新能源汽车专业英语习题及答案

机工《新能源汽车专业英语》(第2版)习题与参考答案习题第1章1.Whatstagesdidthedevelopmentofelectricvehiclesgothrough?电动汽车的发展经历了哪几个阶段？2.WhatareAlternativefuelscurrentlycommerciallyavailableandcloselyattended?目前商业可用和受到密切关注的替代燃料有哪些？3.Whatarethedifferenttypesofelectricvehicles?电动汽车分为哪几种？第2章4.Whatarethemainterminologiesofpowerbatteries?动力电池的主要术语有哪些？5.Whataretheseveraltypesofpowerbatteries?动力电池有哪几种类型？6.Whataretheelectricenergyaccumulators？电能蓄能装置有哪些？7.WhatarethebasiccomponentsoflithiumionandNiMHbatteries?锂离子电池和镍氢电池的基本组成包括哪些元件？8.DescribethebasicoperationoflithiumionandNiMHbatteries?叙述锂离子电池和镍氢电池的基本原理。9.WhatarethefunctionsofBMS?电池管理系统的功能有哪些？10.Whatarethetwocategoriesofbatterychargingtechnology?蓄电池充电技术分为哪两类？11.Describethebasicprinciplesofwirelesschargingtechnology?描述无线充电技术的基本原理？12.DescribethestepsofbatteryDisassembling?描述蓄电池组拆卸的步骤13.Whataresafetyprecautionsintheserviceandtestingofthepowerbatteries？动力电池维护测试中的安全措施有哪些？第3章14．Whatarethetwotypesofmotor?电机分为哪两种类型？15.Whataretheseveraltypesofmotorscommonlyusedinelectricvehicles?电动汽车常用的电机分有哪几种类型？16.Whatarethemaincomponentsofthebasicstructureofelectricmotorusedinelectricvehicles?电动汽车用电机的基本结构主要由哪些部件构成？17.Whatistheroleofthemotorcontroller?电机控制器的作用是什么？18.Brieflydescribetheprincipleofmotorcontroller.简单描述电机控制器的作用原理第4章19.Howtoclassifyhybridpowersystems?Whatarethecategories?混合动力怎样分类？分为哪几类？20.BrieflydescribetheworkingprincipleofBMWparallelhybrid.简述BMW并联式混合动力的工作原理。21.BrieflydescribetheworkingprincipleofToyotaPower-SplitHybrid.简述Toyota功率分流式混合动力驱动系统的工作原理。22.BrieflydescribetheworkingprincipleofFordEscapeHybridandHondaIMA.简述描述FordEscapeHybrid和HondaIMA混合动力系统的工作原理。第6章23.Brieflydescribethefunctionsofsafetyequipments.简述安全设备的功能。24.HowtoTestLOI？怎样测试绝缘损失？25.HowtoUsethehand-heldtestertodiagnosetheHVbatterypack?怎样使用手持式测试仪（解码器）来诊断高压电池的故障？第7章26.Describethecommondrivingarrangementpatternsofelectricvehicles.描述电动汽车的常用驱动布置.第8章27.Brieflydescribethebasiccomponentsofaprotonexchangemembranefuelcell.简述质子交换膜燃料电池的基本组成。28.Describethebasicoperationofaprotonexchangemembranefuelcell.叙述质子交换膜燃料电池的基本原理。29.Whatistheroleofthehumidifier？增湿器的作用是什么？30.Whatistheroleofthefuelcellradiator？燃料电池散热器的作用是什么？第9章31.Whataretheadvantagesofnatural-gasdriveoverspark-ignitionanddieselengines？与汽油机和柴油机相比，天然气驱动有什么优点？32.Whatsafetydevicesareinstalledinnaturalgasvehicles?天然气汽车装有哪些安全装置？第10章33.WhataretheadvantagesofDSRCapproachoverwide-areawireless？与广域无线法相比，专用短程通信有什么优点？34.WhatareDSRC-supportedsafetyservices?专用短程通信支持的安全服务项目有哪些？35.Whatarecloud-basedconnectedvehicleservices？网联汽车的云端服务项目有哪些？WhichlevelsareautonomousvehiclesdividedbySAEinto?SAE将自动驾驶汽车划分为哪几个级别？37.WhatarethecomponentsandfunctionsofIntelligentvehiclevisionperceptionsystem？车辆智能视觉感子系统的组成和作用有哪些？38.DescribetheprincipleandcomponentsofLiDAR.请叙述激光雷达的原理和组成。39.Whatpositioningtechnologiesareusedinintelligentvehicles?智能汽车采用哪些定位技术？40.Whataretheseverallayersusedforconstructingahigh-definitionmap?高清地图的构造分哪几个图层？HowtocreateaHDmap?怎样制作高清地图42.Whatarethepossibleoff-boardequipmentneededforaintelligentconnectedandautomatedvehicle?智能网联与自动驾驶汽车需要的离车设备可能有哪些？43.DSRChasseveralpositiveattributes.Whatarethey?DSRC具有若干积极的特性。这些特性有哪些？C-V2Xhassomestructuraladvantages.Whatarethey?C-V2X具有某些结构优势。这些优势有哪些？45.Whatarethetasksofpathplanningandmotioncontrolrespectively?路径规划和运动控制的任务分别是什么？习题参考答案第1章1.Whatstagesdidthedevelopmentofelectricvehiclesgothrough?电动汽车的发展经历了哪几个阶段？□Theearlydays（1890-1930）：Thegoldenage早期(1890年至1930年)：黄金时代□Themiddleyears（1930-1990）：Fallingintoadepression中期(1930-1990)：陷入萧条□Therecentyears（1990-1998）：Makingacomeback近年(1990-1998年)：卷土重来□Thecurrentandfuture（1998-）：Bestillmakingprogress当前和未来(1998-)：方兴未艾2.WhatareAlternativefuelscurrentlycommerciallyavailableandcloselyattended?目前商业可用和受到密切关注的替代燃料有哪些？·Liquefiedpetroleumgas液化石油气·CNG压缩天然气·Methanol甲醇·Hydrogen氢·Fuel-cell燃料电池·Electricity电能·Hybrid（electricity+conventionalfuels）混合动力（电+传统燃料）3.Whatarethedifferenttypesofelectricvehicles?电动汽车分为哪几种？Electricvehiclesarebroadlycategorizedintofourgroupsbasedontheelectricdesignoftheirpowertrains,namelybatteryelectricvehicles(BEVs),plug-inhybridelectricvehicles(PHEVs),hybridelectricvehicles(HEVs),andfuel-cellelectricvehicles(FCEVs).OnlyBEVsandPHEVsareplug-capable,andarereferredtoasplug-inelectricvehicles(PEVs).根据电动汽车动力传动系统的电动设计，将电动汽车大致分为四大类，即纯电动汽车(BEV)、插电式混合动力汽车(PHEV)、混合动力电动汽车(HEV)和燃料电池电动汽车(FCEV)。只有BEV和PHEV是可插接充电器进行充电的，故被称为插电式电动汽车(PEV)。第2章4.Whatarethemainterminologiesofpowerbatteries?动力电池的主要术语有哪些？•Cells,modules,andpacksarethecentralphysicalcomponentsofaPEVbattery.Acellisthesmallestpossiblebatterythatcontainselectrodes,aseparator,andanelectrolyte.Theoutputvoltageofatypicalcellvariesbetweenonetosixvolts.Amoduleconsistsofmultiplecellsthatareusuallyconnectedineitherseriesorparallel.Similarly,apackiscomposedofafewmoduleslocatedinasinglelocation.□单体电池、电池模块和电池组是PEV电池的核心物理组件。单体电池是包含电极、隔板（隔膜）和电解质的最小的电池。典型单体电池的输出电压在1到6伏之间。电池模块由多个单体电池组成，这些单体电池通常以串联或并行方式连接。同样，一个电池组由位于单一位置的若干电池模块组成。•Ampere-hour(Ah)capacityistheamountofchargetransferredbyone-ampereflowduringonehour.Anotherfrequentlyusedcapacitytermistheratedwatt-hourcapacity,whichistheproductofratedAhcapacityandratedbatteryvoltage.Ahigherbatterycapacityprovideslongerdrivingranges,anditalsotakesmoretimetochargethebattery.□安时容量是一安培电流在一小时内转移的电荷量.另一个经常使用的容量术语是额定瓦时容量，这是额定安时容量和额定电池电压的乘积。较高的电池容量可提供更长的续驶里程，同时充电也需要更长的时间。•Stateofcharge(SoC)isanindicatorofbatterydegradationovertime,whichcanbecausedduetooperatingconditions.Accurategaugingiscriticalforbatterymanagementsystems.SoCmeasurestheratioofthepresentbatterycapacitywithrespecttomaximumcapacity,andiscalculatedaccordingto.□荷电状态(SoC)是反映指随着时间的推移，由于运行条件引起的可能的电池性能退化的一个指标。对于电池管理系统而言，准确的测量是十分关键的。SoC测量当前电池容量相对于最大容量的比率，并根据下式进行计算：•Depthofdischarge(DoD)isusedtorepresentthepercentageofdischargedcapacity.Hence,Deep-cyclebatteriesareusuallydischargedto80%orhigher.□放电深度(DOD)用来表示放出电量所占的百分比。因此，深循环电池通常放电到80%或更高。•Stateofhealth(SoH)isusedtorepresenttheratioofthemaximumchargecapacitytoitsidealconditions.TheSoHindicatestheperformancedegradationsofthebattery,whichisalsorelatedtoitsremaininglifetime.□健康状态(SOH)用来表示最大充电容量与其理想状态的充电容量的比率。SoH可反映电池的性能退化，这也与它的剩余寿命有关。•Cyclelifeisthenumberofcharge-dischargecyclesthatabatterycanaccommodatewithinthedesiredperformanceregions.CyclelifeisdeterminedforaparticularDoD,whichistypicallyaround80%.Actuallifeofthebatterycanbeshorterduetoundesiredoperatingconditionssuchashightemperatureandhumidity.□循环寿命是电池在期望的性能区域内可以容许的充放电循环次数。循环寿命要针对某一特定的DoD值来确定的，这一DoD值通常是80%左右。由于温度和湿度等不理想的操作条件，电池的实际寿命可能缩短。•Calendarlifeisthenumberofcalendaryearsthatabatteryisexpectedtolast,anditdependsontheSoCandtheoperatingtemperature.□历年寿命是电池预期寿命的日历年数，它取决于SoC和运行温度。•Specificenergyrepresentstheamountofenergythatcanbestoredinaunitmass,anditisoftenmeasuredwiththephysicaldimensionwatt-hoursperkilogram(Wh/kg).Itiscomputedaccordingto.□比能量表示可以单位质量中存储的能量，它通常用物理单位每千克瓦特小时(wh/kg)来测量。它按照下式进行计算：Specificenergy,whichisalsoreferredtoasthegravimetricenergydensity,isanindicatorofthebatterychemistryandpackaging,whichdeterminestheadditionalweightintroducedbythebatteryforadesiredall-electric-range.ItisoneofthemostimportantmetricsforassessingthePEVperformance.□比能量也被称为重量能量密度，它是衡量电池化学和封装的一个指标，这个指标决定着为获得期望的满电续驶里程由电池所带来的额外重量。它是评价PEV性能的最重要指标之一。•Specificpoweristhemetricusedtodefinethemaximumavailablepowerperunitmass,anditisoftenexpressedinwattsperkilogram(W/kg).Specificpower,sometimesalsoreferredtoasgravimetricpowerdensity,canbecalculatedvia□比功率是用来确定单位质量的最大可用功率的一个指标，它通常以瓦特每公斤(w/kg)表示。比功率有时也称为重量功率密度，可以按下式计算：SpecificpowerdeterminesthebatteryweightforparticularPEVperformancemeasuressuchasaccelerationandregenerativebraking.□比功率决定了针对特定的PEV性能指标(例如加速和再生制动)的电池重量。•Energydensityofabatteryisthenominalenergyperunitvolume,anditisrepresentedbywatt-hourperliter(Wh/L).Energydensity,orvolumetricenergydensity,determinesthephysicalspacerequiredtoachieveaparticularperformancetargetsuchasdrivingrange.□电池的能量密度是每单位体积的标称能量，并且用瓦特小时/升(Wh/L)来表示。能量密度或称为体积能量密度决定了实现特定性能目标(例如续驶里程)所需的物理空间。·powerdensityisthemaximumavailablepowerperunitvolumeofthebattery,anditisrepresentedbywattperliter(W/L).□功率密度是电池单位体积的最大可用功率，以瓦特/升(W/L)表示。•Maximumcontinuousdischargecurrentisthepeakcurrentatwhichthebatteryisdepleteduninterruptedly.Thisparameteralsoservesasathresholdthatpreventsexcessivedischargerates,andtherefore,protectsthebatterylife.Moreover,maximumcontinuousdischargecurrent,alongwiththespecificationsoftheelectricmotor,determinethetopspeedandtheaccelerationofthePEV.□最大连续放电电流是电池可以不间断地放电直至耗尽电能的峰值电流。这个参数还可以作为防止放电速率过高从而保护电池的寿命的一个阈值。此外，最大连续放电电流以及电机的规格决定着PEV的最高速度和加速度。•Maximum30-seconddischargepulsecurrentisthemaximumcurrentatwhichthebatterycanbedischargedwithpulsesupto30seconds.Thislimitisdeterminedbythemanufacturertoprotectthebattery’slifetime.Similartothepreviousperformancemeasure,itaffectstheaccelerationperformanceofthevehicle.□最大30秒放电脉冲电流是电池在30秒内放电的最大电流。此电流限值由制造商决定，以保护电池的寿命。类似于前面的性能测量指标，它影响车辆的加速性能。5.Whataretheseveraltypesofpowerbatteries?动力电池有哪几种类型？Now,therearethreetypesofbatteryavailableforuseinelectricvehicles:lead-acidbattery,nickel-based(nickel-cadmiumornickel-metalhydride)battery,andlithium(lithium-ionorlithium-polymer)battery.□现在，电动汽车上使用的电池有三种：铅酸电池、镍基电池(镍镉电池或镍氢电池)和锂电池(锂离子电池或锂聚合物电池)。6.Whataretheelectricenergyaccumulators？电能蓄能装置有哪些？Electricalenergyaccumulator:battery,high-performancecapacitor.电蓄能器有：电池、高性能电容器7.WhatarethebasiccomponentsoflithiumionandNiMHbatteries?锂离子电池和镍氢电池的基本组成包括哪些元件？ALi-ionbatterycellhasfivebasiccomponentsthatfacilitatetheenergyconversionprocess.Thefirstcomponentisananode,whichgivesuptheelectronstoanexternalcircuit(e.g.,electricmotor)andoxidizesduringthereaction.Thesecondcomponentisacathode,whichacceptstheelectronsfromtheexternalcircuit.Thethirdcomponentistheelectrolytewhichcompletesiontransferinsidethecells.Thefourthcomponentisamembranethatactsaseparatorandpreventstheinternalshortcircuitsbetweentheanodeandthecathode,andthelastcomponentisacontainer,whichisdevisedforsafetypurposes.Inatypicalbattery,thepositiveelectrodeismadeupoflithiumandtransitionmetalmaterial.TheoriginalLi-ioncelldesignusedlithiumcobaltoxideforitscathode,whichhasgoodenergystoragecharacteristicsbutsufferschemicalbreakdownatrelativelylowtemperatures.Oneofthemorepromisingcathodedesignsforautomotiveapplicationsislithiumironphosphate(LiFePO4),whichisstableathighertemperaturesandreleaseslessenergywhenitdoessufferbreakdown.Currently,lithiumnickelcobaltmanganate(LiNiCoMnO2)iswidelyusedasacathodematerial.Graphiteiswidelyemployedasthenegativeelectrodematerial.锂离子电池的单体电池具有促进能量转换过程的五个基本元件。第一个元件是阳极，它的作用是在反应期间将电子供给到外部电路(例如，电机)而氧化。第二个元部件阴极，其作用是接受来自外部电路的电子。第三个元件是电解质，其作用是完成电池内离子转移。第四个元件是隔膜，隔膜起分隔作用，防止阳极和阴极之间的内部短路，而最后一个元件是容器，它是为安全目的而设计的。在典型的锂离子电池中，正极由锂和过渡金属材料组成。原始的锂离子电池设计采用锂钴氧化物作阴极，具有良好的储能性能，但在较低的温度下会发生化学击穿。汽车用最有前途的阴极设计之一是磷酸铁锂(LiFePO4)，它在较高的温度下仍然是稳定的，在发生故障时释放的能量也较少。目前，三元锂（镍钴锰酸锂）(LiNiCoMnO2)被广泛用作正极材料。石墨作为负极材料得到了广泛的应用。Anickel-metalhydride(NiMH)batterycellusesapositiveelectrodemadeofnickelhydroxideandpotassiumhydroxideelectrolyte.Thenegativeelectrodeisunique,however,inthatitisahydrogen-absorbingalloy,alsoknownasametalhydride.TherearetwoprimarydesignsofaNiMHbatterycell.1.Cylindricaltype(Figure2.3).Thecylindricaltypehastheactivematerialsmadeinlongribbonsandarrangedinaspiralfashioninsideasteelcylinder(case).Thenegativeelectrodeiswoundalongsidethepositiveelectrode,andtheseparatormaterialholdingtheelectrolyteisplacedbetweenthem.Thenegativeelectrodeisattachedtothesteelbatterycase,whilethepositiveelectrodeisattachedtothe(-)terminalatthetopofthebattery.Thereisaself-resealingsafetyventlocatedatthetopofthebatterycase,whichwillrelieveinternalpressureincaseofovercharge,shortcircuiting,reversecharge,orotherabuse.Cylindricalcellsaremostoftenincorporatedintomoduleswithagroupofsixcellsconnectedinseries.Thiscreatesasinglebatterymodulewitha7.2-voltoutput.Groupsofthesemodulescanthenbeconnectedinseriestocreatehighervoltagebatterypacks.2.Prismatictype(Figure2.4).Theprismatictypeisarectangularorboxlikedesignwiththeactivematerialsformedintoflatplates,muchlikeaconventionallead-acidbattery.Thepositiveandnegativeplatesareplacedalternatelyinthebatterycase,withtabsusedtoconnecttheplategroups.Separatormaterialisplacedbetweentheplatestopreventthemfromtouchingbutstillallowelectrolytetocirculatefreely.镍氢NiMH电池使用由氢氧化镍制成的正极和氢氧化钾电解质。然而，负极有些特别，它是一种吸氢合金，也称为金属氢化物。NiMH电池有两种主要结构。它们是：1.圆柱形（图2-3）。圆柱形电池活性材料被制成长带状，并以螺旋方式布置在钢圆筒(外壳)内。负电极与正电极并排地缠绕在一起，并且带有电解质的隔膜材料被放置在两个电极之间。负电极连接到电池钢壳上，而正电极连接到电池顶部的(-)端子。电池外壳顶部有一个自行重新封闭的安全排气口，从而可在过充电、短路、反向充电或其他滥用的情况下释放内部压力。通常将圆柱形电池单体组合成由串联连接的六个单体电池为一组的模块。这将形成一个个带有7.2伏输出的单个电池模块。然后，可以将这些模块再串联连接，以产生更高电压的电池组。2.长方形(图2-4)。长方形是一种矩形或箱形的设计，其活性材料被加工成平板，很像传统的铅酸电池。正、负极板交替放置在电池外壳中，基板上的舌片用于连接极板组。隔板材料被放置在极板之间，以防止它们接触，但仍然允许电解液自由循环。8.DescribethebasicoperationoflithiumionandNiMHbatteries?叙述锂离子电池和镍氢电池的基本原理。InLi-ionbatteries,electricalenergyisgeneratedthroughelectrochemicaloxidation-reductionreactions.Duringthechargingstage,lithiumionsmovefromthepositiveelectrode,passthroughtheelectrolyte,andintercalatebetweengraphitelayers,andenterthenegativeelectrode.Duringthedischargeprocess,thereverseprocesstakesplace(asshowninFigure2.7),andthestoredenergyisusedtoruntheelectricmotor.在锂离子电池中，电能是通过电化学氧化还原反应产生的。在充电阶段，锂离子从正电极移出，穿过电解质，插入石墨层间，并进入负电极。在放电过程中，发生相反反应过程(如图2-7所示)，存储的能量可用于驱动电机。Figure2.7chemicalreactionprocessofaLi-ionbattery图2-7锂离子电池的化学反应过程OperationofaNiMHbatterycellisshowninFigure2.5.Duringbatterycharging,hydrogenions(protons)travelfromthepositiveelectrodetothenegativeelectrode,wheretheyareabsorbedintothemetalhydridematerial.Theelectrolytedoesnotparticipateinthereactionandactsonlyasamediumforthehydrogenionstotravelthrough.Duringbatterydischarging,thisprocessreverses,withthehydrogenions(protons)travelingfromthenegativeelectrodebacktothepositiveelectrode.Thedensityoftheelectrodeschangessomewhatduringthecharge-dischargeprocess,butthisiskepttoaminimumasonlyprotonsareexchangedduringbatterycycling.ElectrodestabilityduetominimaldensitychangesisoneofthereasonswhytheNiMHbatteryhasverygoodcyclelife.NiMH电池的工作原理如图2-5所示。电池充电期间，氢离子(质子)从正电极行进到负电极，在这里它们被金属氢化物材料吸收。电解质不参与反应，仅用作氢离子穿过的介质。Figure2.5ChemicalreactionsinsideaNiMHcell图2-5NiMH电池内的化学反应电池放电期间，该过程相反，氢离子(质子)从负电极向正电极行进。电极密度在充-放电过程中有些改变，但是这种密度变化很小，因为只有质子在电池循环期间被交换。极小的密度变化使电极具有良好的稳定性，这是NiMH电池具有非常好的循环寿命的原因之一。9.WhatarethefuctionsofBMS?电池管理系统的功能有哪些？TheBMSshouldmonitor,control,andcommunicatewiththebattery.Therefore,theprimaryfunctionsofaBMSare:•Under-voltageandover-voltageprotections;•Shortcircuitprotection;•Thermalprotection;•Cellbalancing;•Controllingbatterycharginganddischarging;•DeterminingbatterySoCandSoH;•Safetyprotection.电池管理系统（BMS）应监测、控制蓄电池，并与蓄电池进行通信。因此，BMS的主要功能是：·低压和过压保护；·短路保护；·热保护；·电池平衡；·控制电池充电和放电；·确定电池SOC和SOH；·安全保护。10.Whatarethetwocategoriesofbatterychargingtechnology?蓄电池充电技术分为哪两类？Batterychargingtechnologiescanbecategorized,broadly,intoonboardandoff-boardcharging.Bothchargingtechnologiescanbefurtherdividedintotwogroups,whereoneallowsonlyunidirectionalpowerflow,andtheotheroneenablesbidirectionalpowerflow.电池充电技术大致可分为车载充电和离车充电。两种充电技术均可进一步分为两组，一组只允许单向功率流，另一组允许双向功率流。11.Describethebasicprinciplesofwirelesschargingtechnology?描述无线充电技术的基本原理？WirelesschargingisanemergingtechnologyandenablesPEVstochargetheirbatteriesinacontactlessmanner.Wirelesscharginghasrecentlygainedsomeattentionmainlybecauseitcanallowpowertransferbetweenthegridandavehiclewhilethevehicleisonthemove.Duringcharging,high-frequencymagneticfieldsbetweentransmittingandreceivingcoilsisrequired.Typically,thetransmittingcoilsarebuiltintoaparkingspaceandthereceivingcoilsareattachedtotheunderbodyofthePEVs.无线充电是一项新兴的技术，它使PEV能够以非接触式方式为电池充电。无线充电技术最近引起了人们的关注，主要是因为它允许车辆在移动时在电网和车辆之间进行电能传输。在充电过程中，在发射线圈和接收线圈之间需要高频磁场。通常，发射线圈被建在停车位中，并且接收线圈连接到PEV的底部上。12.DescribethestepsofbatteryDisassembling?描述蓄电池组拆卸的步骤Adherethefollowingstepstodothisduringdisassemblingbatterypack.Step1:Todepowerthehigh-voltagesystem,theignitionwasoffandthenegativebatterycablewasdisconnectedfromthe12-voltauxiliarybattery,thentheHVbatterysafetyplugwasremoved.Step2:Aftercheckingthatthevoltagelevelissafe,therearseatandHVbatterycoverwereremoved.Step3:Removethehigh-voltagewiresfromthebatterypackwhilewearingHVgloves(seeFigure2.13).Step4:RemovetheHVbatterypackthroughtherearofthevehicle.Step5:PlacetheHVbatterypackonaworkbenchthatiscoveredwithathickrubber(insulating)mat.Awoodtopbenchcanalsobeused.Step6:Performavisualinspection,tobesurethatelectricalconnectionsbetweenbatterymodulesarecorroded,asshowninFigure2.14.Step7:RemovetheHVbatterypacktemperaturesensors,andremovetheHVbatteryventtubesfromthebatterypack.Step8:Removetheendcapsfromthebatterypack.Step9:Removethefastenersthatholdthebatterymodulestothebaseofthebatterypack.Step10:Removetheendmodulefromthebatterypack.拆卸电池组时，请按照以下步骤进行。第一步：将高压系统断电。将点火开关关闭，从12伏辅助电池上将电池负极电缆连接断开，然后拔下高压电池安全插头。第二步：检查电压水平是否安全后，将后座和高压电池盖拆除。第三步：戴上高压手套(见图2-13)，从电池组上拆下高压电线。第四步：通过车辆后部拆卸高压电池组。第五步：将高压电池组放置上面覆盖着厚厚的橡胶（绝缘）垫的工作台上。也可以使用木顶长凳。第六步：进行目视检查，以变查清电池模块之间的电气连接是否被腐蚀，如图2-14所示。第七步：拆卸高压电池组温度传感器，并从电池组中拆下高压电池通风管。第八步：从电池组上拆下端盖。第九步：拆卸将电池模块固定在电池组底部的紧固件。第十步：从电池组上拆下端部模块。13.Whataresafetyprecautionsintheserviceandtestingofthepowerbatteries动力电池维护测试中的安全措施有哪些？·Alwayswearappropriatepersonalprotectiveequipment(PPE)anduseapprovedsafetyprocedureswhenworkingaroundthesebatteries.·Readallwarninglabelsandalwaysfollowthevehiclemanufacturer'sinstructions.·AlwaysrefertotheservicemanualforapprovedsafetyprocedureswhenhandlingtheHVbatterypack.·Donotworkonthevehicleifmoistureispresentontheskinoranywhereonornearthevehicle.·Ifservicemustbeperformedonthehigh-voltagesystem,besuretodisconnecttheHVbatteryandallowenoughtimeforsystemcapacitorstodischargebeforeproceeding.·Thebatterycasecontainsliquidpotassiumhydroxide,astrongalkalisolution.Anyliquidaroundthebatteryshouldbecheckedwithlitmuspapertodetermineifitisanelectrolytespill.Ifanelectrolytespillhasoccurred,besuretodisabletheHVsystem,andthenuseamixtureofvinegarandwatertoneutralizethesolutionbeforecleaningupwithsoapandwater.·Ifanelectricalfireoccurs,donotattempttoextinguishitusingwater.UseanABCfireextinguisherorwaitforfirefighterstodealwithit.·Removeanyclothingthathascomeintocontactwithelectrolyteandflushanyexposedskinwithlargeamountsofwater.Ifelectrolytecomesincontactwiththeeyes,flushwithlargeamountsofwater,butdonotuseaneutralizingsolution.Besuretoseekmedicaladvicetopreventfurtherinjuryfromelectrolytecontact.·始终佩戴适当的个人保护设备(PPE)，并在这些电池周围工作时使用经批准的安全操作规程。·阅读所有警告标签，并始终遵循汽车制造商的说明。·在处理高压电池组时，一定要参阅维修手册，遵守经批准的安全操作规程。·如果皮肤上或车辆附近或车辆上任何地方有湿气，就不要在车辆上工作。·如果必须对高压系统进行维修，请确保断开高压电池的连接，并允许系统电容器在进行操作前有足够的时间放电。·电池外壳内含有液态氢氧化钾，这是一种强碱。电池周围的任何液体都应该用石蕊试纸检查，以确定是否是电解液泄漏。如果发生了电解液泄漏，一定要关闭高压系统，然后在用肥皂和水清洗之前，使用醋和水的混合物来中和这些液体。·如果发生电气火灾，不要试图用水灭火。使用ABC灭火器或等待消防队员处理。·脱掉任何接触过电解液的衣物，用大量的水冲洗裸露的皮肤。如果电解质接触眼睛，用大量的水冲洗，但不要使用中和溶液。一定要寻求医嘱，以防止电解质接触引起的进一步伤害。第3章14．Whatarethetwotypesofmotor?电机分为哪两种类型？Twotypesofelectricmotorarecommonlyusedinelectricvehicles:thedirectcurrent(DC)motorandthealternatingcurrent(AC)motor.电动汽车所用电机有两种：直流电机和交流电机。DCmotors直流电机Inmostelectricindustrialtrucks,theseries-woundDCmotors.大多数工业电动卡车使用直流串励电机。ACmotors交流电机SynchronousorasynchronousACmotorsarenowthenormastractionmotorsforpassengervehicles.同步或异步交流电机现在已成为客车牵引电机的标准配置。15.Whataretheseveraltypesofmotorscommonlyusedinelectricvehicles?电动汽车常用的电机分有哪几种类型？PermanentmagnetbrushlessDCmotor永磁无刷直流电机ACasynchronousmotor交流异步电机ACsynchronousmotor交流同步电机16.Whatarethemaincomponentsofthebasicstructureofelectricmotorusedinelectricvehicles?电动汽车用电机的基本结构主要由哪些部件构成？magneticfield,armature,slipring,commutator,brush磁场、电枢、滑环、换向器、电刷17.Whatistheroleofthemotorcontroller?电机控制器的作用是什么？DC—DCconverter直流升/降压变换：HVbatteryDCvoltage↔DCHVbeforeinverterDC—ACinverter逆变器直/交流变换：DCHVbeforeinverter↔ACHVafterinverter(todrivemotor,orgeneratedbyagenerator)AninverterconvertsDCpowertoACpowerattherequiredfrequencyandamplitude.Theinverterconvertsthehighvoltagedirectcurrentofthebatteryintothree-phasealternatingcurrentofMG1andMG2.A/Cinverter空调逆变器：HVbatteryDC→ACHVtodriveA/Cmotor18.Brieflydescribetheprincipleofmotorcontroller.简单描述电机控制器的作用原理Inmosthybridelectricvehicles,tractionACmotoriscontrolledasfollows:·Thespeedofthemotorischangedbychangingthefrequencyoftheappliedcurrent.Thespeedissynchronizedtothefrequencysowhenthefrequencyischanged,thespeedchanges.·Thepulsewidthandvoltageisadjustedtochangethepoweroutputtomatchthedemandsofthevehicleforelectricassistorpropulsion.□在大多数混合动力电动汽车中，交流牵引电机的控制方式如下：·通过改变外加电流的频率来改变电机的转速。速度与频率同步，因此当频率改变时，速度发生变化。调整脉冲宽度和电压以改变输出功率，满足车辆的电动助力或电力推进的要求。InToyotaPriusHEVs,asshowninFigure3.11,TheboostconverterisaDC-DCconverterwitchbooststhenominalvoltageofDC201.6VthatisoutputbytheHVbatterytothemaximumvoltageofDC500V.ADC-to-DCconverter(usuallywrittenDC-DCconverter)areelectronicdevicesusedtotransformDCvoltagefromonelevelofDCvoltagetoanotherhigherorlowerlevel,it’scentralcomponentisatransformer.TheIGBTisusedtoperformtheswitchingcontrol,andthepowertransistoriscontrolledbytheHVECU.□在丰田普锐斯（Prius）混合动力电动汽车中（如图3-11所示），升压转换器是一个直流-直流转换器，它将高压电池输出的直流201.6伏的标称电压提高到直流500伏的最大电压。直流-直流转换器（通常是写成DC-DC转换器）是用来将直流电压从某一直流电压转换到另一更高或更低的电压水平的电子设备，它的中心部件是变压器。使用IGBT可进行开关控制，而此功率晶体管又受到HVECU的控制。ACmotorsarepoweredbyinverters.AninverterconvertsDCpowertoACpowerattherequiredfrequencyandamplitude.Theinverterconvertsthehighvoltagedirectcurrentofthebatteryintothree-phasealternatingcurrentofMG1andMG2.WhenMG1orMG2actsasagenerator,theinverterconvertsthealternatingcurrent(rangeof201.6Vto500V)generatedbyeitherofthemintodirectcurrent.TheboostconverterthendropsittoDC201.6VtochargetheHVbattery.□交流电机由逆变器供电。逆变器按照要求的频率和振幅将直流电转换为交流电。逆变器将电池的高压直流转换为MG1和MG2的三相交流电。当MG1和MG2作为发电机运行时，逆变器将它们中的任何一个产生的交流电(范围从201.6V到500V)转换为直流电。升压转换器随后将其降至直流201.6V，以便为高压电池充电。第4章19.Howtoclassifyhybrids?Whatarethecategories?混合动力怎样分类？分为哪几类？CategorizeAccordingtothelayoutoftheprimemovers按照原动机的布置进行分类Accordingtothelayoutoftheprimemovers,hybriddrivescanbedividedintoserialhybrid,parallelhybridandpower-splithybrid(alsocalledseries-parallelhybrid)driveasfollows.根据原动机的布局，混合动力驱动可分为串联式混合动力、并联式混合动力和功率分流混合动力(又称串联并联混合驱动)三种驱动布置。·Serialhybriddrive:-nomechanicalcouplingofcombustionengineandwheels,-mechanicalgearboxnotmandatory,-acombustionengine,inconjunctionwithagenerator,functionssolelyasaelectricityproducer,-twohigh-performanceelectricmachines(generator+generator/electricmotor).·串联混合动力：-内燃机与之间没有机械连接；-机械变速箱不是强制性的；-一台内燃机与一台发电机配合，仅作为发电装置；-两台高性能电机(发电机+发电机/电机)。·Parallelhybriddrive:-bothdrivescanbecombined,-mechanicalgearboxrequired,-onlyoneelectricmachineisnecessary.·并联混合动力：-这两个动力装置可以组合-需要机械变速箱-只需要一台电机。·Power-splithybriddrive:-splittingofthecombustionenginepoweroutputintomechanicalandelectricpaths,-summarisinggear(planetarygearsets)requiredforthesplittingandjoiningofthemechanicalandelectricpower-paths,-atleasttwohigh-performanceelectricmachinesareneeded.·功率分流混合动力：-将内燃机功率输出分成机械和电气两个路径；-机械和电功率路径的功率分流和功率合成所需的功率合成机构(行星齿轮组)；-至少需要两台高性能电机。Categorizebytheirlevelsofhybridization按照混合度进行分类Therearedifferentlevelsof"hybridization"amonghybridsonthemarket.Differentvehiclemanufacturersusevarioushybridtechnologies.市场上混合动力汽车具有不同的混合度。不同的汽车制造商使用不同的混合动力技术。·Mildhybrid.Amildhybridusuallyusesa42-voltelectricalmotorandbatterypackage(36-voltbatteries,42-voltcharging)andisnotcapableofusingtheelectricmotortopropelthevehicleonitsownwithouthelpfromtheinternalcombustionengine.Amildhybridsystemhastheadvantageofcostingless,andsaveslessfuelcomparedtoafullhybridvehicleand.Thefuelsavingsforamildtypeofhybriddesignisabout8%to15%.·轻度混合动力轻度混合动力通常使用42伏电机和电池组(36伏电池，42伏充电)，而且没有内燃机的帮助，依靠本身无法使用电机来推进汽车。轻度混合动力系统的优点是成本较低，然而与重度混合动力汽车相比，节省的燃料少。轻度混合动力设计的燃料节约约为8%至15%。·Mediumhybrid.Amediumhybriduses144-to158-voltbatteries.Likeamildhybrid,atypicalmediumhybridisnotcapableofpropellingthevehiclefromastopusingbatterypoweralone.Thefuelsavingsareabout20%to25%formediumhybridsystems.ExamplesofamediumhybridincludeHondaAccord,InsightandCivic.·中度混合动力中度混合动力使用144至158伏的电池。与轻度混合动力一样，典型的中型混合动力车辆不能单独使用电池电力来推进车辆。对于中度混合系统，燃料节省约为20％至25％。中度混合动力的例子包括本田Accord、Insight和Civic。·Fullhybrid.Afullhybrid,alsocalledastronghybrid,isabletopropelthevehicleusingtheelectricmotor(s)alone.Eachvehiclemanufacturerhasmadeitsdecisiononwhichhybridtypetoimplementbasedonitsassessmentofthemarketnicheforaparticularmodel.Thefue