高考英语阅读理解专项练习40篇附答案

第第页共90页高考英语阅读理解专项练习40篇Passage1TheFishThatWalksonLandAlongthemuddyedgesofmangroveforestsinSoutheastAsiaandWestAfricalivesafishthatspendsmostofitsadultlifeoutofwater.Themudskipper（弹涂鱼）isanamphibiousfish,anditbehaveslesslikeafishandmorelikeasmall,curiousexplorer.Whenthetidefalls,thousandsofthememergefromtheirburrowsacrossthemudflat,hoppingontheirfins,flippingbitsofmud,andchasingoneanotherinsuddenleaps.Toavisitorwalkingcarefullyacrosstheflats,thescenelookslesslikeawetlandandmorelikeabusymarketthathappenstobebuiltofmud.Themudskippersurvivesonlandthroughasetofremarkablephysicaladaptations.Itspectoralfins（胸鳍）haveevolvedintostrong,jointedsupportsthatworklikeapairofcrutches,allowingtheanimaltopushitselfforwardinaseriesofawkwardbuteffectivehops.Itseyes,mountedhighonthetopofthehead,canrotateindependently,givingitalmostafullcircleofvisionwithoutmovingitsbody.Mostimportantly,itsskinandtheliningofitsmouthcanabsorboxygendirectlyfromtheair,butonlyiftheystaywet.Thisiswhyamudskipperrollsinshallowpoolsorcarriesmouthfulsofwater:dryskin,foramudskipper,isamatteroflifeanddeath.Beneaththemud,eachmudskipperdigsaburrowthatservesasafortress,anurseryandasurvivalchamberatonce.Athightide,whenpredatoryfishsweepacrossthefloodedflats,themudskipperretreatsinsideandsealstheentrance.Remarkably,theburrowcontainsapocketofair.Thefishsurfacestogulpairandthencarriesitdown,renewingthesupplyagainandagain,sothatevenafullysubmergedburrowholdsabreathableroom.Fieldresearcherswhohavepumpedouttheseburrowsreportthattheairpocketcanoccupyasignificantshareofthechambervolume,apieceofnaturalengineeringthatnosinglefeatureofthefishexplainsbyitself.Forbiologists,themudskipperismorethanacuriosity;itisalivingreferencepointforoneofthegreatchaptersinthehistoryoflife.Roughlyfourhundredmillionyearsago,theancestorsofalllandvertebratesmadethesamejourneythatmudskippersmakeeveryday,fromwaterontoland.Bystudyinghowthemudskippersupportsitsweight,feedsonlandandkeepsitsbreathingsurfaceswet,scientistsgaincluesaboutthepressuresthatmayhaveshapedthosefirstlandfallexperiments.Nomodernfishisafossilancestoroftetrapods（四足动物）,ofcourse,butthemudskippershowshowafishbodycanberenegotiatedwiththeland,stepbycrookedstep.Thefutureofthiswalkingfishdependsonthefutureofitsmud.Mangroveloss,coastalreclamationandpollutedrunoff（径流）havenarrowedthemudflatsthatmudskipperscallhome,andbecausethespeciessitsnearthebaseofthecoastalfoodweb,itsdeclineisfeltbyherons,crabsandjuvenilefishalike.Conservationprogrammesthatprotectandreplantmangrovesthereforeprotectfarmorethantrees;theypreserveanentiretheatreinwhichoneofevolution'sboldesthabitsisperformedtwiceaday,ateveryturnofthetide.1.Whydomudskippersrollinshallowpoolsortakemouthfulsofwaterwhileonland?A.Becausetheyneedtokeeptheirbreathingsurfacesmoistsothatoxygencanbeabsorbeddirectlyfromtheair.B.Becausetheyarepreparingtoreturntotheirburrowsandmuststoredrinkingwaterforthehightide.C.Becausethemudontheirbodiesdriesoutquicklyandmustbewashedawaybeforeitbecomesheavy.D.Becausethewaterinshallowpoolsiswarmerthanseawaterandhelpsthemdigesttheirfood.2.Whatdoesthedesignofthemudskipperburrowreveal?A.Itisasimpletunnelwhosemainfunctionistohidethefishfromheronsandcrabsatlowtide.B.Itcombinesseveralfunctionsandcontainsarenewedsupplyofairthatthefishcarriesdownfromthesurface.C.Itisdugonlyduringthebreedingseasonandisabandonedassoonastheyoungfishcanswim.D.Itfillscompletelywithwaterathightide,whichiswhythefishmustsealtheentrancewithmud.3.Whydoscientistsconsiderthemudskipperavaluablesubjectforstudyingthemovefromwatertoland?A.Becauseitisadirectfossilancestorofthefirstfour-limbedlandanimalsandpreservestheirhabits.B.BecauseitsDNAcontainsrecordsofthemutationsthatoccurredexactlyfourhundredmillionyearsago.C.Becauseitshowsinlivingformhowafishbodycanbeadjustedtosupportweight,feedandbreatheonland.D.Becauseitcanbekepteasilyinlaboratoriesandtrainedtoperformtasksthatotherfishcannotlearn.4.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutprotectingmudskippers?A.Theirprotectiondependsmainlyonlawsthatforbidvisitorsfromwalkingacrossthemudflats.B.Theirnumbersfallonlywhenheronsandcrabs,theirnaturalenemies,becometoonumerous.C.Theirsurvivalissecurebecausetheysitnearthebaseofthefoodwebandneedlittlefood.D.Theirfateistiedtothehealthofcoastalwetlands,somangroverestorationbenefitsmanyspecies.

Passage2TheDanceThatDrawsaMapWhenahoneybeefindsafieldofflowers,shedoesnotkeepthesecret.Backatthehive,sheclimbsontotheverticalsurfaceofthehoneycombandbeginstodance,waggling（摆动）herbodyfromsidetosidewhiletracingafigurethatresemblesaflattenedloop.Tohumaneyestheperformancelookslikerandomexcitement.Tothebeesthatcrowdaroundher,pressingclosewiththeirantennae（触角）,itisaprecisesetofdirectionstoapatchofnectar,deliveredintotaldarknessandunderstoodwithoutasinglesound.Thedanceencodestwokindsofinformationatonce.Theangleatwhichthedancerrunsthroughthecentralstraightstretchofherfigureshowsthedirectionofthefoodrelativetothesun:abeethatrunsstraightupthecombistellinghersisterstoflystraighttowardthesun,whileanangletotheleftorrightmeansthesameangletotheleftorrightofthesolarline.Thelengthofthewagglephasesignalsdistance;thelongerthewaggle,thefarthertheflight.Eventhevigorofthedancecarriesmeaning,forarich,easilyharvestedsourceproducesalivelierperformancethanapoorone,andtheaudiencerespondsaccordingly.Theideathataninsectcouldtransmitsymbolicinformationwasoncegreetedwithdeepdoubt,andconfirmingittookdecadesofpatientexperiment.Researcherstrainedbeestovisitfeedingstationsatmeasureddistancesanddirections,thendecodedthedancesonglass-walledobservationhivestopredictwherethedancershadflown.Inamoredecisivetest,theybuiltatinyrobotbee,drivenbyfinewires,thatcouldperformaprogrammeddance;realbeesfolloweditsinstructionsandturnedupattheannouncedlocation.Laterworkshowedthatfollowerstrackthedancerbyholdingherwiththeirantennae,readinghermovementsinthedarknessofthehivewhereeyesareuseless.Recordingsofthousandsofdanceseventuallyconfirmedthegeometrywithstatisticalforce,andthedancinglanguageenteredthetextbooks.Forscience,thewaggledancemattersfarbeyondtheapiary（养蜂场）.Itremainsoneoftheclearestexamplesofsymboliccommunicationoutsidehumanlanguage,andithasbecomeastandardreferenceindebatesabouthowanimalmindsrepresenttheworld.Italsohaspracticalvalue:anobservationhiveinaclassroomletsstudentswatchamapbeingdrawninmotion,andbeekeeperscanreadthedancesoftheircoloniestolearnwheretheirbeesareforagingandwhethernearbycropsarebeingvisited,informationthatmatterstogrowerswhodependonpollination.Recentstudieshaveaddednuanceratherthanoverturnedthepicture.Dancesarenoisy,andfollowerssometimesflytospotsthatthedancedescribesonlyloosely,whichmakessenseinaworldwhereflowersshiftanddisappear.Coloniesfromdifferentregionsevenshowsmalldialectdifferencesinhowdistanceisencoded.Thedance,inotherwords,isnotamachine-printedmapbutasocialreport,shapedbyexperience,tunedbythelocallandscape,andcorrectedbythecollectivememoryofthousandsoftinysurveyors.1.Howdoesthewaggledanceindicatethedirectionofafoodsource?A.Bytheangleofthecentralrunrelativetotheverticalcomb,whichcorrespondstotheanglerelativetothesun.B.Bythenumberofloopsthedancercompletes,whichequalsthenumberofturnstheflightpathcontains.C.Bythespeedatwhichthedancercirclesthecomb,whichincreasesasthesourcemovesclosertothehorizon.D.Bythedirectioninwhichthedancerfaceswhenshestops,whichpointsphysicallytowardtheflowers.2.Whatroledidtherobotbeeplayinsettlingthescientificdebate?A.Itdemonstratedthatbeesrelyonsmellcarriedintheairratherthanonanyinformationcontainedinthedanceitself.B.Itprovedthatbeesrespondtoprogrammedinstructionsevenwhenthedanceisperformedwithoutrealnectarmotivation.C.Itshowedthatthedancerequiresaliveaudiencebeforeanybeewillleavethehivetosearchforfood.D.Itrevealedthatartificialsignalsareignoredunlesstheyarereinforcedbythescentmarksofreturningforagers.3.Whyisthewaggledanceconsideredsignificantbeyondbeekeeping?A.Becauseitistheonlyknowncaseofanimalssharinginformationaboutdangerwiththeircolonymembers.B.Becauseitprovedthatinsectscanlearnhumansymbolswhentheyaretrainedfrombirth.C.Becauseitstandsasoneoftheclearestexamplesofsymboliccommunicationoutsidehumanlanguage.D.Becauseitendedthescientificdebateaboutwhetheranimalscancountandmeasuredistances.4.Whatdoesthelastparagraphsuggestabouttheaccuracyofthedance?A.Itsloosenessisaweaknessthatmoderncoloniesaregraduallyevolvingawayfrom.B.Itserrorsarecausedmainlybyfollowersthatfailtokeepcontactwiththedancer.C.Itsprecisiondependsonregionaldialectsbeinglearnedfromolderandmoreexperiencedbees.D.Itsflexibilitysuitsachangingworldandcomplementsthesharedexperienceofthecolony.

Passage3GuardiansThatGrowinSaltWaterFewforestsstandinsaltwater,butthemangrove（红树林）does,anditthrivesthere.Growingalongshelteredtropicalandsubtropicalcoasts,mangrovetreesendureconditionsthatwouldkillmostgreenplants:waterloggedmudwithoutoxygen,tidesthatfloodtheirrootstwiceaday,andsaltthatwoulddehydrateordinaryleaves.Theymanagethroughquietingenuity.Somespeciesfilteroutalmostallofthesaltattheirrootsbeforeanywaterclimbsthetrunk;othersexcretecrystalsofsaltontotheirleaves,whereraineventuallywashesthewhiteresidueaway.Theirtangledrootsystems,archingabovethemudliketheframesofunfinishedbuildings,holdthetreesuprightinsoftgroundthatwouldswallowalessdeterminedplant.Thevalueofthissaltyforestextendsfarbeyonditsownsurvival.Inthecalm,dimwateramongtheroots,fishspawnandtheiryounggrow;shrimp,crabsandshellfishfindshelterandfoodinthemaze.Biologistsoftendescribemangrovesasnurseriesforthesea,andfisheriesstatisticsbackupthephrase:alargeshareofthecommercialfishcaughtintropicalwatersspentpartoftheirearlylivesamongmangroveroots.Thetreesarealsoextraordinaryhoardersofcarbon,buryingorganicmatterintheirwaterloggedsoilswherelittledecomposes,andscientistswhoaccountforsuchcoastalreservesofcarbonhavefoundthat,acreforacre,theycanstoreseveraltimesasmuchasarainforestonland.Mangrovesalsostandbetweencoastaltownsandtheviolenceofstorms.Theirbeltofrootsandtrunksslowstheadvanceofwavesandtrapsthesedimentcarriedlandward,sothatahealthymangroveshoreloseslesslandtoerosionandsufferssmallersurgeswhentyphoonsarrive.Engineerswhooncemeasuredtheworthofashorelineonlyinconcreteseawallshavebeguntopricetheprotectionthatawidegreenbeltprovides,andsomeprojectsnowplantmangrovesasafirstlineofdefence,reservinghardstructuresfortheinneredgewherethetreesalonecannotcarrytheload.Yettheworldhasbeencarelesswithitsmangroves.Inrecentdecades,largeareaswereclearedforshrimpponds,saltpansandwaterfrontdevelopment,andthelossescamequickly,becauseamangroveforestthattookcenturiestobuilditssoilcanbepushedoverinanafternoon.Theconsequenceisfelttwice:thecarbonthattheforestbankedescapestotheair,andthecoastisleftexposed.Restoration,however,hastaughtitsownlessons.Earlyreplantingeffortsoftenfailedwhenseedlingswerepushedintothewrongplacesortheoriginalwaterflowhadbeenaltered;laterprojectsbeganbyrestoringthenaturalmovementoftidesandsedimentsandlettheforestrebuilditsownfloor.Themostencouragingprojectsarethosethatputlocalcommunitiesatthecentre.Villagerswhogathercrabsandshellfishamongtherootshaveadirectstakeintheforest,andwheretheyholdclearrightstoharvestsustainably,theyhavebecomethemostreliableguardians,patrollingforillegalclearanceandraisingseedlingsoftherightspeciesintherightseason.Protection,itturnsout,growsbestwhenitisrootedlikethemangroveitself,inthemudandamongthepeoplewholivefromit.1.Howdomangrovetreescopewiththesaltinseawateraccordingtothepassage?A.Bydroppingtheirleaveseachseasonsothatthesaltstoredinthemisremovedwiththeoldfoliage.B.Byblockingmostsaltattherootsorpushingitoutthroughglandsontotheleavestobewashedaway.C.Byconvertingseawaterintofreshwaterthroughachemicalprocessintheirspongyroottissues.D.Bygrowingonlyinrainyregionswheredilutionkeepsthesaltconcentrationbelowharmfullevels.2.Whydoesthepassagedescribemangrovesasnurseriesforthesea?A.Becausethecalm,shelteredwateramongtheirrootssupportstheearlylifestagesofmanycommerciallycaughtfish.B.Becausethetreesproducefruitsandseedsthatyoungmarineanimalsfeedonduringthedryseason.C.Becausetheirrootsfilterpollutantsandtherebyraisethesurvivalrateoffisheggsintheopensea.D.Becausethewarmwatertrappedamongtherootsacceleratesthegrowthofplanktonforyoungfish.3.Whatlessonaboutrestorationdoesthepassagedrawfromearlyreplantingfailures?A.Seedlingsmustbegrowninnurseriesforseveralyearsbeforetheyarestrongenoughtobetransplanted.B.Thechoiceofspeciesmatterslessthanthenumberofseedlingsplantedperhectareofshoreline.C.Replantingsucceedsonlywhenthenaturalmovementoftidesandsedimentsisrestoredfirst.D.Restorationshouldbegininthecentreofaformerforestandexpandoutwardtowardthesea.4.Whatisthemainideaofthelastparagraph?A.Seedlingraisingisbestdonebyprofessionalinstitutionsratherthanbyvillagevolunteers.B.Governmentpatrolsarethedecisivefactorinpreventingillegalclearanceofmangroveforests.C.Sustainableharvestingshouldbebannedsothatdisturbedmangroveareascanfullyrecover.D.Communityinvolvementgroundedinlocallivelihoodsmakesmangroveprotectionmorereliable.

Passage4MakingRoomfortheRiverAriverdeltaisanegotiationbetweentwoforces:thesedimentarivercarriesdowntothecoastandtheseathatpushesbackagainstit.Forcenturiesthelandwon,growingoutwardlayerbylayer,andcivilizationsflourishedonthefertileground.Todaythebalanceisfailinginmanyoftheworld'sdeltas.Upstreamdamstrapthesedimentbeforeitarrives,citiespumpoutgroundwater（地下水）andthelandbeneaththemcompactsandsinks,andtherisingseaeatssteadilyatthemuddyedge.Theresultisaquietemergencysharedbyhundredsofmillionsofpeoplewholiveongroundthatisslowlylosingitsraceagainstthewater.Thetraditionalanswerwastobuildthedefenceshigher.Dikesandwallswereraisedagainandagain,andeachraisingboughttime,butatacostthatgrewwitheveryround.Awalldoesnotremovethedanger;itconcentratesit.Whenadefencefails,thefloodthatpoursthroughisdeeperandfasterpreciselybecausethelandbehindthewallhassunkbelowtheleveloftheriver,andtheground,cutofffromnewsediment,sinksfurtheryearafteryear.Engineerscametodescribethisasaracethatwallscouldnotwin,onlypostpone.Anewerphilosophyhasemergedunderthesloganofmakingroomfortheriver.Insteadoffightingthewaterateverypoint,itlowerssomedikes,widenssomechannels,movessomeembankmentsbackandreconnectsriverswiththeiroldfloodplains,sothathighwatercanspreadacrosslandthatisallowedtofloodbydesign.Sediment,therawmaterialofland-building,isdeliberatelydiverted:dredgedmaterialisplacedonsinkingmarshes,andsidechannelsarereopenedsothatmuddywatercandeposititsloadwherethegroundneedsitmost.Theflood,inthisview,isnotanenemytobeblockedbutaprocesstobetimedandgivenspace.Pilotprojectshaveshownthattheapproachcanwork.Ononesinkingdelta,managersbegansprayingdredgedsedimentthroughlongpipesontodegradedmarsh,andwithinafewgrowingseasonsthegroundhadrisenenoughformarshgrassestorecolonizeandstarttrappingmoremudontheirown.Inanotherproject,farmlandpurchasedinflood-pronezoneswasconvertedintotemporarystoragebasins,usedaspasturemostoftheyearandasfloodspaceinwetones.Neithermeasurerestoredthedeltatoitsoriginalstate,andnoengineerclaimstheycould;theaimisnarrowerandmorehonest,toslowthesinkingandspreadtheriskwhilecommunitiesadapt.Thedeeperlessonofdeltarestorationisabouttime.Concretedecisionsaremadeonthescaleofbudgetsandelections,butdeltasliveonthescaleofcenturies,andthetwoclocksrarelymatch.Programmesthathaveenduredarethosethattreatedadaptationasacontinuingprocessratherthanafinishedproject,withmonitoring,regularadjustmentandapublicthatunderstandsthetrade-offs.Adeltacanbekeptalive,theexperiencesuggests,butonlybypeoplewillingtokeepnegotiatingwiththeriverinsteadofdictatingtoit.1.Whichofthefollowingismentionedasacauseofdeltasinking?A.Theconstructionofupstreamdamsthattrapssediment,togetherwithgroundwaterextractionandrisingseas.B.Thefrequentdredgingofshippingchannelsthatremovesmudfasterthantherivercanreplaceit.C.Theplantingofdeep-rootedtreesonfloodplainsthatdrawswateroutofthesurfacesoil.D.Thewarmingofcoastalwatersthatspeedsupthedecompositionoforganicmatterinmarshes.2.Whatweaknessofhigherdikesdoesthepassagepointout?A.Theycostlittletobuildbutareextremelyexpensivetomaintainduringordinaryfloodseasons.B.Theyconcentratethedanger,becauseafailurereleasesadeeperandfasterfloodontogroundthathaskeptsinking.C.Theyblocktheviewoftheriverandreducethevalueofwaterfrontlandforurbandevelopment.D.Theyforceriverstodeposittheirsedimentinnavigationchannels,increasingthecostofdredging.3.Howdoesthemaking-roomapproachtreatfloodwater?A.Asathreatthatmustbekeptoutofprotectedareasundereverypossiblecircumstance.B.Asasymptomofclimatechangethatcannotbeaddresseduntilglobalemissionsarereduced.C.Asaresourcewhosetimingandspacecanbemanagedsothatitspreadsacrosslanddesignedtoflood.D.Asanengineeringproblemsolvedmainlybypumpingfloodwateroverthedikesintothesea.4.Whatdoesthepassagesuggestaboutprojectsthathaveenduredovertime?A.Theysucceededbycompletingalltheirconstructionworkbeforethefirstmajorfloodarrived.B.Theydependedonfloodeventsbeingrareenoughthatadjustmentswereneverneeded.C.Theyavoidedtrade-offsbyrelyingontechnologiesthatrequirednochangeinfarmingpractice.D.Theytreatedadaptationasanongoingprocesssupportedbymonitoringandpublicunderstanding.

Passage5ThePowerStationAbovetheStreetLookdownonanydensecityfromahighfloorandoneresourcestandsoutbyitssheerabundance:theroofs.Flatandtilted,largeandsmall,theysoakupsunlightalldaywhilethemetersbelowspin.Turningthatidleacreageintopowerhasmovedfromahobbyforenthusiaststoamainstreambusiness,androoftopsolar（屋顶光伏）nowsuppliesavisibleshareofelectricityinagrowingnumberofcities,fromdesertcapitalswithyear-roundsuntorainynortherntownswheretheeconomicsstillwork.Theprincipleissimpleenoughforaschoollaboratory.Photovoltaic（光伏的）panelsconvertsunlightdirectlyintodirectcurrent,aninverterconvertsittoalternatingcurrent,andtheoutputeitherfeedsthebuildingorflowsintothepublicgrid,oftenrunningthemeterbackwardsundernet-meteringrules.Whatmakesrooftopsattractiveisnotonlytheelectricitybutthetiming:solaroutputpeaksinthemiddleoftheday,almostexactlywhencitiesneedextrapowerforairconditioningandofficesarerunningatfulltilt.Everykilowatt-hourproducedabovethestreetisalsoakilowatt-hourthatdoesnotneedtobepushedthroughcongestedtransmissionlinesfromadistantplant,sparingthegridbothlossesandupgrades.Therearequieterbenefitsaswell.Panelsshadetheroofmembranebeneaththem,loweringthetemperatureofthefloorsbelowonsummerafternoonsandextendingthelifeoftheroofingmaterial.Studiesofsolarneighbourhoodsalsonotereducedheatradiatingfromroofsurfacesatnight,asmallbutmeasurablecontributiontoeasingtheurbanheatisland.Forbuildingowners,thecalculationhasbeentransformedbyfallingpanelprices:whatoncerequiredgeneroussubsidiesnowpaysforitselfinasteadilyshorterperiodinmanymarkets,afterwhichtheelectricityisessentiallyfreefortherestofthesystem'slife.Theobstaclesarereal,however,andtheyarenotmainlytechnical.Olderbuildingsmayneedstructuralreinforcementbeforedozensofpanelscanbeloadedontotheirframes,andhistoricdistrictsoftenrestrictwhatmaybevisiblefromthestreet.Theupfrontcostremainsawallforhouseholdswithlittlesavings,whichraisesafairnessquestion,sincerentersandapartmentdwellers,whooftenhavetheleastaccesstotheirownroof,endupexcludedfromthesavings.Communitysolarschemesareoneanswer:residentsbuysharesinaninstallationonasharedbuilding,suchasaschoolorwarehouse,andreceivecreditsontheirbillsinproportion.Streamlinedpermittingisanother;insomecitiesthepaperworktakeslongerthantheinstallationitself,andeveryweekofdelayerodestheeconomics.Thetrajectory,inanycase,isclear.Roofsarebeingmappedbyaircraftandmachine-learningtoolsthatestimatethesolarpotentialofeverybuildinginacitywithinweeks,andnewconstructionincreasinglytreatsphotovoltaicreadinessasastandardspecification,likeplumbing.Thepowerstationabovethestreetwillnotreplacelargeplants;itwilldosomethingdifferent,weavinggenerationintothefabricofthecityitself,sothatthebuildingsthatconsumeelectricityalsohelptoproduceit.1.Whyisthetimingofrooftopsolaroutputdescribedasespeciallyvaluableforcities?A.Becauseitpeaksinthemiddleofthedaywhenurbandemandforairconditioningandofficepowerishighest.B.Becauseitcontinuesatnight,coveringthehourswhenconventionalpowerplantsarebeingserviced.C.Becauseitcanbestoredcheaplyinhouseholdbatteriesandsoldbackduringthemorningrush.D.Becauseitissteadythroughouttheyearanddoesnotvarywiththeweatherfromdaytoday.2.Whatisoneindirectbenefitofrooftoppanelsmentionedinthepassage?A.Theyabsorbrainwaterduringstormsandreducetheloadonthecitydrainagesystem.B.Theyshadetheroofsurface,coolingtheroomsbelowandextendingthelifeoftheroofingmaterial.C.Theyblockradiointerferencefromnearbytowersandimprovemobilereceptionindoors.D.Theyincreasethemarketvalueofabuildingmorethananyotherkindofrenovation.3.Whatfairnessproblemdoesthepassageidentifyinrooftopsolar?A.Ownersofoldbuildingspaymoreforelectricitythanownersofnewbuildingswithmoderninsulation.B.Wealthydistrictsreceivegovernmentsubsidieswhilepoordistrictsarechargedhigherelectricityprices.C.Rentersandapartmentdwellersoftencannotaccessaroofoftheirownandsoareexcludedfromthesavings.D.Ruralhouseholdsreceivefreepanelswhileurbanhouseholdsmustpaythefullinstallationcost.4.Howdocommunitysolarschemesaddressthisproblem?A.Bymovinggenerationtoruralsolarfarmsandaskingallcustomerstopayanequalmonthlyfee.B.Byrequiringlandlordstoinstallpanelsandpassthefullcostontotenantsthroughtherent.C.Byprovidingfreepublicchargingstationssothattenantsnolongerneedelectricityfromthegrid.D.Bylettingresidentsbuysharesinasharedinstallationandreceiveproportionalcreditsontheirbills.

Passage6TurbinesatSea,NetsBelowOffshorewindhasmovedfromexperimenttoindustry.Afewkilometresfromshore,wherethewindblowsharderandsteadierthanonland,rowsofwhiteturbinesrisefromtheseaandturndayandnight.Energyplannerslikethemforthescale,sinceasinglemodernmachinecanpowerthousandsofhomes,andcoastalgridsneedthecapacity.Buttheseaisnotempty.Beneathandbetweentheturbinesliefishinggroundsusedforgenerations,andthefisherswhoworkthemwereamongthefirsttoaskhardquestionsaboutwhatawindfarmdoestothewateraboveandtheseabedbelow.Theconcernsareconcreteratherthanabstract.Thebasesofturbinesandthecablesthatconnectthemoccupyspacewheretrawlsoncepassed;safetyzonesaroundconstructionandmaintenancerestrictaccessformonthsatatime;andfishersworrythatnoiseandvibrationduringpile-driving（打桩）willpushmigratingfishawayfromtraditionalroutes.Fromtheindustry'sside,theworriesruntheotherway:anchorscandamageburiedcables,andunmarkedgearcanfoulaturbinefoundation.Bothsides,inearlyprojects,discoveredthatthecostoftalkinglatewasfarhigherthanthecostoftalkingfirst.Thesolutionsthathaveemergedareaspracticalasthedisputes.Developersreroutecablecorridorsaroundproductivegroundswherepossible,scheduletheloudestconstructionoutsidekeyfishingseasons,andpayintocompensationfundsnegotiatedwithfishingassociations.Somefarmshavegonefurtherandappointedliaisoncrews,formerfisherswhocarrytheplansaboardandadjustoperationsinrealtime.Inreturn,fishin