，形式像复数，实际作单数：Thenewsisverygood.Mathsseemsdifficultforhim.⑥anumberof与thenumberofAnumberofstudentsareplantingtrees.很多学生，谓语复数Thenumberofstudentsisabout2,000.学生的数量，谓语单数⑦分数/百分数+of+名词谓语与of后面的名词一致：Twothirdsofthewaterispolluted.Onethirdofthestudentsaregirls.70%oftheworkisdone.类似用法的还有halfof,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,therestof等。⑧不定式、动名词、从句作主语一律视为单数概念，谓语用单数：TolearnEnglishwelltakestime.Readingbooksisagoodhabit.Whathesaidistrue.⑨关系代词在定语从句中作主语从句谓语要和先行词保持一致：Themanwhoistalkingwithourteacherismyuncle.Thebookswhichareontheshelfbelongtome.注意两种特殊情况：Heisoneofthestudentswhohavepassedtheexam.先行词是students，从句用复数Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohaspassedtheexam.先行词是theonlyone，从句用单数⑩集体名词family,class,team,group,government等：看作整体：单数Theclassisagoodone.看作成员：复数TheclassarehavinganEnglishparty.people,police,cattle永远表示复数含义，谓语用复数：Thepolicearesearchingtheforest.Manypeopleliketravelling.⑪特殊结构：morethanone/manya/each作同位语MorethanonestudenthasbeentoBeijing.谓语用单数Manyateacherlikesthisbook.谓语用单数Theyeachhaveanewbike.主语是they，each作同位语，谓语用复数⑫倒装句中Herecomesthebus.主语thebus在动词后，单数用comesHerecometheteachers.主语是复数，动词用comeTherestandsatallbuildingneartheriver.特殊句型初中阶段常说的特殊句型，重点是：Therebe句型、感叹句、祈使句、倒装句、It句型、反意疑问句，以及几个高频固定句型。1.Therebe句型构成：Therebe+名词+地点/时间状语Thereisabookonthedesk.Therearesomeflowersinthegarden.就近原则：Thereisapenandtworulersinthebag.Therearetworulersandapeninthebag.时态变化：Therewasameetingyesterday.Therewillbeaconcerttomorrow.Thereisgoingtobeasportsmeetingnextweek.Thereusedtobeanoldtemplehere.注意：Therebe不与have混用，不能说Therehavesomebooks.Therebe+名词+非谓语动词：Thereisaboywaitingforyououtside.正在等Therearemanythingstodo.要去做Thereisapicturehangingonthewall.挂着反意疑问：Thereissomemilkinthecup,isn'tthere?Therearen'tanytreesaround,arethere?2.感叹句基本结构：What+a/an+形容词+单数可数名词+(主语+谓语)!Whatacleverboyheis!Whataninterestingstoryitis!What+形容词+复数名词+(主语+谓语)!Whatbeautifulflowerstheyare!What+形容词+不可数名词+(主语+谓语)!Whatfineweatheritis!Whatgoodnewsitis!How+形容词/副词+(主语+谓语)!Howclevertheboyis!Howfastheruns!Howwellshesings!特殊记法：How+形容词+a/an+单数名词+主语+谓语Howcleveraboyheis!这种比较正式，初中不常见，见到能识别即可。省略形式：Whatapity!Hownice!Whatasurprise!易错点：中心词是名词，用what；中心词是形容词/副词，用how。单数可数名词前必须有a/an；复数名词和不可数名词前不加冠词。修饰名词的little,many,much不用so或such？注意：Whatmanybooks?不这样用，应说What后接名词，但many前不加？中考不考这个细节，记住最容易的区分：名词前有what，形容词前有how。3.祈使句肯定形式：动词原形开头Sitdown,please.Becareful!Pleaseopenthedoor.否定形式：Don't/Never+动词原形Don'tbelateagain.Nevergiveup.Don'tlethimgo.Let句型：Let'sgoswimming.Letusgonow.Letmehelpyou.祈使句+and/or+陈述句（常用一般将来时）Workhard,andyouwillpasstheexam.如果努力工作，你就会通过考试Hurryup,oryouwillmissthebus.快点，否则你会错过公交Becareful,oryou'llmakemistakes.反意疑问：肯定祈使句后一般用willyou或won'tyouClosethedoor,willyou?否定祈使句后只用willyouDon'tsmokehere,willyou?Let's开头用shallweLet'sgo,shallwe?Letus开头用willyouLetusgo,willyou?以Letme开头可用willyou或mayI4.初中常见倒装句①Here/There/Now/Then/Out/In/Away/Up/Down+不及物动词+名词主语这种结构表示“突然发生”或“强调位置”。Herecomesthebus.公交车来了Theregoesthebell.铃响了Outrushedthechildren.孩子们冲了出去Incameayoungman.进来一个年轻人Downfelltheleaves.树叶落下来特别注意：主语是代词时，不倒装，用“副词+代词+动词”：Hereitis.给你/它在这里Therehecomes.他来了Awaytheywent.他们离开了②So+be/助动词/情态动词+主语表示“前者怎么样，后者也一样”。Tomcanswim.SocanI.汤姆会游泳，我也会Shelikesmusic.Sodoeshe.她喜欢音乐，他也喜欢TheywenttoBeijing.Sodidwe.他们去了北京，我们也去了注意：如果so表示“确实如此”，构成“So+主语+be/助动词/情态动词”，句子不倒装：—Tomworkshard.—Sohedoes.他确实很努力。③Neither/Nor+be/助动词/情态动词+主语表示“前者不……，后者也不……”。Hedoesn'tlikecoffee.NeitherdoI.他不喜欢咖啡，我也不喜欢Shecan'tdance.Norcanhersister.她不会跳舞，她妹妹也不会注意：so/neither/nor引导的倒装句中，助动词要与前一句保持一致并体现时态。5.It句型①It作形式主语真正的主语是不定式、动名词或从句，it放在句首。ItisimportanttolearnEnglishwell.Itisveryeasyforhimtosolvetheproblem.Itiskindofyoutohelpme.It'snousecryingoverspiltmilk.覆水难收辨析for与of：for表示“对某人来说”：It'simportantforustoprotecttheenvironment.of表示“某人的品质”：It'scleverofhimtoworkouttheproblem.因为可以说Heisclever，所以用of；不可以说Heisimportant，所以用for。②It作形式宾语主谓+it+宾补+真正的宾语（不定式/动名词/从句）IfinditdifficulttolearnFrench.WethinkitusefultopracticeEnglisheveryday.Hemadeitclearthathewouldcome.③强调句型结构：Itis/was+被强调部分+that/who+其余部分ImetTomintheparkyesterday.ItwasIthat/whometTomintheparkyesterday.强调主语ItwasTomthat/whoImetintheparkyesterday.强调宾语ItwasintheparkthatImetTomyesterday.强调地点状语ItwasyesterdaythatImetTominthepark.强调时间状语注意：被强调部分是人，可用who；其他情况都用that。被强调部分是时间或地点，不能用when或where。判断方法：去掉Itis/was…that后，剩余部分仍然是一个完整句子。④It表时间Ittakessb+时间+todosth.Ittookhimtwohourstofinishthework.Ithasbeen+时间段+since+一般过去时Ithasbeenthreeyearssinceheleft.It'stime(forsb)todosth.It'stimeforustohavelunch.6.反意疑问句构成规律：前肯后否，前否后肯Heisastudent,isn'the?Shedoesn'tliketea,doesshe?Theycanswim,can'tthey?Theboyswenthome,didn'tthey?回答时按事实回答，注意中文翻译—Heisn'tateacher,ishe?—Yes,heis.不，他是老师。—No,heisn't.是的，他不是。特殊情况：①陈述部分含有never,hardly,little,few,nothing,nobody,seldom等否定意义的词，疑问部分用肯定Henevercomeslate,doeshe?Thereislittlewaterintheglass,isthere?Fewpeopleknowthetruth,dothey?②含有un-,im-,dis-等否定前缀的词，不算否定句Heisunhappy,isn'the?Shedislikesthefilm,doesn'tshe?③祈使句：见前面祈使句部分。④Therebe句型：直接用there代替主语。Thereisarivernearhere,isn'tthere?⑤不定代词作主语Everyoneishere,aren'tthey?指人可用theyEverythinggoeswell,doesn'tit?指物用itNothingiswrong,isit?⑥Ithink/Ibelieve+宾语从句初中一般考“否定转移”：Idon'tthinkheisright,ishe?我认为他不对，对吗？Ithinksheisagoodgirl,isn'tshe?注意：主句主语不是第一人称时，反意部分与主句一致：Hethinkssheisright,doesn'the?⑦must表推测Hemustbeadoctor,isn'the?对现在的推测，用isn'tItmusthaverainedlastnight,didn'tit?对过去的推测，用didn't（初中少见，了解即可）7.其他高频固定句型①too...to...太……而不能……Heistooyoungtogotoschool.Theboxistooheavyformetocarry.②not...until...直到……才……Hedidn'tleaveuntilmidnight.Iwon'tbelieveituntilIseeitwithmyowneyes.③so...that...与such...that...如此……以至于……so接形容词/副词，such接名词：Heissotiredthathecan'twalk.Itissuchaheavyboxthatnobodycanmoveit.Itissoheavyaboxthatnobodycan