2026年考研英语一完整题库回忆版真题

2026年考研英语一完整题库回忆版真题一、完形填空（共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。Theideathatartificialintelligencewilleventuallyreplacehumanworkershasbecomeafamiliarrefrain.Yetthehistoricalrecordsuggestsamorenuancedpattern.Throughoutmoderneconomichistory,technologicaldisruptionhastendednottoeliminateworkaltogetherbutto1it,shiftinglaborfromonesetoftaskstoanother.Thekeyquestion,then,isnotwhethermachineswilltakeallourjobs,butwhetherworkerscan2quicklyenoughtothenewdemandsplaceduponthem.Considerthemechanizationofagricultureintheearlytwentiethcentury.In1900,nearly40percentoftheAmericanworkforcewas3infarming;by1970,thatfigurehadfallenbelow5percent.Ifonehadpredictedin1900thatfarmingemploymentwould4sodramatically,itwouldhaveseemedlikeaprophecyofmassunemployment.Yetoverthesameperiod,totalemploymentgrew,asmillionsofformerfarmworkersfoundjobsinfactories,offices,andserviceindustries.Thetransitionwasnot5—itinvolvedrealsufferingformanyfamilies—butitdidnotproducethepermanentcollapsethatsomehadfeared.Asimilarstorycanbetoldaboutmanufacturinginthelatetwentiethcentury.Automationandglobalization6factoryemploymentinmanydevelopedcountries.Somecommunitiesweredevastated.Butagain,7employmentdidnotvanish.Instead,theeconomygeneratednewcategoriesofwork,manyoftheminfieldsthathadbarelyexisteddecadesearlier:healthcare,informationtechnology,logistics,finance,and8services.Thechallenge,asbefore,wasnotashortageofworkbutamismatchbetweentheskillsworkershadandtheskillsthenewjobs9.Thishistoryoffersavaluable10forthinkingaboutartificialintelligence.Currentanxietiesoften11onthenotionthatAIisfundamentallydifferentfromearliertechnologiesbecauseitcanperformcognitivetasks.Thatisameaningfuldistinction.Butitdoesnotautomatically12thatthelabormarketwillbeunabletoadapt.Throughouthistory,theeconomyhasrepeatedlyabsorbedtechnologicalshocksbycreatingnewformsofworkthatweredifficultto13inadvance.Themoreimmediateconcernisthespeedofthetransition.Newtechnologiescan14entireoccupationswithinageneration,whiletheinstitutionsthattrainworkers—schools,universities,apprenticeshipprograms—tendtoevolvemore15.Iftheshiftistoorapid,largenumbersofworkersmayfindthemselves16,notbecauseworkhasdisappeared,butbecausetheylacktheskillstocompeteforthejobsthatarebeingcreated.Publicpolicycanplayadecisiverolein17thatgap,throughinvestmentineducation,portablebenefits,andwageinsurance.Thelessonfromhistory,then,isnotoneof18optimism.Itisareminderthattechnologicalchangeisalwaysdisruptiveandoftenpainfulforthosecaughtinitspath.Butitisalsoareminderthatthedoom-ladenpredictionsof19unemploymenthave,sofar,consistentlyfailedtomaterialize.ThefutureofworkwillbeshapedlessbywhatAIcandothanbythechoicessocietiesmakeabouthowtomanagethe20.1.A.transformB.preserveC.diminishD.accelerate答案A解析后文"shiftinglaborfromonesetoftaskstoanother"表明技术不是消除工作，而是"转化"工作形态。transform与shifting呼应。2.A.respondB.retreatC.revertD.adjust答案D解析该句讨论劳动者能否"适应"新需求。adjustto为固定搭配，意为"适应"。respond需接to但更强调"回应"，adjust更贴合持续调整的过程。3.A.cultivatedB.engagedC.absorbedD.trapped答案B解析beengagedin表示"从事于"，描述劳动力在农业部门的分布，符合语境。4.A.expandB.fluctuateC.declineD.stabilize答案C解析从40%降到5%以下，说明农业就业"下降"，decline最准确。5.A.painlessB.abruptC.randomD.irreversible答案A解析破折号后"itinvolvedrealsuffering"说明转型并非"无痛"，painless与realsuffering形成转折。6.A.boostedB.sustainedC.relocatedD.reduced答案D解析自动化与全球化通常"减少"发达国家工厂就业，下文社区的破坏也印证这一点。7.A.ruralB.overallC.industrialD.skilled答案B解析上文说工厂就业减少，转折处强调"总体"就业并未消失，overall与后文"newcategoriesofwork"对应。8.A.countlessB.essentialC.financialD.various答案A解析前面列举了多个领域，此处用"countlessservices"表示"数不清的服务业"，强调新工作类别之多。此处难度较高，重在理解作者强调的"新类别众多"。9.A.requiredB.rewardedC.resistedD.recorded答案A解析技能与工作要求之间的"匹配"问题，require表示工作所需技能，与mismatch呼应。10.A.lessonB.excuseC.substituteD.model答案A解析文章主旨是从历史中汲取"教训"，lesson符合全文论述逻辑。11.A.focusB.dependC.insistD.rest答案D解析anxietiesrestonthenotion...意为"焦虑在于某种观念"，reston为固定搭配，表示"依赖于、在于"。focuson需人作主语更自然。12.A.implyB.denyC.confirmD.explain答案A解析AI能执行认知任务这一事实并不自动"意味着"劳动力市场无法适应。imply与doesnotautomatically搭配得当。13.A.anticipateB.tolerateC.preventD.control答案A解析新工作形式在事先很难"预见"，anticipate意为"预料"，符合语境。14.A.eliminateB.createC.redefineD.disrupt答案D解析新技术能在—代人之内"打乱"整个职业结构，后文提到培训机构的进化更慢，disrupt与速度主题相符。15.A.rapidlyB.steadilyC.slowlyD.flexibly答案C解析培训机构进化更"慢"，与新技术摧毁职业的速度形成对比。16.A.strandedB.liberatedC.promotedD.motivated答案A解析stranded表示"被搁浅、陷入困境"，指工人因缺乏技能而被劳动力市场抛下。17.A.wideningB.bridgingC.identifyingD.ignoring答案B解析公共政策可发挥"弥合"差距的作用，bridgethegap为固定搭配。18.A.cautiousB.blindC.falseD.qualified答案B解析文章主旨不是"盲目乐观"，而是审慎地从历史中找参照。blindoptimism与文末"选择"的严肃态度一致。19.A.chronicB.temporaryC.voluntaryD.mass答案D解析厄运论者预测的通常是大规模失业，massunemployment为常用搭配。20.A.transitionB.economyC.technologyD.workforce答案A解析全文围绕"技术转型"的应对展开，managethetransition收束全文，点明主旨。二、阅读理解A节（共20小题，每小题2分，共40分）阅读下列四篇短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。Text1Thegreatmodernuniversityisoftendescribedasamachineforproducingknowledge.Butoverthepastfewdecades,asubtleshifthastakenplaceinwhatthismeans.Whereoncetheuniversity'scentralproductwastheeducatedgraduate,todayitsmostvisibleoutputisthepeer-reviewedpaper.Thistransformationhasalterednotonlyhowacademicsspendtheirtimebutalsowhatcountsasintellectualvalue.Themetricsrevolutionarrivedwithgoodintentions.Governmentsandadministrators,seekingaccountabilityforpublicfunds,demandedmeasurableevidenceofresearchproductivity.Citationcounts,journalimpactfactors,andh-indexesofferedtheappearanceofobjectivity.Butlikemanytoolsdesignedforonepurpose,theyweresoonrepurposedforanother:evaluatingindividualworth.Ascholar'scareer—hiring,promotion,tenure,evensalary—nowdependsheavilyonahandfulofnumbersthatwereneverdesignedtocarrysuchweight.Theconsequencesareperverse.Researchersgravitatetoward"safe"topicsthatcanbecompletedquicklyandpublishedinhigh-volumevenues,whilegenuinelyexploratorywork,whichmaytakeyearstomatureandmayfailaltogether,isincreasinglyavoided.Thepressuretopublishfragmentsresearchintothesmallestpublishableunit,aphenomenonscholarshalf-jokinglycall"salamislicing."Meanwhile,theexplosionofpapershasmadeitharder,noteasier,toidentifyimportantwork;alandmarkstudycanbeburiedunderathousandmediocreones.Somearguethatthesystemisself-correcting:trulyimportantworkwilleventuallyberecognized,whiletrivialworkwillbeforgotten.Thisistrueintheverylongrun.Butcareersunfoldintheshortrun,andthedistortionsofthecurrentincentivestructurearerealandwelldocumented.Whenhiringcommitteescountpublicationsratherthanreadthem,whenjournalscompeteforcitationsratherthanforclarity,whenyoungscholarsareadvisedtoavoiddifficultquestionsinfavoroftractableones,theintellectualmissionoftheuniversityisquietlyeroded.Thesolutionisnottoabandonmeasurementbuttouseitwithgreaterdiscernment.Peerreview,forallitsflaws,remainstheleastbadmechanismforassessingscholarlyquality.Butitmustbefreedfromthetyrannyofthesinglenumber.Themostthoughtfuluniversitiesarealreadyexperimentingwithalternativemodels:narrativeassessments,reducedemphasisonjournalprestige,andevaluationofascholar'sentirebodyofworkratherthanaone-yearpublicationcount.Whetherthesereformscanovercometheinstitutionalinertiabehindmetricsremainstobeseen,butthefutureofscholarlyinquirydependsontheattempt.21.AccordingtoParagraph1,themodernuniversityhaschangedinthatitnowprioritizes______.A.theproductionofeducatedgraduatesB.thepublishingofresearchpapersC.theconstructionofnewfacilitiesD.therecruitmentofprominentscholars答案B解析第一段明确指出大学最显著的产出已从"受过教育的毕业生"转变为"同行评审的论文"，故B正确。22.Themetricsrevolutionwasoriginallyintendedto______.A.evaluatetheindividualworthofscholarsB.promotecompetitionamonguniversitiesC.provideaccountabilityforpublicfundsD.increasethenumberofpublications答案C解析第二段说政府和行政管理者为寻求公共资金的问责而要求可衡量的研究产出证据，C是原始目的。23.Thephrase"salamislicing"mostprobablymeans______.A.dividingresearchfindingsintothesmallestpublishablepiecesB.improvingthequalityofacademicwritingC.collaboratingacrossacademicdisciplinesD.slicingresearchbudgetstoreducecosts答案A解析第三段将"香肠切片"解释为把研究切分成最小可发表单元，A与原文一致。24.Oneconsequenceofthecurrentincentivestructureisthat______.A.importantworkismoreeasilyidentifiedB.researcherstendtoavoiddifficultquestionsC.journalscompetemainlyforclarityD.hiringcommitteesreadpaperscarefully答案B解析第四段说年轻学者被建议避开难题而选择易处理的问题，B是对该现象的概括。25.Theauthor'sattitudetowardthealternativemodelsdiscussedinthelastparagraphisoneof______.A.skepticaldismissalB.cautioussupportC.enthusiasticendorsementD.neutralindifference答案B解析末段作者肯定这些模式是"最有思想的大学"的尝试，但又说"能否克服惯性尚待观察"，态度为审慎支持。Text2Thehumanrelationshipwithwildernesshasalwaysbeenparadoxical.Wespeakofvirginforestsanduntouchedmountains,yettheveryactofnamingthemaswildernessmarkstheirentryintohumanconsciousness.Inmanycultures,wildernesswashistoricallyfearedasthedomainofmonstersanddemons;inothers,itwasreveredasthedwellingplaceofgods.Themodernenvironmentalistideathatwildernessmustbepreservedisneitherancientnoruniversal—itis,infact,arelativelyrecentculturalinvention.TheAmericanwildernessidealemergedinthenineteenthcenturyfromacomplexfusionofRomanticism,nationalism,andreligioussentiment.ThinkerslikeHenryDavidThoreauandJohnMuirrecastwildnaturenotasathreattocivilizationbutasasourceofspiritualrenewalandmoralclarity.Nationalparks,firstestablishedintheUnitedStatesandlaterexportedworldwide,embodiedthisnewvision:naturepreservedinastatethatappeareduntouched,yetwasinfactcarefullymanaged,withindigenouspeoplesoftenforciblyremovedtocreatetheillusionofpristineemptiness.Thishistoryhaspromptedafiercedebateamongenvironmentalists.Criticsarguethatthewildernessidealisfundamentallyflawedbecauseiterasesthehumanpresencethatshapedlandscapesformillennia.BeforeEuropeancontact,manyareasnowdesignatedaswildernesswereactivelymanagedbyindigenouspeoplesthroughfire,selectiveharvesting,andotherpractices.Tocallsuchplaces"untouched"isnotmerelyinaccurate;itwritestheoriginalinhabitantsoutofhistory.Defenderscounterthatthewildernessconcept,whateveritshistoricalorigins,remainsapowerfultoolforprotectingbiodiversityandlimitinghumanencroachment.Withoutthelegalandculturalforceofthewildernessdesignation,theyargue,manyecosystemswouldhavebeenlogged,mined,ordevelopedlongago.Theconceptmaybehistoricallyflawed,butitspracticalachievementsaresubstantial.Thedeeperquestionisnotwhetherthewildernessideaishistoricallypure—itclearlyisnot—butwhatalternativeframingmightservebothecologicalandhumanneedswithoutrepeatingtheerasuresofthepast.Someproposeashifttowardwhatmightbecalled"workinglandscapes,"areaswherehumanpresenceisacknowledgedandintegratedintoconservationgoals.Thisapproachrecognizesthathumansarenotalwaysexternalthreatstonature;sometimestheyareitsmostknowledgeableandeffectivestewards.Thefutureofwildernessmaydependlessonkeepingpeopleoutthanondecidingwhichpeople,withwhichpractices,belonginside.26.Theauthornotesthattheactofnamingwildernessinvolves______.A.preservingnatureinitsoriginalstateB.bringingitintohumanconsciousnessC.protectingitfromhumaninterferenceD.excludingallformsofhumanactivity答案B解析第一段"theveryactofnamingthemaswildernessmarkstheirentryintohumanconsciousness"直接对应B。27.AccordingtoParagraph2,nationalparksintheUnitedStateswereestablishedwith______.A.fullcooperationfromindigenouspeoplesB.apolicyofremovingnativeinhabitantsC.afocusoneconomicdevelopmentD.minimalgovernmentintervention答案B解析第二段说国家公园常将原住民强制迁出以制造"原始空旷"的幻象，B正确。28.Criticsofthewildernessidealarguethatit______.A.hasdonelastingdamagetobiodiversityB.failstorecognizehistoricalhumanmanagementoflandscapesC.shouldbereplacedentirelybylegalregulationsD.isbasedonancientreligioustraditions答案B解析第三段批评者的核心观点是荒野理想抹杀了人类长期塑造景观的历史，B符合。29.Defendersofthewildernessdesignationemphasizeits______.A.historicalaccuracyB.culturalsignificanceC.practicalachievementsD.economicbenefits答案C解析第四段捍卫者承认概念有历史缺陷，但强调其实践成就——保护了生物多样性，故C正确。30.Theauthorsuggeststhatthefutureofwildernesspreservationmayliein______.A.stricterenforcementofprotectedareaboundariesB.recognizinghumansaspotentialstewardswithinconservationC.restoringnationalparkstoindigenouscommunitiesD.abandoningthewildernessconceptaltogether答案B解析末段提出"工作景观"的思路，即承认人类可以是有见识的、有效的自然管理者，B与此一致。Text3Privacyhaslongbeenunderstoodasapersonalconcern.Butinanageofmassdatacollection,ithasbecomeacollectiveone.Thisisbecausedataaboutonepersonalmostalwayscontainsinformationaboutothers:ageneticsequenceimplicatesbiologicalrelatives,asocialnetworkgraphrevealsintimateassociates,andlocationdatatracesthemovementsofeveryoneinahousehold.Whenanindividualconsentstosharepersonaldata,sheis,oftenunknowingly,makingdecisionsonbehalfofpeoplewhoneverconsented.Thiscollectivedimensionchallengesthelegalandethicalframeworksthathavegovernedprivacyformorethanacentury.Mostprivacyprotectionsarebuiltaroundindividualconsent:websitesaskuserstoacceptcookies,appsrequestpermissiontoaccesscontacts,andresearchstudiesrequireparticipantstosignconsentforms.Butthemodelassumesthateachperson'sdataisherowntogive.Inreality,dataisrelational.Themomentonepersonshareshercontactslist,sheexposesthephonenumbersandmessaginghabitsofdozensofotherswhohadnosayinthematter.Thesamelogicappliesatalargerscale.WhenafewthousandpeopleuploadtheirDNAtoagenealogydatabase,theyinadvertentlyenabletheidentificationofmillionsofdistantrelatives.Eventhosewhohaveneverusedtheservicearenowsearchable,theirgeneticprivacycompromisedbythevoluntarychoicesofothers.ThemostfamousexampleistheidentificationofasuspectintheGoldenStateKillercase,whichreliedonDNAsamplessubmittedbythesuspect'sdistantrelatives.Thetechniqueispowerful,butitcrossesathreshold:theprivacyofanentirepopulationcanbebreachedthroughtheactionsofasmallminority.Researchershaveproposedtheconceptof"groupprivacy,"whichholdsthatagroupcanhaveprivacyinterestsdistinctfromthoseofitsindividualmembers.Thisideaiscontroversial.Criticsworrythatrecognizinggroupprivacywouldjustifyrestrictingindividualfreedom—afterall,howcanIexercisemyownautonomyifmychoicesareconstrainedbythepreferenceofsomegrouptowhichIbelong?Defendersrespondthatautonomyisalreadyconstrainedincountlessways,andthatthenotionofapurelyindividualrighthasalwaysbeensomethingofafiction.Whatisclearisthattheeraofindividualizedprivacyisending,ifitevertrulyexisted.Designingprotectionsthatacknowledgethesocialnatureofdatawillrequiredifficulttrade-offsbetweenindividuallibertyandcollectivewell-being.Butpretendingthatprivacyisstillapersonalmatterisnolongeratenableoption.31.Theauthorarguesthatprivacyhasbecomeacollectiveconcernbecause______.A.individualsnolongercareabouttheirownprivacyB.personaldataoftencontainsinformationaboutothersC.governmentsarecollectingdataatanunprecedentedscaleD.legalframeworkshavefailedtoprotectprivacy答案B解析第二句直接给出原因：一个人的数据几乎总是包含他人的信息，B正确。32.AccordingtoParagraph2,thecurrentconsentmodelassumesthat______.A.eachperson'sdatabelongstoherselfaloneB.usersshouldhaveunlimitedcontroloverdataC.datashouldbetreatedasapublicresourceD.companiesareresponsiblefordatasecurity答案A解析第二段说现有模式假定每个人对自己的数据拥有处分权，A符合。33.TheGoldenStateKillercaseismentionedtoillustrate______.A.thepowerofmodernforensictechnologyB.thedangersofgeneticsurveillanceC.howasmallgroupcancompromisetheprivacyofmillionsD.theneedforstricterconsentrequirements答案C解析该案例用于证明少数人的自愿选择能突破整个人口群体的隐私防线，C正确。34.Somecriticsof"groupprivacy"worrythatitwould______.A.undermineindividualautonomyB.betoodifficulttoimplementC.strengthencorporatecontroloverdataD.makelawenforcementlesseffective答案A解析第四段批评者担心承认群体隐私会为限制个人自由提供理由，A与之对应。35.Theauthor'soverallattitudetowardindividualizedprivacycanbestbedescribedas______.A.optimisticaboutitsrevivalB.skepticalthatiteverfullyexistedC.certainthatitwillpersistD.indifferenttoitsfate答案B解析末段说"个性化隐私时代正在终结，如果它曾经真正存在过的话"，B最准确。Text4Fewideasineconomicsareasintuitivelyappealingasthenotionthathigherminimumwagesliftworkersoutofpoverty.Thelogicseemsself-evident:requireemployerstopaymore,andlow-wageworkerswilltakehomemoremoney.Yetfordecades,theempiricalpicturewasmurkier,witheconomistswarningthatmandatedwagefloorscouldreduceemploymentbypricinglow-skillworkersoutofthemarket.Thelandscapebegantoshiftintheearly1990s,whenDavidCardandAlanKruegercomparedemploymentinfast-foodrestaurantsoneithersideoftheNewJersey-PennsylvaniaborderbeforeandafterNewJerseyraiseditsminimumwage.Theirfinding—thatemploymentdidnotfall,andinsomespecificationsrose—wasinitiallygreetedwithdisbelief.Thestudywasattackedonmethodologicalgrounds,replicated,re-analyzed,andeventuallybecameoneofthemostinfluentialworksinmodernlaboreconomics.Itdidnotsettlethedebate,butitfundamentallyaltereditsterms.Subsequentresearchhaspaintedamorecomplexpicturethaneithersideonceacknowledged.Largeincreasesintheminimumwagedotendtoreduceemploymentfortheleast-skilledworkers,thoughtheeffectsareoftensmallerthansimplesupply-and-demandmodelspredict.Theimpactvariesbyindustry,region,andthelevelofthewagefloorrelativetolocalmedianwages.Someworkersbenefitsubstantially;otherslosejobsorhours.Theneteffectonpovertyiscontested,inpartbecausemanyminimum-wageearnersarenotinpoorhouseholds—theyareteenagersorsecondaryearnersinmiddle-incomefamilies.Whattheresearchhastaughtusisthattheminimumwageisabluntinstrument.Itisneithertheengineofsharedprosperitythatitschampionsclaimnorthejob-killerthatitscriticsfear.Itseffectsdependonahostofcontextualfactors,includingthestrengthofthelocallabormarket,theresponseofemployers,andtheavailabilityofothersocialpolicies.Intightlabormarkets,modestminimumwageincreasesmaybeabsorbedwithoutsignificantjobloss;inweakmarkets,evensmallincreasescanbite.Thepolicylessonisnottoabandontheminimumwagebuttodeployitwithsurgicalcare.Itworksbestasonecomponentofabroaderstrategythatincludestaxcreditsforlow-incomeworkers,investmentsineducationandtraining,andstrongenforcementoflaborstandards.Inisolation,itisaclumsytool;incombination,itcancontributeto—thoughneversingle-handedlydeliver—thegoalofreducingpoverty.36.Thephrase"theempiricalpicturewasmurkier"inParagraph1suggeststhat______.A.thedataclearlysupportedincreasingtheminimumwageB.theevidencedidnotneatlyconfirmtheintuitivelogicC.economistswereunanimousinopposingminimumwagelawsD.povertyratesdeclinedafterminimumwageincreases答案B解析murkier意为"更模糊"，说明实证证据并不能简单地支持直觉逻辑，B正确。37.TheCard-Kruegerstudyisdescribedasinfluentialbecauseit______.A.definitivelyprovedthatminimumwagesdonotreduceemploymentB.forcedeconomiststoreconsiderthetermsofthedebateC.wasmethodologicallyflawlessandbeyondcriticismD.demonstratedthatalllow-wageworkersbenefitequally答案B解析第二段末句说该研究没有解决争论，但"从根本上改变了争论的条件"，B符合。38.AccordingtoParagraph3,minimumwageincreasestendtohave______.A.uniformeffectsacrossallindustriesandregionsB.noeffectonemploymentlevelsC.variedeffectsdependingoncontextualfactorsD.thelargestimpactonmiddle-incomefamilies答案C解析第三段明确说影响因行业、地区和最低工资与当地中位工资之比而异，C正确。39.Theauthorcharacterizestheminimumwageasa"bluntinstrument"becauseit______.A.istooweaktobenefitanyworkersB.haseffectsthatdependoncontextC.shouldbeabolishedentirelyD.mainlybenefitsmiddle-incometeenagers答案B解析"钝器"比喻其效果不精确，取决于劳动力市场强弱等背景因素，B正确。40.Themainpolicyrecommendationofthepassageisto______.A.replacetheminimumwagewithtaxcreditsB.adjusttheminimumwagemoderatelyanduseitalongsideotherpoliciesC.eliminatetheminimumwageduringeconomicdownturnsD.increasetheminimumwagesubstantiallyinweakmarkets答案B解析末段建议审慎运用最低工资，并将其作为包括税收抵免、教育投资等在内的更广泛战略的组成部分，B最全面。三、阅读理解B节（新题型）（共5小题，每小题2分，共10分）阅读下面文章，从文后7个选项中选出能分别填入文中41—45处空白的最佳选项，使文章语义连贯、逻辑完整。有两个多余选项。Thedebateoverwhetherscreentimeisharmfultochildrenhasragedfordecades,witheachnewtechnology—fromtelevisiontovideogamestosmartphones—promptingfreshwavesofalarm.Muchofthepublicdiscussion,however,hasbeendominatedbysimplisticnarrativesthatignorethecomplexityoftheevidence.(41)______Manyearlystudiescomparedchildrenwhousedscreensheavilywiththosewhodidnot,butsuchcomparisonscannotestablishcausation.Heavyscreenusersmaydifferinotherways—inparentaleducation,income,orpre-existingbehavioraltraits—thataccountfortheobserveddifferences.(42)______Researchershaveincreasinglymovedtowardmethodologiesthatcanbetterisolatetheeffectsofscreensfromtheseconfoundingfactors.Somehaveusedtwindesigns,comparingsiblingswithinthesamefamilywhodifferintheirscreenuse.Othershaveexploitednaturalexperiments,suchasthestaggeredintroductionoftelevisionacrossregions.(43)______Thebestavailableevidencesuggeststhattheeffectsofscreentimearehighlycontext-dependent.Thecontentmatters:educationalprogrammingcanhavepositiveeffectsoncognitivedevelopment,whileviolentcontentmayhavenegativeones.Thecontextmatters:co-viewingwithparentscantransformscreentimefromasolitaryactivityintoaninteractiveone.Andthechildmatters:somechildrenarefarmoresusceptibletotheeffectsofscreensthanothers.(44)______Thisdoesnotmeanscreensareharmless.Excessiveuse,particularlyattheexpenseofsleep,physicalactivity,andface-to-faceinteraction,isclearlyassociatedwithworseoutcomes.Butthewidespreadfearthatscreensareuniquelytoxictoyoungmindsisnotsupportedbytheevidence.(45)______Asnewplatformsandapplicationsemerge,researcherswillneedtokeeppace,andparentswillneedtonavigatealandscapethatoffersbothgenuinerisksandgenuineopportunities.Thegoalshouldnotbetoeliminatescreensfromchildhoodbuttohelpchildrendevelopahealthy,balancedrelationshipwiththem.A.Thenextgenerationofresearchwillfacethechallengeofstudyingtechnologiesthatareevolvingfasterthanthestudiesdesignedtounderstandthem.B.Oneofthemostrobustfindingsisthattotalscreentime,initself,isaweakpredictorofwell-being.C.Thekeymethodologicalchallengeiswhatresearcherscallselectionbias.D.Somestudieshavefoundthatevenmodestamountsofscreentimecanleadtoseverecognitiveimpairments.E.Yetthescientificcommunityhasnotbeenidleinaddressingthesechallenges.F.Criticsarguethattheseobservationalstudiesoverstatethedangersofscreentime.G.What,then,canbesaidwithconfidenceabouttheeffectsofscreensonchildren?41.答案：C解析空后"Manyearlystudiescompared...butsuchcomparisonscannotestablishcausation"说明早期研究的核心问题是选择偏差，C引出这一方法论挑战。42.答案：E解析空前指出选择偏差的困难，空后介绍研究者采用双胞胎设计、自然实验等方法，E起转折连接作用：研究者没有坐视不理。43.答案：G解析空后总结"最佳证据表明屏幕时间的影响高度依赖语境"，G作为设问引出"能确定的是什么"，逻辑通顺。44.答案：B解析空后说"这并不意味着屏幕无害"，空前应是某一相对温和的研究发现，B"总屏幕时间本身是预测幸福感的弱因素"与后文衔接自然。45.答案：A解析空后讨论新技术的研究挑战与父母的应对，A指出"下一代研究"面临技术演进快于研究的挑战，引出末段。D与全文温和立场不符，F文中未涉及批评者观点。四、阅读理解C节（翻译）（共5小题，每小题2分，共10分）阅读下面短文，将画线部分译成汉语。Theconceptofthe"gigeconomy"isoftenpresentedasamoderninvention,aproductofdigitalplatformsandventurecapital.(46)Yettheunderlyingphenomenon—workerspaidbythetaskratherthanbythehour,withnolong-termcommitmentfromtheemployer—isasoldaslabormarketsthemselves.Whatisgenuinelynewisthescaleandprecisionwithwhichdigitaltechnologycanmatchworkerstotasks,monitortheirperformance,andpricetheirlabor.(47)Theriseofplatform-basedworkhasreviveddebatesthatwerethoughttohavebeensettledbythelaborreformsofthetwentiethcentury.Aregigworkersemployeesorindependentcontractors?Whatprotectionsshouldtheyenjoy?Whobearstheriskwhenworkisirregular?(48)Thelegalframeworkinmostcountrieswasbuiltaroundabinarydistinction:eitheryouareanemployee,entitledtothefullrangeofprotections,oryouareanindependentcontractor,entitledtoalmostnone.Platformworkersoftenfalluneasilybetweenthesecategories,performingworkthatresemblesemploymentinitsdailyrhythmsbutlackingtheformalguaranteesthatemploymenthashistoricallyprovided.(49)Somejurisdictionshaveattemptedtocreateathirdcategoryofworker,onethatoccupiesamiddlegroundbetweenemployeeandcontractor,withaccesstocertainbenefitsbutnotothers.Theseexperimentshavebeencontroversial,withbothlaboradvocatesandbusinessgroupscriticizingthemasinsufficientorexcessive,respectively.(50)Thedeeperquestioniswhetheroursocialsafetynet,designedforaneraofstablefull-timeemployment,canbeadapted