【《金属有机凝胶的应用综述》4900字】

金属有机凝胶的应用综述目录TOC\o"1-3"\h\u559金属有机凝胶的应用综述 150971.1金属有机凝胶在吸附方面的应用 141371.2金属有机凝胶在催化方面的应用 2831.3金属有机凝胶在传感方面的应用 31.1金属有机凝胶在吸附方面的应用MOGs通常包含90%以上的溶剂分子，因此，通过干燥去除MOGs中的溶剂后得到干凝胶具有大比表面积和多孔的特性。水凝胶化剂的自组装在超分子水凝胶的凝胶化过程中起关键作用。因此，触发或调节水凝胶剂的自组装成为超分子水凝胶的状态和性质的必不可少的控制步骤，这通常是通过化学或物理干预（例如，pH，温度，离子强度和超声搅动）来实现的。动态吸附体系是许多潜在应用中的重要一环，它们利用了金属离子的配位，有机多齿配体的组建方向和功能性基团以及这些金属-配给特性的有机组合开发了不同机理的吸附方法。通过金属离子和配体的选择对这些系统进行微调，并通过外部刺激诱导部件的自组装行为，设想出切实可行的地动力吸附体系ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Jung</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>497</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[88]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>497</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="fr5x0trs4s2v5rep0se5v52vv9zr0t9pdpr9"timestamp="1603504925">497</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jung,J.H.</author><author>Lee,J.H.</author><author>Silverman,J.R.</author><author>John,G.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>DepartmentofChemistry,ResearchInstituteofNaturalSciences,GyeongsangNationalUniversity,Jinju660-701,Korea.jonghwa@gnu.ac.kr</auth-address><titles><title>Coordinationpolymergelswithimportantenvironmentalandbiologicalapplications</title><secondary-title>ChemSocRev</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChemicalSocietyReviews</full-title><abbr-1>Chem.Soc.Rev.</abbr-1><abbr-2>ChemSocRev</abbr-2></periodical><pages>924-36</pages><volume>42</volume><number>3</number><edition>2012/11/30</edition><keywords><keyword>DrugDeliverySystems</keyword><keyword>Gels/chemicalsynthesis/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Ligands</keyword><keyword>Metals/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Models,Molecular</keyword><keyword>Polymers/chemicalsynthesis/*chemistry</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>Feb7</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1460-4744(Electronic) 0306-0012(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>23192282</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/23192282</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/c2cs35407a</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[88]。利用可生物降解的可再生生物材料早产小叶早熟叶中内源果胶与内源Ca2+，Mg2+和其他金属离子结合形成“蛋盒”结构的机理设计了一种基于自交联形成的铀吸附材料ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Gong</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>532</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[89]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>532</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="fr5x0trs4s2v5rep0se5v52vv9zr0t9pdpr9"timestamp="1607850567">532</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gong,Hongying</author><author>Lin,Xiaoyan</author><author>Xie,Yu</author><author>Liu,Lan</author><author>Zhou,Jian</author><author>Liao,Hui</author><author>Shang,Ran</author><author>Luo,Xuegang</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Anovelself-crosslinkedgelmicrospheresofPremnamicrophyllaturczleavesfortheabsorptionofuranium</title><secondary-title>JournalofHazardousMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofHazardousmaterials</full-title><abbr-1>J.Hazard.Mater.</abbr-1><abbr-2>JHazardMater</abbr-2></periodical><volume>404</volume><section>124151</section><dates><year>2021</year></dates><isbn>03043894</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124151</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[89]。在pH为5的条件下，对污水中铀的最大实验吸附容量为346.65mg·g-1，其动力学数据与拟二级模型具有良好的相关性。Peng等人首次利用深度脱硫和脱氮的干凝胶转换策略诱导MOF在磁性Fe3O4纳米颗粒周围生长磁响应MOFADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Tan</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>534</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[90]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>534</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="fr5x0trs4s2v5rep0se5v52vv9zr0t9pdpr9"timestamp="1607864650">534</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tan,Peng</author><author>Xie,Xiao-Yan</author><author>Liu,Xiao-Qin</author><author>Pan,Ting</author><author>Gu,Chen</author><author>Chen,Peng-Fei</author><author>Zhou,Jia-Yu</author><author>Pan,Yichang</author><author>Sun,Lin-Bing</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>FabricationofmagneticallyresponsiveHKUST-1/Fe3O4compositesbydrygelconversionfordeepdesulfurizationanddenitrogenation</title><secondary-title>JournalofHazardousMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofHazardousmaterials</full-title><abbr-1>J.Hazard.Mater.</abbr-1><abbr-2>JHazardMater</abbr-2></periodical><pages>344-352</pages><volume>321</volume><section>344</section><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>03043894</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.09.026</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[90]，以避免将磁性Fe3O4纳米颗粒引入MOF的孔中而堵塞孔穴。该吸附剂能够有效地从模型燃料中去除芳族硫和氮化合物，分别去除0.62mmolg-1和0.89mmolg-1的噻吩和吲哚，易于通过使用外部磁场进行分离，且在循环六次后显示出与新制备吸附剂相当的良好吸附能力。近期，Zhao及其课题组成员制备了Fe-壳聚糖/蒙脱土纳米片（Fe-CS/MMTNS）的自组装凝胶用于甲基蓝的移除ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhao</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>535</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[54]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>535</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="fr5x0trs4s2v5rep0se5v52vv9zr0t9pdpr9"timestamp="1607865029">535</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhao,Yunliang</author><author>Kang,Shichang</author><author>Qin,Lei</author><author>Wang,Wei</author><author>Zhang,Tingting</author><author>Song,Shaoxian</author><author>Komarneni,Sridhar</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Self-assembledgelsofFe-chitosan/montmorillonitenanosheets:Dyedegradationbythesynergisticeffectofadsorptionandphoto-Fentonreaction</title><secondary-title>ChemicalEngineeringJournal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChemicalEngineeringJournal</full-title><abbr-1>Chem.Eng.J.</abbr-1><abbr-2>ChemEngJ</abbr-2></periodical><volume>379</volume><section>122322</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>13858947</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.cej.2019.122322</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[54]。该凝胶材料性质稳定，由于铁和壳聚糖（CS）之间的络合作用，铁离子几乎没有被浸出。Hu等人已经展示了基于MOG的色谱柱的实例，通过原位凝胶化（Fe3+–1,3,5-均苯三甲酸（BTC））然后进行聚合反应，可以在无熔块结构的毛细管柱中快速合成有机金属杂化凝胶ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hu</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>585</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[91]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>585</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="fr5x0trs4s2v5rep0se5v52vv9zr0t9pdpr9"timestamp="1613310941">585</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hu,Y.</author><author>Fan,Y.</author><author>Huang,Z.</author><author>Song,C.</author><author>Li,G.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>SchoolofChemistryandChemicalEngineering,SunYat-senUniversity,Guangzhou,510275,China.ceshyl@</auth-address><titles><title>Insitufabricationofmetal-organichybridgelsinacapillaryforonlineenrichmentoftraceanalytesinaqueoussamples</title><secondary-title>ChemCommun(Camb)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChemCommun(Camb)</full-title></periodical><pages>3966-8</pages><volume>48</volume><number>33</number><edition>2012/03/16</edition><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Apr25</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1364-548X(Electronic) 1359-7345(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>22419993</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/22419993</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/c2cc17048e</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[91]。该MOG-色谱柱实现了从河水中有效富集了痕量的PAHs，以及从尿液样本中获得了苯丙胺类药物。在Wen等人的研究中，通过简单的滴注技术和Ca2+为金属源制备了一种新型的全生物质双网络黄麻/海藻酸钠（黄麻/SA）凝胶ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wen</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>569</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[92]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>569</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="fr5x0trs4s2v5rep0se5v52vv9zr0t9pdpr9"timestamp="1611063744">569</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wen,Lan</author><author>Zhang,Yuanmeng</author><author>Liu,Chengbin</author><author>Tang,Yanhong</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>All-BiomassDoubleNetworkGel:HighlyEfficientRemovalofPb2+andCd2+inWastewaterandUtilizationofSpentAdsorbents</title><secondary-title>JournalofPolymersandtheEnvironment</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofPolymersandtheEnvironment</full-title><abbr-1>J.Polym.Environ.</abbr-1><abbr-2>JPolymEnviron</abbr-2></periodical><pages>2669-2680</pages><volume>28</volume><number>10</number><section>2669</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>1566-2543 1572-8919</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s10924-020-01806-8</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[92]。黄麻和SA的链通过静电相互作用和氢键交联在一起形成稳定的珠子结构，显示出高效去除废水中的重金属能力，并具有出色的可回收性和可降解性。Ma等人发现石墨烯水凝胶通过桥连铜离子可以影响其对环丙沙星（CIP）的吸附ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ma</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>557</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[93]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>557</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="fr5x0trs4s2v5rep0se5v52vv9zr0t9pdpr9"timestamp="1611061201">557</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ma,Jie</author><author>Xiong,Yuecheng</author><author>Dai,Xiaohu</author><author>Yu,Fei</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>CoadsorptionbehaviorandmechanismofciprofloxacinandCu(II)ongraphenehydrogelwettedsurface</title><secondary-title>ChemicalEngineeringJournal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChemicalEngineeringJournal</full-title><abbr-1>Chem.Eng.J.</abbr-1><abbr-2>ChemEngJ</abbr-2></periodical><volume>380</volume><section>122387</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>13858947</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.cej.2019.122387</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[93]。吸附于凝胶的Cu（II）充当桥梁，而溶解在溶液中的Cu（II）充当CIP的竞争者。Yong等人提出了一种原位超声辅助方法，该方法协同实现了多金属有机凝胶（MMOG）吸附剂的制备和实际废水中重金属的去除ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>You</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>576</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[94]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>576</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="fr5x0trs4s2v5rep0se5v52vv9zr0t9pdpr9"timestamp="1611063992">576</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>You,Deng</author><author>Shi,Hui</author><author>Xi,Yu</author><author>Shao,Penghui</author><author>Yang,Liming</author><author>Yu,Kai</author><author>Han,Keke</author><author>Luo,Xubiao</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Simultaneousheavymetalsremovalviainsituconstructionofmultivariatemetal-organicgelsinactualwastewaterandthereutilizationforSb(V)capture</title><secondary-title>ChemicalEngineeringJournal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChemicalEngineeringJournal</full-title><abbr-1>Chem.Eng.J.</abbr-1><abbr-2>ChemEngJ</abbr-2></periodical><volume>400</volume><section>125359</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>13858947</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.cej.2020.125359</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[94]。生成胶凝剂的Cu（II）和-COOH之间的相互作用使得MMOGs具有最稳定的结合能而获得了最稳定的结构，合成过程中产生了用于捕获Cd（II）和Cr（III）的附加结合位点，以及对Sb（V）的去除能力。1.2金属有机凝胶在催化方面的应用催化剂在生物系统和化学工程过程中均起着关键作用ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[21,81,88]。使用金属试剂作为催化剂的优点是显而易见的：凝胶为所需的催化反应提供了类似细胞外基质（大分子生物水合物）的粘稠环境，而用作仿生催化反应器。将催化金属中心固化在凝胶基质中可有效防止金属流失到溶液中，减少金属离子的污染和浸出。因此，大大缩减了催化剂的分离和回收困难而引起的重复使用难题。独特的多孔结构使凝胶催化剂对分子扩散有效，使得催化活性单元很容易与目标分子接触。固体形态和聚合物性质使凝胶易于通过简单过滤进行回收。凝胶催化剂在分子水平上具有明确的纳米级形貌（例如纤维）和可控的结构，从而允许催化部位和/或刺激响应性亚基的结合。凝胶的催化功能受温度，声波和pH等外部刺激的调节。金属有机凝胶的快速发展为活性催化剂的合理设计提供了丰富的资源。改变金属有机凝胶的金属比例构成极大地影响了所制备催化剂的凝胶结构和材料性质。在Mo-Co掺杂的MOG中ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wang</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>533</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[95]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>533</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="fr5x0trs4s2v5rep0se5v52vv9zr0t9pdpr9"timestamp="1607860548">533</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wang,Peifen</author><author>Wang,Jing</author><author>An,Xiaowei</author><author>Shi,Jin</author><author>Shangguan,Wenfeng</author><author>Hao,Xiaogang</author><author>Xu,Guangwen</author><author>Tang,Bing</author><author>Abudula,Abuliti</author><author>Guan,Guoqing</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>GenerationofabundantdefectsinMn-Comixedoxidesbyafacileagar-gelmethodforhighlyefficientcatalysisoftotaltolueneoxidation</title><secondary-title>AppliedCatalysisB:Environmental</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AppliedCatalysisB:Environmental</full-title></periodical><volume>282</volume><section>119560</section><dates><year>2021</year></dates><isbn>09263373</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.119560</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[95]，Mn2Co1复合氧化物催化剂的特性，认为提高的催化性能有助于更大的表面积，更高的Mn4+，Mn3+和Co3+种类含量以及更多的氧空位和更好的还原性。原位DRIFTS分析表明，吸附的氧和晶格态氧可同时参与甲苯的吸附-氧化过程，特别是验证速率控制步骤为芳环C=C键的断裂。将钼酸盐（PMA）引入MOG中，通过捕获和转移光生电子来促进电子-空穴对的有效分离，进而显着增强MOG-Cr的光吸收性能ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhou</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>591</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[96]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>591</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="fr5x0trs4s2v5rep0se5v52vv9zr0t9pdpr9"timestamp="1613311485">591</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhou,Xue‐jun</author><author>Ji,Yue‐Xia</author><author>Cao,Jia‐Feng</author><author>Xin,Zhi‐Feng</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Polyoxometalateencapsulatedinmetal‐organicgelasanefficientcatalystforvisible‐light‐drivendyedegradationapplications</title><secondary-title>AppliedOrganometallicChemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AppliedOrganometallicChemistry</full-title><abbr-1>Appl.Organomet.Chem.</abbr-1><abbr-2>ApplOrganometChem</abbr-2></periodical><volume>32</volume><number>3</number><section>e4206</section><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>0268-2605 1099-0739</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/aoc.4206</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[96]。将多金属氧酸盐封装在金属有机凝胶中所制备的光催化剂，表现出优异的MB，RhB和MO光降解效率，在仅用10mg光催化剂在可见光照射下，分别在60分钟内分别达到99％和97％和120分钟内91％的降解速率。由于Pd2+的高催化活性，已开发出许多基于Pd的凝胶体系进行催化。Huang等人设计了一种动态三价铁凝胶，进一步用于结合Pd2+离子，从而生成了凝胶催化剂ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ye</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>650</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[97]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>650</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="fr5x0trs4s2v5rep0se5v52vv9zr0t9pdpr9"timestamp="1618996897">650</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ye,Yu-Xin</author><author>Liu,Wan-Long</author><author>Ye,Bao-Hui</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>AhighlyefficientandrecyclablePd(II)metallogelcatalyst:AnewscaffoldforSuzuki-Miyauracoupling</title><secondary-title>CatalysisCommunications</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>CatalysisCommunications</full-title><abbr-1>Catal.Commun.</abbr-1><abbr-2>CatalCommun</abbr-2></periodical><pages>100-105</pages><volume>89</volume><section>100</section><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>15667367</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.catcom.2016.10.017</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[97]。该凝胶可回收利用，与均相Pd催化剂相比，对Suzuki-MiyauraC-C偶联反应显示出更高的催化效率。Ye等人合成了Pd2+金属凝胶并干燥后用于Suzuki-Miyaura偶联催化ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ye</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>650</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[97]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>650</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="fr5x0trs4s2v5rep0se5v52vv9zr0t9pdpr9"timestamp="1618996897">650</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ye,Yu-Xin</author><author>Liu,Wan-Long</author><author>Ye,Bao-Hui</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>AhighlyefficientandrecyclablePd(II)metallogelcatalyst:AnewscaffoldforSuzuki-Miyauracoupling</title><secondary-title>CatalysisCommunications</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>CatalysisCommunications</full-title><abbr-1>Catal.Commun.</abbr-1><abbr-2>CatalCommun</abbr-2></periodical><pages>100-105</pages><volume>89</volume><section>100</section><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>15667367</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.catcom.2016.10.017</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[97]。使用极少量的Pd加载量（0.001-0.005mol％），可以实现99％的高产率。另外，这些反应在水和乙醇中进行，所得产物至少可循环使用7次而不会降低活性。Wang等人最近开发了一种非常有趣的金属凝胶催化剂ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[47]。该凝胶由具有相反手性配体（具有吡啶基（l/d-PF）的苯丙氨酸衍生物组成。在一系列测试的金属盐中，CuSO4是唯一能够诱导其组装的金属盐。（l+d）-PF-Cu呈现特殊的紫色，而l-PF-Cu和d-PF-Cu均为蓝色，发现O2与Cu2+离子配位，然后形成一种新的[（l+d）-PF-Cu3+-O2-]物种，这种凝胶具有抗坏血酸还原铁细胞色素c的催化活性，在此期间它从抗坏血酸接收电子并释放活性O2-加速还原过程。图1-7L-PF-Cu，D-PF-Cu和（L+D）-PF-Cu金属水凝胶的制备过程以及相应的干凝胶图像[47]。Figure1-7PreparationprocessfortheL-PF-Cu,D-PF-Cuand(L+D)-PF-Cumetallohydrogels,andthecorrespondingxerogelimages1.3金属有机凝胶在传感方面的应用手性识别手性的概念最早是由开尔文勋爵（LordKelvin）在1893年提出的，指的是可以与其镜像区别开来的对象或系统。手性是自然界中非常重要的性质，可以观察到分子尺度。手性分子可以提供手性识别中心，而手性纳米结构可以提供合适的3D结构或合适的微环境来捕获手性客体。由于分子间的相互作用难以检测和分析，因此手性纳米结构是手性识别的良好选择。其中，手性凝胶是最吸引人的凝胶，因为它们可以将识别信号放大到可检测的水平。有许多调控因素会影响手性超分子结构的构建，例如温度，pH，溶剂，扩散，和金属离子ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[98-101]。超分子凝胶的行为与常用的手性分子主体截然不同，超分子凝胶中的小有机分子自组装成有序的纳米结构，并缠结成三维网络以固定有机溶剂或水。凝胶通常是异质体系，其中纳米结构和溶剂共存。在许多外部刺激下，凝胶可以很容易地经历凝胶-溶胶或凝胶-沉淀的转变，并为柔性材料提供出色的响应能力ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhang</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>632</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[102]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>632</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="fr5x0trs4s2v5rep0se5v52vv9zr0t9pdpr9"timestamp="1614770438">632</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhang,L.</author><author>Jin,Q.</author><author>Liu,M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>BeijingNationalLaboratoryforMolecularScience(BNLMS),CASKeyLaboratoryofColloid,Interface,andChemicalThermodynamics,InstituteofChemistry,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing,100190,P.R.China. HenanProvincialKeyLaboratoryofSurfaceandInterfaceScience,ZhengzhouUniversityofLightIndustry,Zhengzhou,Henan,450002,P.R.China. BeijingNationalLaboratoryforMolecularScience(BNLMS),CASKeyLaboratoryofColloid,Interface,andChemicalThermodynamics,InstituteofChemistry,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing,100190,P.R.China.liumh@.</auth-address><titles><title>EnantioselectiveRecognitionbyChiralSupramolecularGels</title><secondary-title>ChemAsianJ</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChemAsianJ</full-title></periodical><pages>2642-2649</pages><volume>11</volume><number>19</number><edition>2016/06/04</edition><keywords><keyword>chirality</keyword><keyword>enantioselectivity</keyword><keyword>gels</keyword><keyword>molecularrecognition</keyword><keyword>supramolecularchemistry</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Oct6</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1861-471X(Electronic) 1861-471X(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>27258582</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/27258582</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/asia.201600441</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[102]。手性识别凝胶是对映体选择性的，即它们对对映体表现出不同的响应特征。通常，这种差异可以通过电化学强度，相变或颜色变化以及新的发射/吸收带中的光信号变化来检测。Marks及其同事开发了一系列带有二茂铁衍生物-印迹凝胶系统的电化学活性手性探针ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><RecNum>631</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[103]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>631</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="fr5x0trs4s2v5rep0se5v52vv9zr0t9pdpr9"timestamp="1614761434">631</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><la050240y.pdf></title></titles><dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[103]。通过检测循环伏安（CV）信号，可以使用信号变化轻松区分手性对映体。此外，该系统还具有非特异性结合手性识别特性，以及极低检测限（1×10-6-10×10-6M）。2010年，Chen等人报告了第一种视觉对映选择性金属盐，它是由1,1'-联-2-萘酚（BINOL）-吡啶-Cu（II）络合物（R）-2形成的有机凝胶ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><RecNum>630</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[104]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>630</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="fr5x0trs4s2v5rep0se5v52vv9zr0t9pdpr9"timestamp="1614759893">630</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><ja102480t.pdf></title></titles><dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[104]。当用（R）-氨基醇处理时保持凝胶相，而当使用（S）-氨基醇时导致凝胶的塌陷。荧光研究表明，（S）-氨基醇替代了原始的Cu2+配体，而（R）-氨基醇对胶凝剂分子的反应性很小。手性识别也可以通过视觉颜色变化来实现。喹啉醇官能化的1-谷氨酰胺（HQLG）配体可以与Zn2+离子配位，并且Zn-HQLG有机凝胶通过荧光色差显示出对映体1,2-二氨基环己烷的手性识别ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[105]。发现最初金属络合物的结构和胶凝剂组装体在手性识别中均起重要作用。名为o-SLG的两亲性胶凝剂，它含有席夫碱部分和1-谷氨酰胺的两亲性官能团，可以在有机溶剂中容易地形成凝胶。在Mg2+离子存在的情况下，o-SLG–Mg2+凝胶表现出对d-和1-酒石酸的手性识别特性，对映体之间存在荧光猝灭差异ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Jin</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>628</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[106]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>628</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="fr5x0trs4s2v5rep0se5v52vv9zr0t9pdpr9"timestamp="1614759539">628</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jin,Q.</author><author>Zhang,L.</author><author>Zhu,X.</author><author>Duan,P.</author><author>Liu,M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>BeijingNationalLaboratoryforMolecularScience,InstituteofChemistry,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing,100190,PRChina.</auth-address><titles><title>AmphiphilicSchiffbaseorganogels:metal-ion-mediatedchiraltwistsandchiralrecognition</title><secondary-title>Chemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Chemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>4916-22</pages><volume>18</volume><number>16</number><edition>2012/03/15</edition><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Apr16</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1521-3765(Electronic) 0947-6539(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>22416042</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/22416042</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/chem.201103187</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[106]。白光发射（Whitelight）高效发白光材料在显示设备和节能固态照明方面具有巨大潜力。发射白光的有机材料由于其在电致发光器件和传感器中的应用潜力而越来越受到当代研究的关注。为了从有机发光材料中获得白光，需要以所需的强度同时激发三种或两种不同的荧光分子，从而发出红色（R），绿色（G）和蓝色（B）的三种原色光或两种互补色（橘色和绿松石色）来覆盖可见波长范围（400-750nm）。供体和受体之间的能量传递过程的控制对于白光调配发射至关重要，并且可以通过适当的分子设计和控制溶液或固态中的组件间相互作用来实现ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Praveen</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>254</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[66]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>254</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="fr5x0trs4s2v5rep0se5v52vv9zr0t9pdpr9"timestamp="1596939504">254</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Praveen,V.K.</author><author>Ranjith,C.</author><author>Armaroli,N.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>IstitutoperlaSintesiOrganicaelaFotoreattivita,ConsiglioNazionaledelleRicerche(ISOF-CNR),ViaGobetti101,40129Bologna(Italy)r.it/?q=content/armaroli-nicola.</auth-address><titles><title>White-light-emittingsupramoleculargels</title><secondary-title>AngewChemIntEdEngl</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AngewandteChemie,InternationalEditioninEnglish</full-title><abbr-1>Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Engl.</abbr-1><abbr-2>AngewChemIntEdEngl</abbr-2></periodical><pages>365-8</pages><volume>53</volume><number>2</number><edition>2013/11/28</edition><keywords><keyword>energytransfer</keyword><keyword>gels</keyword><keyword>lightharvesting</keyword><keyword>self-assembly</keyword><keyword>white-lightemission</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year><pub-dates><date>Jan7</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1521-3773(Electronic) 1433-7851(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>24282050</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/24282050</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/anie.201306787</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[66]。在这种情况下，由分子自发组装形成的超分子凝胶是特殊的介质，同时具有溶液和固态的特性可以成为光电子传递的优良载体。Ajayaghosh等人报道了使用受控供体自组装和能量转移的发白光有机凝胶的第一个例子ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Vijayakumar</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>605</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[107]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>605</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="fr5x0trs4s2v5rep0se5v52vv9zr0t9pdpr9"timestamp="1614494779">605</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Vijayakumar,Chakkooth</author><author>Praveen,VakayilK.</author><author>Ajayaghosh,Ayyappanpillai</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>RGBEmissionthroughControlledDonorSelf-AssemblyandModulationofExcitationEnergyTransfer:ANovelStrategytoWhite-Light-EmittingOrganogels</title><secondary-title>AdvancedMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AdvancedMaterials</full-title><abbr-1>Adv.Mater.</abbr-1><abbr-2>AdvMater</abbr-2></periodical><pages>2059-2063</pages><volume>21</volume><number>20</number><section>2059</section><dates><year>2009</year></dates><isbn>09359648 15214095</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/adma.200802932</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[107]。基于有机凝胶的形态和发射特性的可调整，各类调制白光凝胶陆续被研发出来。苯酚取代的1,8-萘二甲酰亚胺衍生物作为供体和发出橙色光的铱（III）离子受体配合成的复合物，从而制备了一种新型的发白光的双组分凝胶ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Cao</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>255</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[108]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>255</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="fr5x0trs4s2v5rep0se5v52vv9zr0t9pdpr9"timestamp="1596939734">255</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cao,Xinhua</author><au