阅读理解题型分类练(六)　主旨大意题-文章大意类

阅读理解题型分类练(六)主旨大意题——文章大意类(分值：30分)授课提示：对应专题检测题题过16页A(2025·江西十校第二次联考)InNewYorkCity,therelivedtwofriends,RachelandBruce.Rachel'sfamilylivedinacozyapartmentintheheartofManhattan,whileBruce'sfamilyresidedinacrampedapartmentontheoutskirtsofBrooklyn.Everyday,RachelandBrucesaweachotheratschool.Theirlaughterechoed(回响)throughthecampus.Butastheygrewolder,theybegantonoticethedifferencesintheirlives.Rachel'sfamilytookvacationstoexotic(异国情调的)destinations,whileBruce'sfamilystruggledtomakeendsmeet.Oneday,RachelinvitedBrucetoherbirthdaypartyatalavishhoteloverlookingCentralPark.AsBrucesteppedintotheluxuriousballroom,hecouldn'thelpbutfeeloutofplace.Atthatmoment,herealizedtheextentoftheeconomicinequalityintheirsociety.Whilesomelivedinluxury,othersstruggledtosurvive.BrucediscussedtheissuewithRachel.Theybothweredeterminedtomakeadifference.Theyjoinedforcestoraiseawarenessabouttheissue,organizedfooddrives,andvolunteeredathomelessshelters.Theireffortscontributedtoamovementforchange.Peoplefromallwalksoflifecametogethertodemandequalopportunitiesforeverycitizen.Throughperseveranceandsolidarity,RachelandBruce'sactsblossomedintoalighthouseofhopeforthemarginalized(边缘化的).Astheystoodsidebyside,gazingoutatthecityskyline,theyhopedthattogether,theycouldcreateafuturewhereeconomicinequalitywasnothingmorethanadistantmemory.【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了纽约市的两位朋友Rachel和Bruce在成长过程中逐渐意识到彼此生活的经济差距，并决定通过行动推动社会变革，致力于消除经济不平等，最终激发了一场社会运动，为边缘群体带来了希望。1．Whatdoestheword“cramped”inthefirstparagraphmostlikelymean？()A．Spacious.B．Comfortable.C．Crowded.D．Miserable.答案：C解析：词义猜测题。根据第一段中“Rachel'sfamilylivedinacozyapartmentintheheartofManhattan,whileBruce'sfamilyresidedinacrampedapartmentontheoutskirtsofBrooklyn.”，由“while”可知此处将瑞秋和布鲁斯的居住环境进行对比，“cozy”表示舒适的，所以“cramped”应表示与舒适相反的居住空间状况。故选C。2．HowdidBrucefeelwhenheattendedRachel'sbirthdayparty？()A．Excitedandhappy.B．Gratefulandhonored.C．Indifferentandbored.D．Uncomfortableanduneasy.答案：D解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中“AsBrucesteppedintotheluxuriousballroom,hecouldn'thelpbutfeeloutofplace.Atthatmoment,herealizedtheextentoftheeconomicinequalityintheirsociety.Whilesomelivedinluxury,othersstruggledtosurvive.”，可知，Bruce在豪华的环境中感到不自在。故选D。3．WhatdidRachelandBrucedotoaddresseconomicinequality？()A．Theyignoredtheissueandfocusedontheirstudies.B．Theyorganizedfooddrivesandvolunteeredathomelessshelters.C．Theymovedtoadifferentcitytoescapetheproblem.D.Theyaskedtheirfamiliesforfinancialsupport.答案：B解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中“Theyjoinedforcestoraiseawarenessabouttheissue,organizedfooddrives,andvolunteeredathomelessshelters.”可知，他们组织食物募捐活动，在流浪者收容所做志愿者。故选B。4．Whatisthemainideaofthepassage？()A．RachelandBruce'sfriendshipgrewstrongerovertime.B.EconomicinequalityinspiredRachelandBrucetotakeaction.C．Rachel'sfamilywaswealthierthanBruce'sfamily.D．NewYorkCityisaplaceofgreateconomicinequality.答案：B解析：主旨大意题。通读全文尤其第三段可知，文章开篇介绍了Rachel和Bruce的家庭经济差异，接着通过生日聚会引出经济不平等的问题，随后详细讲述了两人为改变这种不平等状况所付出的努力，如组织活动、做志愿者等。B选项“经济不平等激励Rachel和Bruce采取行动”，符合文章围绕两人因经济不平等问题而采取行动的主旨。故选B。B(2025·昆明“三诊一模”质量检测)Encouragingbilingualism,theabilitytospeaktwolanguagesequallywell,athomecanhavemanybenefitsonmentalprocessesofunderstanding,whichmaybeparticularlyhelpfultokidswithautism(自闭症),anewresearchindicates.Thenewresearchexploredtheroleofbilingualismin112children,includingchildrenwithtypicaldevelopmentandchildrenwithautism,betweentheagesof7to12yearsold.Overall,theyfoundthatchildrenwhospoketwoormorelanguagesoftenhadstrongerexecutive(执行)functioningskills.Thismeanstheyareabletocontrolthesuddendesireandtoswitchbetweendifferenttasksmoreeasilythanchildrenwhoonlyspeakonelanguage.PublishedinthejournalAutismResearch,theresultsaresignificantbecauseexecutivefunctioningskillsareakeychallengeforchildrenwithautism,butareimportantforallkidstodevelopinschoolandlaterintheworkplace.Whileexecutivefunctionskillsdevelopandimproveacrossthewholelife,individualswithautismoftenstrugglewithexecutivefunctioning,affectingtheirabilitytomanagedailytasksandadapttonewsituations.Anideacalledjointactivationfromthefieldofneuroscience(神经科学)canhelpexplaintheresults.Priorresearchsuggeststhatthebilingualbrainhastwolanguagesconstantlyactiveandcompeting.Asaresult,thedailyexperienceofshiftingbetweentheselanguagesisassociatedwithenhancedexecutivecontrol.“Ifyouhavetodealwithtwolanguages,youhavetocontroloneintentionallyinordertousetheother.That'stheidea,thatrestrictionortheabilitytostopyoufromdoingsomething,mightbestrengthenedbyknowingtwolanguages，”saysLucinaUddin,nowaprofessorattheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles.“Thiswillsurelybringasenseofrelieftomanyofourfamilieslivingwithlovedoneswithautism.Butmaybeittakestimetotranslatethattofamilies，”saysLynnPerry,anassociateprofessorattheUniversityofMiami.Perryintendstoconductfurtherresearchwithpreschoolchildrentoseeifbilingualismalsohasanimpactonkids'interpersonalskills,whicharecrucialforchildren'ssocialandmentaldevelopment.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究表明，在家中鼓励掌握双语(即同样流利地说两种语言的能力)对理解的心理过程有许多好处，这可能对患有自闭症的孩子特别有帮助。5．Whatcanbelearnedaboutexecutivefunctioningskills？()A．Theyhelpdevelopchildren'sbilingualism.B．Theycontributetochildren'ssuddendesire.C．Theyarehardtoobtainforkidswithautism.D．Theyareformedbetweentheagesof7to12.答案：C解析：细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“PublishedinthejournalAutismResearch,theresultsaresignificantbecauseexecutivefunctioningskillsareakeychallengeforchildrenwithautism,butareimportantforallkidstodevelopinschoolandlaterintheworkplace.”可知，执行功能技能对于自闭症儿童来说是难以获得的，因为这对他们来说是一个关键挑战。故选C。6．Howdoestheidea“jointactivation”work？()A．Byactivatingthepriormemory.B．Byswitchingtootherlearningtasks.C．Bypreventinglanguagecompetitions.D．Byenhancingrestrictionononelanguage.答案：D解析：细节理解题。根据文章第四段可知，“联合激活”的概念是通过增强对一种语言的限制来起作用的，当你要使用一种语言时，得有意控制另一种语言。故选D。7．Whatmightthefollow-upstudyfocuson？()A．Bilingualism'sapplicationinotherfields.B．Parents'risingawarenessofbilingualism.C．Waystocurepreschoolchildrenwithautism.D．Bilingualism'seffectonkids'socialinteraction.答案：D解析：细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中“Perryintendstoconductfurtherresearchwithpreschoolchildrentoseeifbilingualismalsohasanimpactonkids'interpersonalskills,whicharecrucialforchildren'ssocialandmentaldevelopment.”可知，后续的研究可能会集中在双语对孩子社交互动的影响上，因为研究人员想看看双语对孩子的人际交往技能是否有影响。故选D。8．Whatisthetextmainlyabout？()A．Thebenefitsofbeingbilingual.B．Thecausesandeffectsofautism.C．Thestrategiestomastertwolanguages.D．Therolebilingualismplaysinfightingautism.答案：D解析：主旨大意题。根据第一、四段以及最后一段可知，文章认为双语在对抗自闭症方面有作用，后文围绕双语对自闭症儿童执行功能技能的影响以及相关原理等展开论述。由此可知这篇文章主要讲的是双语在对抗自闭症中所起的作用。故选D。C(2025·河南二十校猜题大联考)Theplacesinhabitedbymanyspeciesareshiftingduetoclimatechange,andthesespeciesaremostlytrackedbyformalmonitoringplansandsurveys.However,thesetraditionalmethodsmaystruggletospotrapidchanges,andsometimesoverlookurbanareas.AnewstudyledbytheUniversityofExeterexaminedpostsaboutJerseytigermothsonmainsocialmedia．Thepostsrevealthatthemothsareunexpectedlycommonintownsandcities.Thefindingsdemonstratehowsocialmediacanhelpscientiststrackanimalspeciesastheyrelocateinresponsetoclimatechange.“Wildlifesurveystendtobedoneinruralareas,sotheirinformationdoesn'talwaysreflectthevitalimportanceoftownsandcities，”saidNileStephenson,wholedthestudy.UrbanparksandgardensprovidediversehabitatswherespeciesliketheJerseytigermothcangrowwell.Byaccountingforbiases(偏差)andgapsinthedata,researchershavedevelopedamethodthatcouldbewidelyusedtotrackmanyspecies—especiallythosethatshareurbanenvironments.“Ourstudyshowsthatplentyofpeopleintownsandcitiesareinterestedinwildlife,whichhasthepotentialtoincreaseconnectednesstonature，”saidStephenson,nowattheUniversityofCambridge.“Wealsofoundsomepeoplewhoareveryinterestedinwildlifeandphotographytendtopostimagesofawiderangeofwildlifetheysee.Thisprovidesadatabasethatscientistscanuse.”StephensonsaidthepubliccanalsohelpbypostinginplacessuchasiNaturalistandiRecord,asinformationfromtheseisalreadyusedinresearch.Theteamhighlightedlimitationsofusingsocialmedia,sayingitcanonlybeusedtocomplement—notreplace—traditionalmonitoring.“Becausesocialmediaissosubjecttotrends,wewouldexpecttoseebias，suchasmoresightingsofspeciesthatarebeingwidelytalkedabout，”saidStephenson.“However,wecanturnthatintoapositive.Forexample,wecouldimprovemonitoringofinvasive(入侵的)speciesbymakingtrendsaroundrecordingsightings.”【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了新的研究表明，社交媒体可以帮助科学家追踪动物物种，尤其是在气候多变的环境下。9．Whatcanbelearnedabouttraditionalanimalspeciesmonitoring？()A．Ithassomelimitations.B．Itisn'tbackedbyscience.C．Itisonlyusedinruralareas.D．Itprovescomplicatedtocarryout.答案：A解析：细节理解题。根据第一段“由于气候变化，许多物种的栖息地正在发生变化，这些物种主要通过正式的监测计划和调查来追踪。然而，这些传统方法可能难以发现快速变化，有时还会忽略城市地区。”可知，传统监测方法存在难以发现快速变化以及会忽略城市地区等局限性。所以关于传统动物物种监测，可以了解到它存在一些局限性。故选A。10．Whatdoesthestudyfind？()A．Mostonlineanimalimagesareunreliable.B.Urbanenvironmentsareunsuitableforanimals.C.Wildlifeappealstomanypeopleinurbanareas.D.Diversehabitatsinthewil