雨课堂学堂在线学堂云《Development Neurobiology（山东大学）》单元测试考核答案

DevelopmentNeurobiology第1题Whichcellsmigrateandbecometheprimordiumoftheperipheralnervoussystem?ANeuralcrestcellsBEpiblastcellsCMesodermcellsDEndodermcells第2题Whatistheprimordiumofthecentralnervoussystem?ANeuralcrestBNeuraltubeCNotochordDEpiblast第3题Whatdoesthenotochordinducetheoverlyingectodermtoform?ANeuralcrestBNeuraltubeCNeuralplateDMesoderm第4题Whatistheprocesscalledbywhichtheepiblastgivesrisetothreegermlayers?AImplantationBCleavageCGastrulationDMorphogenesis第5题Theblood-brainbarrierisprimarilyformedbyAAstrocytesBMicrogliaCEpendymalcellsDOligodendrocytes第6题Whichcelltypeproducescerebralspinalfluid(CSF)?AEpendymalcellsBAstrocytesCMicrogliaDSchwanncells第7题Whatisthefunctionofsynapticvesicles?AToconductelectricalsignalsBTostoreneurotransmittersCToformmyelinsheathsDToremovedebris第8题Radialglialcellsareimportantinthedevelopmentof:ATheCNSBThePNSCThemusclesDThebones第9题Whatisthemainfunctionofmicroglia?AToproducemyelinsheathsBToformtheblood-brainbarrierCToremovedebrisandpathogensDToproducecerebralspinalfluid第10题WhichtypeofglialcellwrapsaroundaxonstoformmyelinsheathsintheCNS?AOligodendrocytesBAstrocytesCMicrogliaDEpendymalcells第1题Duringasymmetricalcleavage,whichdaughtercellinheritsahigherconcentrationofbasalproteinslikeNumbandProx1?AApicalcellBBasalcellCBothcellsequallyDNeithercell第2题Whattypeofcelldivisionresultsintwoidenticaldaughtercellswhenthemetaphaseplateisperpendiculartotheventricularsurface?AAsymmetricalcleavageBSymmetricalcleavageCHorizontalcleavageDObliquecleavage第3题Whatfactoractivatestheneuron-glialcellswitch?ADownregulationofneuregulinBInhibitionofmitosisCIncreasedgrowthfactorsDLackofoxygen第4题WhatisthefirstmajorphaseofhistogenesisintheCNS?AGliogenesisBMitosisCDifferentiationDNeurogenesis第5题Whatisthefateofthebasaldaughtercellafterasymmetricdivision?AItremainsaneuroepithelialcellBItdifferentiatesintoaglialcellCIttransformsintoaradialprecursorcellDItdividesintotwoneuroblasts第6题Whatdetermineswhetheraneuroepithelialcellcontinuestodivideormigratesawayfromtheventricularzone?ATheangleofthecleavageplaneBThesizeofthecellCTheconcentrationofgrowthfactorsDThelocationofthenucleus第7题Whatarethefirstmultipotentneuralstemcellsoftheembryo?ARadialprecursorcellsBNeuroblastsCAstrocytesDNeuroepithelialcells第8题WhichsignalinhibitsFgf8signalingtopromotethespecificationofNMPs?ABMP4BShhCRetinoicacid(RA)DPax6第9题Thefloorplateisexposedtowhichsignalingmoleculefromthenotochord?ABMP4BBMP7CPax6DShh第10题Whichsignalingmoleculeiscriticalforcerebellarformation?APax6BOtxCHoxDFGF8第11题WhatisthesourceofWntandFGF8inthemidbrain–hindbrainregion?ATelencephalonBDiencephalonCIsthmusDCerebellum第12题Whichgenefamilyisexpressedintheanteriorregionsoftheforebrain?APaxBSixCIroquoisDOtx(orthodenticlehomeobox)第13题Rhombomeresareformedinwhichregionoftheneuraltube?AForebrainBMidbrainCHindbrainDSpinalcord第14题Howmanysecondarybrainvesiclesareformedafterthepontineflexure?AThreeBFourCFiveDSix第15题Howdoestheneuralplatefoldduringneurulation?AThroughcelldivisionBThroughmigrationofneuralcrestcellsCThroughapicalconstrictionandbasalexpansionDThroughdiffusionofsignalingmolecules第16题Whatdoestheword"neurula"referto?AAnembryoundergoinggastrulationBAfullyformedneuraltubeCAdevelopingneuronDAnembryoundergoingneurulation第17题Duringneuraltubeclosure,neuralcrestcellsoriginatefrom:ATheectodermBThenotochordCTheneuralfoldsDThemesoderm第18题HighlevelsofBMPspecifycellstobecome:ANeuralplateBEpidermisCNeuralcrestDMesenchymalcells第19题Whatisthemainprocessthattransformstheectodermintoneuroepithelium?AGastrulationBNeurulationCDifferentiationDApoptosis第20题Whichgermlayerwillbecometheneuralplate?AEctodermBMesodermCEndodermDAlloftheaboveTestforchapter3第1题Whatisthecorrectsequenceoflayersfromtheoutertoinnersurfaceofthecerebellarcortexinadults?AMolecularlayer,Purkinjecelllayer,granulecelllayerBPurkinjecelllayer,molecularlayer,granulecelllayerCGranulecelllayer,molecularlayer,PurkinjecelllayerDMolecularlayer,granulecelllayer第2题Whichregionoftherhombiclipproducesspecificcerebellarcellpopulations?AThelower,orcaudal,regionBTheupper,orrostral,regionCBothregionsequallyDNeitherregion第3题Whichcelltypeisthefirsttobeproducedinthecerebellum?AGranulecellsBPurkinjeneuronsCInterneuronsDBergmannglia第4题Whatisthetransientgerminalepitheliumthatformsbeneaththepialmembrane?AExternalgranulecelllayer(EGL)BInternalgranulecelllayer(IGL)CMolecularlayerDPurkinjecelllayer第5题Wheredogranuleneuronsoriginateduringdevelopment?AFromthePurkinjecelllayerBFromtheventricularzoneCFromtherhombiclipsDFromthepialmembrane第6题WhatisthefunctionofBergmanngliainthecerebellum?AToprovidenutrientstoPurkinjecellsBToserveasscaffoldsforgranulecellmigrationCToregulatebloodflowDToproducemyelin第7题WhichofthefollowingisNOTalayerofthecerebellarcortex?AMolecularlayerBGranulecelllayerCHippocampallayerDPurkinjecelllayer第8题Whatistheprimarysourceofneuronalprecursorsinthecerebellum?ARhombiclipsBVentricularzone(VZ)CAlarplateDBasalplate第9题Whichproteinisexpressedbyradialglialfibersthatallowsneuronstoattachtothem?AReelinBN-cadherinCDisabled-1(Dab1)DFibronectin第10题IntheabsenceofReelin,newly-generatedneuronsfromtheventricularzone(VZ)would:AStopmigratingimmediatelyBMigratenormallytotheirappropriatelayersCMigrateexcessivelytowardsthepialsurfaceDMigratetowardstheventricularzone第11题WhatistheprimaryorientationofCajal-Retziuscells(CR)intheneocortex?AVerticalBHorizontalCRadialDSpiral第12题Whichlayeroftheneocortexwouldnormallycontaintheearliest-bornneurons?AThemarginalzoneBThecorticalplateCThesubplateDThedeepestlayers(e.g.,layerVI)第13题WhichreceptorsareexpressedbytranslocatingprogenitorcellstobindtoReelin?AN-cadherinandE-cadherinBVery-low-densitylipoproteinreceptor(Vldlr)andApoER2CDab1andF-actinDFibronectinandlaminin第14题Duringneocortexdevelopment,neuronsmigratefrom:ATheoutsidetotheinsideBThesuperficiallayerstothedeeplayersCTheinsidetotheoutsideDThemarginalzonetotheventricularzone第15题Whichtypeofcellsprimarilyservesasscaffoldsforthelayeringoftheneocortex?ANeuronsBRadialglialcells(RGC)CCajal-Retziuscells(CR)DAstrocytes第16题WhathappenstothesomaofamigratingneuronasitreachestheCPregion?AItcontractsBItenlargesandbecomesmoreglobularCItdividesintotwodaughtercellsDItdisappears第17题Duringneurogenesis,whichtypeofcellstransformintoradialglialcells(RGC)?AApicalprogenitorcellsBBasaldaughtercellsCGanglioncellsDInterneurons第18题Whatisthefundamentalprocessinvolvedinthedevelopmentoftheneocortex?ACellulardivisionBAxonalguidanceCCellularmigrationDDendriticarborization第19题Whatisthefateoftheventricularzone(VZ)afterneuronsexitthislayer?AItpersiststhroughadulthoodBItdisappearsCItbecomesthemarginalzone(MZ)DIttransformsintothesubventricularzone(SVZ)第20题WhatistheprimaryfunctionofCajal–Retzius(CR)cells?AToformaxonsBToprovideinsulationforneuronsCTohelpestablishneuronalpatterninginthecorticalplateDTodivideasymmetricallyTestforchapter4第1题Intheclinicalcasediscussed,whyisitsuggestedtocheckthepatient'slevelsofparathyroidhormone?ATomonitorthesuccessofheartsurgeryBTodiagnoseapotentialimmunodeficiencyCToidentifypotentialdefectsinneuralcrestcellmigrationDToassessthefunctionoftheadrenalgland第2题Whichofthefollowingsignalspromotesthedifferentiationofsympatheticneurons?AGlucocorticoidsBBMPsfromthedorsalaortaCNeurotrophinDBothBandC第3题Whatisthemostcommoncauseofneonatalobstructionofthecolon?ACongenitalheartdefectsBDiGeorgesyndromeCCongenitalaganglionicmegacolonDThyroidglandmalfunction第4题Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutcardiacneuralcrestcells?ATheydonotcontributetotheformationoftheheartBTheyonlymigratealongthedorsolateralpathwayCTheycontributetotheoutflowtractandgreatvesselsoftheheartDTheyaretheonlyneuralcrestcellsthatformmelanocytes第5题Whatistheprimarysignalingmoleculeinvolvedindirectingmelanoblaststomigrateonthedorsolateralpathway?ABMPBWntCEndothelin-3DFgf8第6题Wheredovagalneuralcrestcellsprimarilymigratetoform?ADorsalrootgangliaBSympatheticchaingangliaCNeuronsoftheentericnervoussystemDCraniofacialskeleton第7题WhatistheprimarydefectobservedinRobinsequence?ASmallmouthBProminentnasalbridgeCPartialabsenceofthethymusDVerysmallmandible第8题WhichtypeofganglionisformedbyneuralcrestcellsthatmigrateventrallyandlackreceptorsforWntandneurotrophin?ADorsalrootgangliaBSympatheticchaingangliaCParasympatheticgangliaDEntericganglia第9题Whatistheprimaryfunctionoftheinhibitorycuesindirectingneuralcrestcellmigration?ATopromoteneuralcrestcellproliferationBTodirectneuralcrestcellsalongspecificmigratorypathwaysCToinduceneuralcrestcelldifferentiationDTopreventneuralcrestcellmigration第10题Whichtypeofneuralcrestcellsformsthebulkofthefirstpharyngealarch?ANeuralcrestcellsassociatedwiththemesencephalonandr1/r2BNeuralcrestcellsfromr4CNeuralcrestcellsfromr3andr5DNeuralcrestcellsfromr6andr7第11题Whichanatomicalregionistheneuralcrestdividedinto,basedonitslocationalongtheanteroposterioraxis?AAnterior,posterior,lateral,andmedialBDorsal,ventral,rostral,andcaudalCCranial,circumpharyngeal,trunk,andsacralDNeuralplate,epidermis,placode,andneuralcrest第12题Whichofthefollowingisnotaderivativeofcranialneuralcrestcells?ASkeletalcomponentsofthefaceBAdrenalglandcellsCSensoryneuronsofthetrigeminalnerveDCellsofthetemporalbone第13题Neuralcrestcellsundergowhichtypeoftransitioninpreparationformigration?AMesenchymal-to-epithelialBEpithelial-to-mesenchymalCApoptoticDMitotic第14题Whichgeneiscommonlyusedasageneralmarkerforneuralcrestcells?ABMPBSOX10CWntDEya2第15题Whatistheprimaryfunctionofneuralcrestcellsinvertebrates?AFormingtheneuraltubeBGeneratingvariouscelltypesoftheperipheralnervoussystemCDevelopingintotheepidermisDFormingtheplacodesTestforchapter5第1题Whatistheprimarychallengeinaxonalpathfindingandtargetselectionforneurons?AReachingthecorrecttargettissueBSynthesizingneurotransmittersCRegulatingintracellularcalciumlevelsDMaintainingcellmembraneintegrity第2题Howdogrowthconespreferentiallyselectinvivopathwaysforextension?ABysensingchangesinintracellularpHBByrespondingtoextracellularmatrixcuesandcell-to-celladhesioncontactsCByregulatingintracellularcalciumlevelsDByproducingneurotransmitters第3题Whichproteincomplexpromotesbranchingofactinfilaments,oftenseeninlamellipodia?AArp2/3BMyosinIICADF/cofilinDVinculin第4题Whatisthenarrowtransitionzonebetweenthecentralandperipheralregionsofgrowthconescalled?AF-actinarcBMicrotubulebundleCFilopodiumDLamellipodium第5题Whichofthefollowingisnotafunctionofactin-bindingproteinsingrowthcones?ATomediateactindynamicsBToregulatemicrotubulegrowthCTodeterminewhetherthegrowthconewillstabilize,branch,orextendDTopromotepolymerizationofactinfilaments第6题Whatareexosomes,andwhatistheirroleinEph/ephrinsignaling?ASmallmembrane-boundvesiclesthattransportneurotransmittersBLargeorganellesthatregulatecellgrowthCSmallmembrane-boundvesiclesthatcanmediateEph/ephrinsignalingatadistanceDProteinsthatregulateactindynamics第7题Howdoephrinsandsemaphorinsusuallyguidegrowthcones?AByselectiveattractionBBydirectcell-to-cellcontactCByselectiverepulsionDByregulatingintracellularcalciumlevels第8题Whichmoleculeisinvolvedincell-to-celladhesioncontactsthatprovidepermissivesubstratesforgrowthconewalking?ASemaphorinBEphrinCNeuralcelladhesionmolecule(NCAM)DMicrotubule第9题Whatistheroleofintegrinreceptorsingrowthcones?ATobindneurotransmittersBToattachthegrowthconetoextracellularsubstratesCTosynthesizeproteinsDToregulateintracellularpH第10题Whichintracellularsignalcandeterminewhetheragrowthconeisactiveorinactive?APotassiumconcentrationBSodiumconcentrationCIntracellularcalciumlevelDGlucoselevel第11题Whatistheprocesscalledwhereactinsubunitsarerecycledfromtheproximalendtotheleadingedge?ARetrogradeflowBTreadmillingactionCFilamentbranchingDMicrotubuleprotrusion第12题Duringpolymerization,actinsubunitsareaddedtowhichendofactinfilaments?ABarbedendBPointedendCBothendsequallyDNeitherend第13题Whatistheprimarymotileapparatusfoundinthelamellipodiaofgrowthcones?AMicrotubulesBFilamentousactin(F-actin)CGlobularactin(G-actin)DMyosinII第14题Whichcellularorganelleprovidesstructuralsupportforthecytoplasmicextensionsofthegrowthcone?AMicrotubulesBFilopodiaCLamellipodiaDVesicles第15题Whatisthemainfunctionofgrowthconesinneurons?AToprovidenutrientstotheaxonBToactivelysamplethelocalenvironmentandguideneuriteoutgrowthCToregulateintracellularcalciumlevelsDTosynthesizeneurotransmittersTestforchapter6第1题WhatarethemainobstaclestostudyingspecificsynapticconnectionsintheCNS?AThecomplexityofneuronalcellbodiesanddendritesBThelackofsynapticpartnersCTheabsenceofglialcellprocessesDThedifficultyinisolatingindividualneurons第2题Whatisthemainfunctionoflamininsinthesynapticbasallamina?AToensureproperalignmentofpre-andpostsynapticelementsBTotransportnutrientstothesynapseCToregulateionchannelactivityDTodegradesynapticvesicles第3题Whatistheroleofagrinintheneuromuscularjunction?AToinduceAChRclusteringBToinhibitAChRclusteringCToregulatecalciuminfluxDTotransportAChacrossthesynapticcleft第4题Whatdeterminesthefateofterminalbranchesattheendplateintheneuromuscularjunction?AThesizeofthemusclefiberBThenumberofSchwanncellsCRelativelevelsofneuralactivityDThetypeofneurotransmitterreleased第5题WhatistheprepatternofAChRsinmusclefibers?AArandomdistributionofreceptorsBAnaccumulationofreceptorscentrallylocatedbeforeinnervationCAcompleteabsenceofreceptorsbeforeinnervationDAclusteringofreceptorsatthesynapticcleft第6题Whatistheroleofacetylcholinesteraseintheneuromuscularjunction?ATosynthesizeacetylcholineBTodegradeacetylcholineCTotransportacetylcholineDToregulatecalciuminflux第7题Whichneurotransmitterissynthesizedbycholineacetyltransferaseinpresynapticmotorneurons?AGlutamateBGABACAcetylcholineDNorepinephrine第8题Whathappenstoasubsetofsynapticconnectionsduringnormalneurodevelopment?ATheyarestrengthenedBTheyarelostCTheyremainstableDTheyincreaseinnumber第9题Whatisthetermforthecomplexcomprisingapresynapticcell,apostsynapticcell,andaglialcell?ASynapticcleftBTripartitecomplexCNeuronalcircuitDNeuralnetwork第10题Whichtypeofcelladhesionmoleculeisparticularlyimportantinsynapseformation?ACadherinsBSynCAMsCIntegrinsDSelectins第11题Whichmoleculesmediatethefusionofsynapticvesicleswiththepresynapticmembrane?ANeurotransmittersBFusionproteinsCIonchannelsDScaffoldingproteins第12题Whataretheelectron-denseprojectionsonthepresynapticmembranecalled?ASynapticcleftsBActivezonesCDendriticspinesDPostsynapticdensities第13题Whichofthefollowingisacharacteristicofpresynapticnerveterminals?AAnabundanceofsynapticvesiclesBLackofactivezonesCAbsenceofvoltage-dependentcalciumionchannelsDNoneoftheabove第14题Whatistheprocessofformingnewsynapsesinthenervoussystemcalled?ASynaptogenesisBDendritogenesisCAxogenesisDNeurogenesis第15题Whatisthespecializedjunctionformedbetweenanaxonterminalandatargetcellcalled?ADendriteBSynapseCSomaDAstrocyteTestforchapter7第1题Whichsupplement,iftakendaily,canreducetheoccurrenceofneuraltubedefectsby50%to70%?AValproicacidBFolicacidCHypervitaminosisDHyperthermia第2题Whichnucleusisadjacenttothecruscerebriinthemesencephalon?ANucleusruberBSubstantianigraCOculomotornerveDTrochlearnerve第3题Whichpartofthediencephalongivesrisetothechoroidplexusofthethirdventricle?ABasalplatesBRoofplateCAlarplatesDLateralwall第4题Whatisthefunctionoftheinferiorcolliculi?ACorrelationandreflexcentersforvisualimpulsesBMotorcontrolCSensoryprocessingDAuditoryprocessing第5题Whichpartofthebraindevelopsfromthickeningsofdorsalpartsofthealarplates?APonsBCerebellumCMedullaDMidbrain第6题Whatisthefunctionofthepons?ACoordinationcenterforpostureandmovementBPathwayfornervefibersbetweenthespinalcordandcerebralcorticesCSensoryrelaycenterDMotorcontrolcenter第7题Whichpartofthehindbraingivesrisetothemedulla?APonsBCerebellumCMyelencephalonDMetencephalon第8题Whatisthemostcaudalpartofthebrainvesicles?ATelencephalonBDiencephalonCMyelencephalonDMesencephalon第9题Whichcelltypewrapsaroundaxonslikeajellyrolltoformthemyelinsheath?ASchwanncellsBOligodendrocytesCAstrocytesDNeuroblasts第10题Whatistheprimaryfunctionofoligodendrocytes?ASynapseformationBMyelinationofnervefibersCNeuronalmigrationDAxonalconduction第11题Whichconditioninvolvesneuraltissueprotrudingthroughadefectinthemeninges?AMeningoceleBMyelomeningoceleCMyeloschisisDRachischisis第12题Whatisthetermforthebundleofspinalnerverootsinferiortotheendofthespinalcord?ACaudaequinaBNeuralcrestCMedullaryconeDVentricularzone第13题Whichareaofthespinalcorddevelopsintomotorneurons?AVentralhornBDorsalhornCLateralhornDMarginalzone第14题Whatisthefinalstageofneuroblastdifferentiation?AMultipolarneuronBBipolarneuronCApolarneuroblastDRadialprecursorcell第15题Whichcelltypeundergoesasymmetricmitoticdivisionstogenerateneuroblasts?ARadialprecursorcellsBGliablastsCOligodendrocyteprogenitorcellsDAstrocyteprogenitorcellsTestforchapter8第1题WhatistheroleofcytochromeCintheintrinsicpathwayofapoptosis?AItactivatescaspase-3directlyBItinhibitscaspase-9CItformstheapoptosomewithApaf-1DItpromotescellsurvival第2题WhichofthefollowingisadetectionmethodforapoptosisbasedonDNAfragmentation?AAnnexinVstainingBTUNELassayCWesternblotforcaspasesDElectronmicroscopy第3题WhatistheroleofmTORintheregulationofautophagy?AItpromotesautophagyBItinhibitsautophagyCIthasnoeffectonautophagyDItisasubstrateforcaspases第4题WhichproteinisinvolvedintheregulationofautophagyandisatargetofmTOR?ABcl-2BBeclin1CCaspase-3DApaf-1第5题WhatistheroleofBeclin1inautophagy?AItinhibitsautophagyBItpromotesautophagyCItactivatescaspasesDItisasubstrateforcaspases第6题Whichofthefollowingisacharacteristicfeatureofautophagy?AFormationofapoptoticbodiesBCaspase-dependentprocessCFormationofautophagosomesDCellswellingandrupture第7题Whatistheroleofp53inapoptosis?AItpromotescellsurvivalBItinhibitsapoptosisCItactivatespro-apoptoticgenesDItisasubstrateforcaspases第8题WhichproteinisinvolvedintheextrinsicpathwayofapoptosisandisamemberoftheTNFRfamily?AFas/CD95BBcl-2CApaf-1DCaspase-3第9题Whichofthefollowingisapro-apoptoticproteinintheBcl-2family?ABcl-2BBcl-XLCBakDMcl-1第10题WhatistheroleofBcl-2familyproteinsinapoptosis?ATheypromotecellsurvivalBTheyinhibitapoptosisCTheyactivatecaspasesDTheyaresubstratesforcaspases第11题Whichproteinisinvolvedintheintrinsicpathwayofapoptosisandisreleasedfrommitochondria?ACaspase-8BCytochromeCCFasligandDTNFα第12题Whatisthefunctionoftheapoptosomeinapoptosis?AItactivatescaspase-3BItinhibitscaspase-9