中国文化概况（第二版）课件 Chapter 3 Philosophy Religion,Literature,and the Arts

AI生成中国文化概况（第二版）Philosophy&Religion,Literature,andtheArts1PARTCulturally,indigenous(本土的)traditions,suchasConfucianismandDaoism,alongwiththereligionsofforeignorigin,suchasBuddhism,haveprofoundlyinfluencedthephilosophy,literature,andartsoftheChinesepeopleoverthecenturies.Thesetraditionscontinuetodemonstratetheirenduringinfluence,showingtheirlastingcharmforthousandsofyears.1PARTCHAPTER1Philosophy&Religion

CHAPTER2Literature

CHAPTER3TheArtsPhilosophy&Religion,Literature,andtheArtsChapter

3TheArtsLead-inQuestionsTraditionalMusicalInstrumentsCalligraphyandPaintingTraditionalOperasFolkPerformingArtsDiscussionWhatgenresofChinesetraditionalartsareyoufamiliarwith?1WhataretheFourTreasuresoftheStudy(文房四宝)?4HowmanyChinesescriptstylesarethere?Whatarethey?2DoyouknowanytraditionalChineseoperasandChinesemusicalinstruments?5ThinkBeforeWeBegin

Lead-inQuestionsWhatisQiBaishifamousforpainting?3CalligraphyandPaintingCalligraphyChinesecharactersevolvedfrompicturesandsigns,andcalligraphydevelopednaturallyfromthisuniquewritingsystem.Usingabrush,calligraphersexpressaestheticideas,emotions,personalities,andtemperamentsthroughlinesandstrokes.OnedoesnotneedtounderstandChinesetoappreciateitsbeauty.TheartsofbrushworkBeautyofnature,spiritofhumanity

Whatdoesyourhandwritingsayaboutyou?“Thehandwritingrevealsthewriter.”字如其人—Aperson’shandwritingreflectswhotheyare.Toreflectthebeautyofnatureandilluminatethespiritualbeautyofhumanity.Tostresstheoveralllayoutandharmonybetweencharactersandlines.Gracefulshapesareprofoundlyartisticandcanevokedeepemotions.Childrenwereencouragedfromanearlyagetopractisecalligraphy.Handwritingwasbelievedtoreflectaperson’sdisposition(性情)andunderstandingoflifeandart.CultivationofbodyandmindPhysicalwell-beingPosture,breathcontrol,andsteadyhandmovement.Mentalwell-beingFocus,calmness,andfreedomfrommentaldisturbance.TheearliestknownChinesecharactersareoracleboneinscriptions

fromtheShangandZhoudynasties.Chinesescriptstylesaregenerallydividedintofivecategories:篆书SealScriptAncient,symmetrical,pictographic隶书OfficialScriptWide,flat,wavystrokes楷书RegularScriptNeat,upright,standard草书CursiveScriptFlowing,linked,abstract行书RunningScriptBetweenregularandcursiveFivestylesofChinesescriptsOracleboneandbronzeinscriptions.Smallsealscript(小篆)standardisedintheQinDynasty.In221BCE,PrimeMinisterLiSiunifiedwritingsystemsandproposedsmallsealscriptasthestandard.Whywasstandardisingthescriptimportantforaunifiedempire?Sealscript(篆书)KeyfeaturesSoft,flowinglineswithvertical,elongated(修长的)forms.Pictographic(象形文字的)quality.Balancedandsymmetrical(对称的)structure.FivestylesofChinesescriptsOriginatedduringtheWarringStatesPeriod.Evolvedfromandwasasimplificationofsealscript.Changedroundedturnswithangularones.Becamewiderandflatter.IntheHanDynasty,itreplacedsmallsealscriptandbecamethefoundationforlaterstyles.Officialscript(隶书)Distinctivefeatures“Asilkworm’sheadandthetailofawildgoose”(蚕头雁尾)“Awavystrokewiththreeturns”(一波三折)Longerhorizontal(横的)lines,shorterverticalones.FivestylesofChinesescriptsLooksneat,well-structured,upright,andsquareBeststartingpointforlearningcalligraphybecauseitsstructureisregularandeasytohandleandcopy.RemainsthestandardwritingstyleRegularscript(楷书)SizeclassificationBigregular:>5cmMediumregular:2–5cmSmallregular:<2cmFivestylesofChinesescriptsOriginatedintheHanDynasty.Featuringsmoothandlivelystrokeswithseamlesslyflowinglines.Connectingcharacterstogether,withthelaststrokeofonemergingintothefirstofthenext.Executedwithfreedomandspeed,oftencreatingexaggeratedforms.Cursivescript(草书)Theflowoflinesandrhythmofbrushworkcreateanabstractbeauty,seeminglyguidedbythewhims(奇想)ofthecalligrapher.FivestylesofChinesescriptsLiessomewherebetweenregularscriptandcursivescript,allowingforsimplerandfasterwriting.Therearetwomainsub-stylesasfollows:Runningscript(行书)RunningregularWrittencarefullywithdistinguishablestrokes.Resemblesregularscript.RunningcursiveExecutedswiftly.Resemblescursivescriptinitsflowingmotion.Regularscript←Runningregular←Runningscript→Runningcursive→CursivescriptFivestylesofChinesescriptsAsamastercalligrapheroftheEasternJinDynasty,WangXizhiisbestknownforhisworksinrunningscript.

WangXizhi:The“SageofChineseCalligraphy（书圣）”FivestylesofChinesescriptsDepictingaspringgatheringatLanting,itiswidelyregardedasoneofhistory’sgreatestcalligraphicmasterpieces.PrefacetotheCollectionofPoemsComposedattheOrchidPavilion(《兰亭集序》)

FivestylesofChinesescriptsOuyangXun欧阳询Oustyle欧体StrictregulationOutstandingvigourYanZhenqing颜真卿Yanstyle颜体VigorousregularscriptTangexemplarLiuGongquan柳公权Liustyle柳体TightstructureBolddecisivestrokesZhaoMengfu赵孟頫Zhaostyle赵体ElegantandvigorousGoodatallfivescriptsFourgreatregularscriptmastersStrictregulationandoutstandingvigourSuitableforbeginnersOuyangXun:OustyleFourgreatregularscriptmastersVigorousregularscriptTangexemplarYanZhenqing:YanstyleFourgreatregularscriptmastersLiuGongquan:LiustyleTightstructureBoldanddecisivestrokesPowerfulcharactersTogether,YanZhenqingandLiuGongquanarereferredtoas“YanLiu”,andtheir

calligraphyisdescribedas“Yan’ssinewystrokesandLiu’sbonyframework(颜筋柳骨)”.FourgreatregularscriptmastersBothelegantandvigorouswithastrictstructureZhaoMengfu:ZhaostyleFourgreatregularscriptmastersSameoriginascalligraphySharedtoolsandtechniquesEarlyChinesepaintingandwritingusedthesamebrush,ink,andpaper.PaintingequalscalligraphyinspiritPaintingissaidtohavethesameoriginascalligraphy(书画同源).AunifiedarttraditionBrushworkinpaintingfollowsthesamerhythmicprinciplesascalligraphicstrokes.TraditionalChinesepainting,knownasinkwashpainting,canbetracedbacktotheTangDynasty.Inkwashpainting(水墨画)Fourartsinone

CommonsubjectsHumanfiguresLandscapesFlowersBirdsArtisticharmonyoffourartsPaintingPoetryCalligraphySealengravingAppearedearlierthanothergenresoftraditionalChinesepainting.RefinedintheWeiandJinDynasties.Theliberationofthought,theintroductionofBuddhism,andtheriseofprofessionalpaintersallcontributedtotherefinementoffigurepainting.Figurepainting:TheearliestgenreInearlyChinesepainting,landscapesoftenservedmerelyasbackgroundsforfigurepaintings.BecameanindependentgenreintheWeiandJinDynasties.MaturedintheSuiandTangDynasties.ReacheditspeakintheSongDynasty.LandscapeemergesasindependentgenreWuDaozi(680—759)SageofPainting《送子天王图》XuBeihong(1895—1953)FamouspaintersandmasterpiecesBestknownforhispaintingsofhorses.Achievinggreatsuccessinpainting,calligraphy,poetry,andsealengraving.Emphasizingabalancebetweenlikenessandunlikeness(whenpainting).QiBaishi(1864—1957)FamouspaintersandmasterpiecesWritingbrushInkstickPaperInkslabFourTreasuresoftheStudyWritingbrush-Huwritingbrush(湖笔）ProducedinHuzhou,Zhejiang.Fourmaintypes:Goathair,brownishrabbithair,stiffweaselhair,andamixtureofgoatandweaselhair.Inkstick-Huiinkstick(徽墨)Madefromthesootofburntpinewood.Deepblackwithalustroussurface.Rich,lasting,resistanttofadingovertime.Paper-Xuanpaper(宣纸)OriginallyproducedinJingCounty,Xuanzhouregion(nowAnhui).Madethrougha108-stepprocessusingparticularbarkandricestraw.Snow-white,soft,durable,absorbent,andmoth-proof.Inkslab-Duaninkslab(端砚)MadeinDuanzhou(today’sZhaoqing),Guangdong.Fine,solidtextureandglossysheen.Carvedintovariousshapesanddesigns.FourTreasuresoftheStudyOneofthethreeancientdramaformsChineseopera,Greektragicomedy,andIndianSanskritdramaarethethreeancientformsofdramaintheworld.ThreeancientdramatraditionsChineseoperaremainsavibrantandwidelypractisedtraditiontothemodernday.StillvibranttodayItembracesliterature,music,dance,martialarts,andacrobatics(杂技)intooneunifiedartform.Afusionoffivearts

WhydidChineseoperasurvivewhiletheothertwoancienttraditionsfaded?TraditionalOperasTraditionalOperasPekingOpera:ThegreatestfameIntegrating

tunes,actions,andmusicalinstrumentsthatvarybyregion.DifferentfromwesterndramaPekingOperaholdsthegreatestreputation.Manylocalforms,oneleaderFarewellMyConcubine(《霸王别姬》)TheLegendofRedLantern(《红灯记》)Belovedmasterpieces

FromLocaltoNationalPekingOperadevelopedfromseveralearlierlocaloperasduringthemiddleandlate19thcentury.

IteventuallybecamethenationaloperaofChina,enjoyedbyaudienceseverywhere.Afusionofmanytraditions

FourAnhuiOperaTroupescametoperforminBeijing(1790).CollaboratingwithHanjuOpera(汉剧)performersfromHubei,mutuallyinfluencingeachotherBorrowingfromKunqu（昆曲）andQinqiang（秦腔）,addingfolktunes,andadoptingBeijing-stylelyricsandrhyme.Singing(唱):VocalperformanceRecitation(念):SpokendialogueAcrobatics(打):Martialandacrobaticskills

Acting（做）:StylisedgesturesFourartisticmeansEmotionsandideasareexpressedthroughthesestylisedmotions,andthisuniqueformathasdevelopedoveryearsofperformance.

Whymightsymbolicmovementbemorepowerfulthanrealisticprops?SymbolicmovementGesturesreplacepropsRepresentingactionssuchasridingahorse,rowingaboat,openingadoor,goingupstairs,climbingahill,ortravellinglongdistances.Classifiedbygender,age,disposition,profession,andsocialstatus.FourmajorrolesPositivemalecharactersofvariousagesandtypes.Sheng(生)—Maleroles1Boldmaleroleswithcolourfulfacialmake-up.Jing(净)—Painted-facemales3Allfemalecharacters,fromelderlytoyoung.Dan(旦)—Femaleroles2Humorouscharacters,oftenwithnegativetraits.Chou(丑)—Clown/comicroles4Sheng,Dan,Jing,andChouSheng:MalerolesLaosheng(老生)Xusheng(须生)Dignifiedoldermenwhoaredecisiveandhonest.Wearartificialbeards.Wusheng(武生)Younggeneralsskilledinmartialarts,ofteninvolvingacrobaticmovements.Xiaosheng(小生)Clean-shavenhandsomeyouths.Userealandfalsetto(假声)voicesinsingingandspeaking.Wawasheng(娃娃生)Childroles,performedbychildren.Sheng,Dan,Jing,andChouDan:FemalerolesLaodan(老旦)Elderlywomen.Usenaturalvoicewhicharerich,loud,high-pitched,andmelodious.Qingyi(青衣)Virtuouswivesandmotherswithagentleandrefineddisposition.Huadan(花旦)Wudan(武旦)Huadan:Lively,frankyoungwomen.Wudan:Strong-willedwomen.Caidan(彩旦)Comicfemaleclownsinfarces(滑稽戏)andcomedies.Fivesub-typesallshareonegoal:Revealthewoman’ssoulSheng,Dan,Jing,andChouFourgreatdanactorsMeiLanfang(梅兰芳)Themostcelebrateddanperformer.ShangXiaoyun(尚小云)Knownforvigorous,boldfemaleportrayals.ChengYanqiu(程砚秋)Famousfordeeplyemotional,andmelancholicsingingstyle.XunHuisheng(荀慧生)Belovedforlively,charmingyoungfemalecharacters.Sheng,Dan,Jing,andChouJing:Colorfulfacialmake-upAlsocalledHualian(花脸)Namedfortheircolourful,elaboratefacialmake-up.Zhengjing(正净/大花脸)Singing-focused:Serious,loyalofficialsandgeneralsupholdingjustice.Fujing(副净)Movement-focused:Bold,straightforwardcharacters.Wujing(武净)Acrobaticfightingandtumbling(翻跟头)withminimalsingingandspeaking.Sheng,Dan,Jing,andChouChou:ClownrolesWenchou(文丑):CivilianclownsPlayboys,jailers,watchmen,everydaycomiccharactersWuchou(武丑)—MartialclownsClever,witty,andhighly-skilled,suchasoutlawsandthieves.ComplexpersonalitiesSomearecunningsly,orselfish,butmostarealert,cleverandhumorous.OftenhonestandkindBeneaththecomicsurface,manychouarehonestandkind.Sheng,Dan,Jing,andChouAllwalksoflifeFourroles=allofsocietySheng,dan,jing,chourepresentpeoplefromeverywalkoflife.InstantrecognitionAudienceimmediatelyknowsgoodorbadthemomentaperformerappears.FivesignalsMovements,speech,singing,make-up,andcostumestellthestory.AcompleteworldonstageThroughthesefourroles,PekingOperamirrorsthewholeofsociety.Sheng,Dan,Jing,andChouRole-specificMake-upcorrespondstothecharacterportrayed.SymboliccoloursEachcolourcarriesadistinctsymbolicmeaning.PatternsanddesignsColourscreatepatternsthatrevealpersonality.FacialMake-UpandCostumesinPekingOperaReadingthefaceRedLoyalandcourageousBlackHonest,brave,andstraightforwardPurpleUpright,just,anddecisiveGreenStubborn,tough,andirritable(急躁)

Whydoesredmeanloyaltywhilegreenmeantrouble?FacialMake-UpandCostumesinPekingOperaYellowFierce,brutal,andcalculatingWhiteCunningandtreacherousGold/SilverGhostsandgodsClownwhiteWhitearoundeyesandnoseFacialMake-UpandCostumesinPekingOperaAsecondmethodInterpretingthelinesandpatternsdrawnontheface.DistortedfaceAsymmetrical(不对称)linessignalavillain(反派)oraccomplice,orsomeonewhosefacehasbeenwounded.LinestellthestoryFacialMake-UpandCostumesinPekingOperaHistoricalbasisPerformancesbasedonhistoricaleventsacrossdynasties.WiderangeFromemperors,generals,andministerstocommonpeople.Role-diverseCostumesareasdiverseastheirroles,whethercivilormartial,maleorfemale.CostumesforeveryroleFacialMake-UpandCostumesinPekingOperaRobecoloursandfixedformsYellow=RoyalYellowrobesforroyalfamilyroles.Red=NovilityRedrobesindicatenobility.Blue=ViolentBluerobessignalviolentcharacters.FixedformsScholars:Bluegowns|Generals:Armour(靠)|Emperors:Dragon-patternedrobes.FacialMake-UpandCostumesinPekingOperaBeyondrobes:AccessoriesCostumesgobeyondrobes,fullvisualensembleHeaddressesElaborateheaddressesforbothmaleandfemaleroles.JewelledgirdlesOrnatebeltsaddstatusandbeauty.HairornamentsPearlsandgemstonescompletethetransformation.FacialMake-UpandCostumesinPekingOpera360+LocaloperaformsChinaboastsmorethan360localoperaforms,andPekingOperaisjustoneofthem.BeyondPekingOperaKunquOperaandYueOpera(越剧)areamongthemostwidelyenjoyedforms.PopulargenresManyrareoperasaredeeplyrootedinspecificregions,preservinglocalculture.RareregionalformsOneoftheoldestoperaticformsinChina600+yearsMotherofoperasConsideredtheoriginofmanyothertraditionaloperaformsKunshanoriginBeganasafolkoperainKunshan,JiangsuProvince.Peak:Ming–QingReacheditsgreatestpopularitybetweenthe16thand18thcenturies.KunquOperaFromnearextinctiontoUNESCOfameNearextinctionLostappealbytheendoftheQingDynasty.Revivedafter1949PRCgovernmentsupportedandpromotedtraditionalarts.UNESCO2001MasterpiecesoftheOralandIntangibleCulturalHeritageofHumanity,2001.UNESCO2008InscribedontheRepresentativeListofIntangibleCulturalHeritageofHumanity.

Whatdoesittaketobringadyingartbacktolife?KunquOperaThePeonyPavilionandotherclassicsTangXianzuMingDynastywriter,authorofThePeonyPavilion(《牡丹亭》)Youthversion(2004)Ayouthversiontowinbackyoungaudiences.China’sRomeoandJulietOneofthemostromanticstoriesinChineseliterature.OtherclassicsThePalaceofEternalYouth(《长生殿》)TheStoryofthePipa

(《琵琶行》)

Cana400-year-oldlovestorystillspeaktotoday’syouth?KunquOperaAlternativenamesYujuOperaorHenanBangzi(豫剧/河南梆子).StatusOneofthemostinfluentialChineselocaloperas.OriginHenanProvince.ItispopularmainlyaroundtheYellowRiverandtheHuaiRiver.HenanOpera(豫剧)Boldrhythms,folksoulSkill-demandingmelodies

Complex,technicallychallengingvocalpatterns.StrongrhythmsPowerfulbeatsthatdrivetheperformanceforward.SpokenlanguageExtensiveuseofeveryday,folksyspeech.FolkappealScenesofdailylifegiveitstronglocalcharacterandmassappeal.HenanOpera(豫剧)Athousandplays,threelegends1,000+traditionalplaysChangXiangyu’sclassicsMaJinfeng’smasterpieceAvastrepertoirebuiltovercenturiesofperformance.KaoHong(《拷红》)andHuaMulan(《花木兰》)MuGuiyingTakesCommand(《穆桂英挂帅》)HenanOpera(豫剧)Inthemid-18thcentury,Kunqu,High-pitchedOpera(高腔),andlocaloperasperformedtogetheracrossSichuan,partofYunnan,andGuizhouprovince.Influencedbyoneanother,theyblendedintoanewcategory.TheLegendoftheWhiteSnake(《白蛇传》)isoneofthemostfamouspiecesofSichuanOpera.SichuanOpera(川剧)KeyfeaturesWittydialogueLively,literary-qualityspeechwithstronglocalflavour.StylisedmovementsAuniquesystemofexpressivestagemovement.Stunts(特技)Thethirdeyerevealedonperformers’forehead,symbolisingsupernaturalpower.TrademarkstuntsMaskchanges,jumpingthroughburninghoops,hidingswordsSichuanOpera(川剧)Facechanging(变脸)SignaturefeatureThemosticonictechniqueofSichuanOpera.RapidchangesPerformerschangmasksintheblinkofaneye.MultiplemethodsLayeredmasks,sleightofhand,andhiddenmechanismsworkingseamlessly.Emotion-drivenEverymaskshiftmirrorsthecharacter’sshiftingmoods.SichuanOpera(川剧)TalesofloveandlegendRichthemesDrawnfromfairytales,literaryclassics,andhistoricalstories.China’smostfamoustragiclovestory.TheButterflyLovers《梁山伯与祝英台》ADreamofRedMansions《红楼梦》RomanceoftheWestChamber(《西厢记》)FishChasing(《追鱼》)YueOperaRepresentativepiecesYueOperaAlternativenameShaoxingOpera,originatedinShaoxing,ZhejiangProvince.FormerYueKingdomNamedaftertheancientYueKingdomthatonceruledthisregion.WidepopularityPopularacrossZhejiang,Shanghai,andmajorcitiesnationwide.GentleandgracefulSoftandgentlemusicevokessentiment,andtheactingstyleisgracefulandrefined.YueOperaBeganinHuangmeiCounty,Hubei;FlourishedinAnqing,Anhui;Perfomedforover200years.OriginsSunginthelocaldialect.ItsvocalstyleisderivedfromAnqingfolksongs.AnqingdialectHuangmeiOpera(黄梅戏)Lightandlyricalmusic.CoreattractionNaturalness,simplicity,andpassionmakeitenduringandbeloved.KeyfeaturesYanFengyingandtheclassicsYanFengying(严凤英)TheHeavenlyMaidandtheMortal《天仙配》Emperor’sFemaleSon-in-Law《女驸马》RepresentativepiecesTheversatileactresswhoplayedavarietyofrolesacrossmanyplays.HuangmeiOpera(黄梅戏)ApearlinthetreasurehouseoftraditionalChineseperformingarts,hasexistedinChinaformorethantwomillennia.LongtraditionsOneofChina’soldestperformingarts,stillthrivingtoday.EverydayobjectsIncorporatingtridents,wickerrings,tables,chairs,jars,platesandbowls.ClassicactsFlyingtrident,chairbalancing,jartricks,hoopdiving.LifemirroredAcrobaticsreflectedordinarypeople’sdailylivesandtools.FolkPerformingArtsAcrobaticsSui–TangoriginsFormedasanindependentartformintheSuiandTangdynasties.ThrivedinSongFlourishedandreachednewheightsduringtheSongDynasty.DiverseformsCrosstalk(相声),clappertalk(快板),pingshu(评书),xiaopin(小品)DistinctChineseflavourReflectspeople’sthoughts,ideals,andmoralaspirations.VirtuousfiguresCelebratesnationalheroes,honestofficials,andfaithfullovers.Ageneraltermforperformancesusingspeech,singing,orbothQuyiOneofthemostpopularandinfluentialformsofquyiFourskillsTalking(说)Imitation(学)Making-fun(逗)Singing(唱)SatireaspurposeSatireservesasoneofitscorepurposes,withhumourandentertainment.ThreetypesComicmonologue(单口)Comicdialogue(对口)Multiplayercrosstalk(群口)QuyiCrosstalkTheperformer’scraftClearenunciationMustspeakwithcrystal-clearpronunciation.ImitationImitatesvariouspeopleandsituations,oftenwithsoundeffects.SingingvoiceMustmasteroperamelodiesandarepertoireoffamoussongs.IndividualstyleEveryartistdevelopsauniquestyleQuyiCrosstalkUltimategoal:AmusetheaudienceXiaopin

OneofthemostpopularandinfluentialformsofquyiArtform:Ashort,brisk,andhumorouscomicskit.Contentsource:Drawsinspirationfromdailylifephenomena.Performancestyle:Usescondensedplotsandwittylanguage.Socialfunction:Reflectssocialrealitiesandresonateswithaudiences.Culturalstatus:

Along-standingpopularfeatureofChina’sSpringFestivalGala.QuyiStorytellingenhancedwiththeperformer’sowncommentariesStorysource:AdaptedfromclassicChinesenovels(e.g.,RomanceoftheT