英语词汇学课件 chapter 5 formation of english wors

EnglishLexicologyChapter5TheFormationoftheEnglishWords–MajorTypesEnglishLexicologyEnglishLexicology1.Isthemorphemeaminimalunitinaword?Giveexamplestoillustrateyourjudgment.2.Whataretherelationsamongstems,rootsandaffixes?3.Doyouthinkthereissomethingincommonbetweeninflectionalandderivationalmorphemes?Whyorwhynot?4.Giveexamplestostatethecharacteristicsofconversion.5.Whydowesaythatcompoundsareusuallyeasytounderstandinmeaning?PiontsforThinking01NotionsofMorphologicalFormationEnglishLexicologyEnglishLexicologyGroup1:unhappy,unadvisable,undesirableGroup2:happyun,doneun,adviseunWhyarewordsingrouponeEnglishwords,whilewordsingroup2not?LEAD-INEnglishLexicology1.1MorphemeMorpheme:themostelementalunitofgrammaticalformderivedfromtheGreekwordmorphemeaning“form”Theminimallinguisticunit—anarbitraryunionofasoundandameaningthatcannotbefurtheranalyzed.Itmaybeawordorpartofawordwhichhasmeaning;Anditmayrecurindifferentverbalenvironmentswitharelativelystablemeaning.EnglishLexicology1.1MorphemeAsinglewordmayconsistofoneormoremorphemes,e.g.onemorphemenationtwomorphemesnation+althreemorphemesnation+al+izefourmorphemesde+nation+al+izemorethanfourmorphemesde+nation+al+iz+ationAmorphememayberepresented…byasinglesoundameaning“without”asinamoralorasexual.byasinglesyllablechildand-ishinchildish.bytwosyllables,

camelandwater.bythreesyllablesHackensackorcrocodile.byfourormoresyllables,elevator.EnglishLexicology1.2FreeandBoundMorphemesFree

morphemes

canstandaloneaswords.Standbythemselvesaswords:interest,map,vitalBepartofotherwords:interesting,mapping,revitalize.Bound

morphemescannotstandalone;mustcombinewithothermorphemes.Examples:-s(indogs),-al(innational),dis-

(indisclose).EnglishLexicology1.3ContentandFunctionMorphemesContent

morphemes:carrylexicalmeaning(open-classmorphemes).Examples:sand(noun),throw(verb),green(adjective).Function

morphemes:signalgrammaticalrelations(closed-classmorphemes).Examples:to,by(prepositions);the,a(articles);and,or(conjunctions).EnglishLexicology1.4DerivationalMorphemes:DefinitionDerivationalmorphemescanbeaddedtoawordtocreateanotherword.Carryingsemanticinformation:Changemeaning,partofspeech,orboth.Examples:un-+invited→uninvited

(opposite)-ness+happy→happiness(adjective→noun)EnglishLexicology1.4DerivationalMorphemes:KeyFeaturesTheychangepartofspeechorbasicmeaning.Example:judge(verb)+-ment→judgment(noun).Re-+activate→reactivate(activateagain)Theyarenotrequiredbysyntacticrelationsoutsidetheword.Example:unkindcanbeusedregardlessofsubject.Oftennotproductive;selectiveincombining.Example:-hoodcombineswithbrother,neighbor,knightbutnot*friendhood,*daughterhood,*candlehood.Meaningcanalsobeunpredictable:brotherhood=stateofbeingbrothers;neighborhood≠stateofbeingneighbors.

EnglishLexicology1.4InflectionalMorphemes:DefinitionInflectionalmorphemeschangethefunctionofaword(tense,number,aspect,etc.)withoutchangingmeaningorpartofspeech.Examples:-sincats(pluralmarker);-dininvited(pasttense).Englishhaseightinflectionalmorphemes:EnglishLexicology1.4InflectionalMorphemes:DefinitionEnglishLexicology1.4InflectionalMorphemes:KeyFeaturesTheydonotchangebasicmeaningorpartofspeech.E.g.,big,bigger,biggest(alladjectives).Theyexpressgrammatically-requiredfeaturesorrelations.E.g.,-sinJoanlovesKimmarksthird-personsingularandrelatestosubjectJoan.Productive:Theycombinefreelywithnearlyallmembersofalargeclass.E.g.,plural-sattachestoalmostanynoun.TheyOccuroutsideanyderivationalmorphemes.E.g.,rationalizations–final-scomesafterderivational-al,-iz,-ation.EnglishLexicology1.5Roots,StemsandAffixes:RootsRoot:thecentralmorphemecontainingtheprincipallexicalmeaning.

Oftenafreemorpheme.Examples:paint(inpainter),read(inreader),decide(inundecided).Free

rootscanstandaloneaswordsE.g.,moon,boy,paintBound

rootscannotstandalone;manyderivedfromforeignlanguages(Greek/Latin)Examples:tain(incontain,detain,retain)fromLatintenere="tohold";ceive(inconceive,deceive,receive)fromLatincapere="totake".EnglishLexicology1.5Roots,StemsandAffixes:AffixesAffix:aboundmorphemeattachedtoaroot.Position-basedclassification:Prefixes:beforetheroot(dis-,un-,in-).Suffixes:aftertheroot(-able,-ize,-al).Function-basedclassification:Inflectional

affix:oftenasuffix;theyusuallyperformgrammaticalfunction;noword-classchange.Derivational

affix:anaffix;lexicalfunction,createnewwords.EnglishLexicology1.5Roots,StemsandAffixes:InflectionalAffixesDonotchangepartofspeech.Example:cold-colder;

cough-coughedCombinewithallstemsofagivenpartofspeech.Example:Heeats,drinks,dreams,runs,thinks,works.Donotpileup;onlyoneinflectionalaffixendsaword.Example:unverbalized.Comelastinaword.Example:nationalized.EnglishLexicology1.5Roots,StemsandAffixes:DerivationalAffixesCharacteristicsofDerivationalAffixesFormonewordfromanother;oftenchangewordclass.Maybeprefixesorsuffixes.Havealexical

function:createnewwordsfromexistingones.Examples:-ness(suffix),pre-(prefix).Derivationalaffixesareidenticalwithderivationalmorphemes.EnglishLexicologyI.Whatdothefollowingdefinitionsreferto?1.asmallestunitofmeaninginalanguage2.aboundmorphemeattachedtoabase3.anaffixattachedtothebeginningofabase4.anaffixattachedtotheendofabaseTASKEnglishLexicologyII.Givemoreexamples.ROOTMEANINGEXAMPLES-auto-selfautomation,autonomy,…-bio-lifeamphibious,biology,…-formform,shapeformative,transform,…-port-carrytransport,importation,…-sol-alonesolitude,solitaire,…TASK02DerivationEnglishLexicologyEnglishLexicologyIntroduction:WhatisDerivation?Derivation

isamorphologicalprocessaddingaderivationalmorpheme(affix)toaroot/stem,creatinganewwordwithadistinctmeaning.Alsocalledaffixation,bywhichnewwordsarederivedfromoldones.Examples:pure+-ify→purify

(verb:tomakesomethingpure)purify+-ation→purification

(noun:theprocessofmakingpure)pouzy→pouzified

("Walkingoncarpetpouzifiedmyhair")EnglishLexicology2.1FeaturesofPrefixesandSuffixesUsually,awordattachesonlyoneprefixtoitsrootorstem,andprefixesdonotchangethewordclassoftheword.Examples:a+moral,re+print,auto+biography,sub+prime,dis+agree,un+important.However,somemodernprefixescanchangewordclass:anti-+aircraft(noun→adj:anti-aircraft),en-+rich(adj→verb:enrich),be-+little(adj→verb:belittle).EnglishLexicologyMajorlivingprefixescanbeclassifiedbytheirmeaning(Quirketal.)2.1FeaturesofPrefixesandSuffixesNegative:a-,dis-,in-,non-,un-Reversative/privative:de-,dis-,un-Pejorative:mal-,mis-,pseudo-Degree/size:arch-,hyper-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,ultra-,under-Attitude:anti-,co-,counter-,pro-Locative:inter-,sub-,super-,trans-Time/order:fore-,ex-,post-,pre-,un-Number:bi-,di-,mono-,multi-,poly-,tri-,uni-Conversion:a-,be-,en-Miscellaneous:auto-,neo-,pan-,proto-,semi-,vice-EnglishLexicologyDerivationalsuffixescanoftenchangethewordclassofthewordtowhichtheyareattached.2.1FeaturesofPrefixesandSuffixesVerbtoAdj.desire+-able=desirable;adore+-able=adorableaccept+-able=acceptable;select+-ive=selective;VerbtoNouncollect+ion;act+or;acquit+al;pay+ment.NountoAdj.boy+-ish;virtue+-ous;life+-like;history+-ic;trust+-ful

NountoVerbclass+-ify;moral+-ize;vaccine+-ateEnglishLexicologyDerivationalsuffixescanoftenchangethewordclassofthewordtowhichtheyareattached.2.1FeaturesofPrefixesandSuffixesAdjective→Nounsweet+-ie=sweetie;short+-y=shortyAdj.toV.pure+ifyample+ifyputrid+fyEnglishLexicologyBlockingofderivations:E.g.,whenCommun+istentered,*Commun+ite(asinTrotsky+ite)and*Commun+ian(asingrammar+ian)werenotformed.Sometimes,alternativescancoexist:E.g.,Chomskyan,Chomskyist,Chomskyite(allmeaningfollowerofChomsky’sviewsoflinguistics).E.g.,linguist,linguistician,*linguite2.1FeaturesofPrefixesandSuffixesEnglishLexicology2.2TypesofPrefixes1.PrefixesRelatedtoIT,Life,Material,Environmentaudio-,bio-,cyber-,e-,eco-,geo-,nano-,radio-,techno-,tele-,video-Examples:audiovisual(usingsoundandimages)biochemistry(studyofchemicalprocessesinlivingthings)cyber-crime(crimeinvolvingcomputers)nanosecond(onebillionthofasecond)nanotechnology(buildingverysmallmachines)technobabble(confusingtechnicallanguage)EnglishLexicology2.2TypesofPrefixes2.PrefixesMeaning"PartlyTrue"or"SeemingbutNotReal"crypto-,demi-,half-,mock-,near-,neo-,part-,pseudo-,quasi-,semi-Examples:cryptogram(secretcodedmessage)half-truth(onlypartlytrue)near-certainty(almostcertain)pseudoexperts(falseexperts)quasi-legal(partlylawful)semi-independent(partlyindependent)EnglishLexicology2.2TypesofSuffixes3.SuffixesforManner,Shape,Style,orDirection-fashion,-like,-ly,-shaped,-style,-wiseExamples:movingspider-fashion(movingthewayaspidermoves);aheart-shaped(intheshapeofaheart)boxofchocolate;Anold-style(traditional)buildingisbeingrenovated;lengthwise:(fromoneendtoanother;inthedirectionofthelongestsideofsomething)Slicethepearsinhalflengthwiseorlengthways.EnglishLexicology2.2TypesofSuffixes4.SuffixesReferringtoPersonsandActors-ain,-aire,-ian,-ese,-ant,-ary,-ate,-ee,-eer,-er,-ar,-or,-ier,-eur,-ess,-ician,-ist,-ite,-ive,-sman,-on,-sterExamples:captain,millionaire,barbarian,Chinese,applicant,secretary,candidate,referee,engineer,manufacturer,scholar,dictator,premier,entrepreneur,hostess,musician,dogmatist,Israelite,captive,spokesman,companion,gangster.EnglishLexicology2.2TypesofSuffixes5.SuffixesDescribingClothing,Appearance,orPersonality-boned,-cheeked,-chested,-clad,-coated,-eyed,-faced,-haired,-handed,-hatted,-headed,-hearted,-legged,-limbed,-lipped,-minded,-necked,-skinned,-sleeved,-tongued,-waistedExamples:pink-cheekedmodel(withpinkcheeks)denim-cladpresident(wearingdenim)brown-eyedgirl(withbrowneyes)conservation-mindedcountry(caringaboutconservation)innovation-mindednationEnglishLexicology2.2TypesofSuffixes6.SuffixesExpressingStrongDesireorEnthusiasm-aholic,-crazy,-hungry,-loving,-mad,-mania,-phile,-seekingExamples:soccer-crazyyoungsters(extremelyenthusiasticaboutfootball)sports-mad(veryinterestedinsports)Obamamania(hugeexcitementaboutObama's2008campaign)attention-seekingchildren(tryingtogetattention)EnglishLexicology2.2TypesofSuffixes7.Suffixesofnounsmeaning“smallorlittle")-cle,-cule,-el,-le,-en,-in,-et,-ette,-ie,-y,-kin,-let,-lingExamples:particle,molecule,kitten,bulletin,islet,gazette,birdie,kitty,napkin,leaflet,seedling.8.PopularSuffixesinPresent‑dayEnglish-friendly(environment‑friendly,computer‑friendly,consumer‑friendly)-gate:(Watergate,Irangate,Hurricanegate,Nannygate,Camilla‑gate,Donorgate,Travelgate,Whitewatergate,zippergate)-impaired,-ista,-meister:entertainment‑meister(expertinentertaining)EnglishLexicology2.2TypesofPrefixesandSuffixes9.Prefixesandsuffixesusedtomakewordsnegativeortomakewordswithoppositemeanings.a-,contra-,counter-,de-,dis-,il-/im-/in-/ir-,mis-,non-,un-;-free,-lessExamples:Theremustbesomeeffectivewaystocounteractglobalwarming;decentralize:totakepowerfromacentralgovernmentororganizationandgiveittoseveralsmallerandmorelocalones;non-toxic(thatarenotpoisonousorharmful)chemicals;unsmiling:seemingveryseriousandunfriendly.EnglishLexicology2.2TypesofPrefixesandSuffixes10.Prefixesandsuffixescontainingmeaningssuchas“havingalotofsomething”,“toalargedegree”,or“always”.all-,arch-,ever-,extra-,hyper-,mega-,mul-,oft-,pall-,poly-,super-,ultra-;-infested,-intensive,-rich,-riddenExamples:Thevisitleftaneverlasting(keepingonforaverylongtime)impressiononme;anultra-successful(onethatisextremelysuccessful)product;Alabor-intensiveindustryorprocessneedsalotofpeopletodothework.EnglishLexicologyI.Doyouknowanotherformofthefollowingprefixes?1.semi-(insemicircle)—2.uni-(inuniform)—3.quadr-(inquadruped)— 4.cent-(incentennial)—II.Doyouknowthemeaningsofthefollowingsuffixes?1.-dom(inserfdom,wisdom)—_____;2.-some(intiresome,meddlesome)—_____;3.-ism(inbaptism,barbarism)—_____;4.-tude(infortitude,certitude)—_____.TASKEnglishLexicologyI.Key:1.hemi-(inhemisphere)2.mono-(inmonologue)3.tetra-(intetrahedron)4.hecto-(inhectogram)II.Key:1.state/condition/rank;2.tendingto/aptto/showing;3.act/manner/state/doctrine;4.quality/state/condition.TASK03ConversionEnglishLexicologyEnglishLexicologyConversion(ZeroDerivation)?Conversion–creationofnewlexicalitemswithoutattachinganyaffixes.Itinvolvesachangeinwordclass;theformremainsthesame.E.g.,bail,net,plan,skin(canbebothnounsandverbs).Stresspatternsdistinguishnoun/verb:'conflict(noun)vs.con'flict(verb)'object(noun)vs.ob'ject(verb)'subject(noun)vs.sub'ject(verb)EnglishLexicology3.1PropertiesofConversionSameform,differentcategory–identifiedbygrammatical

context.Example:jump"Thepigwilljumpoverthestile."(verb)"Whatajump!"(noun)Contextcues:auxiliaryverb+subject→verb;article(a)→noun.EnglishLexicologyAdjective→NounConversion

E.g.,

Green

"TheGreenPartyhadpoliticalcloutinthe1980s.“(adjective)"TheGreenshadpoliticalcloutinthe1980s.“(noun)FunctionalShift(ZeroDerivation)

:AnexistingwordtakesonanewsyntacticfunctionE.g.,

Like

(Prep)→"Heeatslikeapig."Like

(Conj)→"Itsoundslikehemeansit."3.1PropertiesofConversionEnglishLexicologyReadingSomewordscanbeusedasdifferentpartsofspeechindifferentconstructions:studymaybeaverb,asitisinthesentence,Istudy;itmaybeanoun,asinthesentence,Studymadehimanexpert;itmaybeanadjective,asinthesentence,Gotothestudyhall.Dictionariesusuallydonotlistuncommonuseswithseparatepartofspeechlabels.Oftentheyalsodonotnoticeadjectiveusesofnouns,asinanautomobiletire,iftheyaresosimpleandcommonthattheymaybetakenforgranted.TASKEnglishLexicology3.2TypesofConversion(tonouns)1.ConversiontoNounsA.Verb→Nouna)State(ofMind&Sensation)Examples:

desire,doubt,love,taste,want,smellb)Events&Activities(fromdynamicverbs.)Examples:

attempt,fall,hit,laugh,releasec)nounswhicharetheobjectsExamples:answer("thatwhichanswers"),bet,catch,find,hand-outEnglishLexicologyd)NounswhicharethesubjectsExamples:bore("someonewhobores"),cheat,coach,stand-ine)InstrumentExamples:

cover("somethingtocoverwith"),paper,wrapf)MannerofActionExamples:

walk(“mannerofwalking”),throw(alongthrow),lie(ablatantlie)3.2TypesofConversion(tonouns)EnglishLexicologyg)PlaceofverbExamples:

divide(amountaindivide),retreat(aquietretreat),drive-in(acinemadrive-in)B.ConversionfromOtherSourcesAdjective→Noun:

They’recompetinginthefinal("thefinalrace")Adverb→Noun:

"tohaveadown(“grudge”)onsomeone”3.2TypesofConversion(tonouns)EnglishLexicology2.ConversiontoverbsA.Nountoverb(Mostverbsinthiscategoryaretransitive.)a)"Toputinoron"Examples:

bottle(toputintoabottle),corner,position,garageb)"Togiveorprovidewith"Examples:

butter(bread),coat,mask,oil,muzzlec)"Todepriveof"Examples:

core,gut,peel,skind)"To…withnoun"Examples:

brake,elbow,hand,finger,glue3.2TypesofConversion(toverbs)EnglishLexicologye)"Tobe/actasnounwithrespectto…"

Examples:

chaperon(toactaschaperonto),father,nurse,parrot,pilotf)"Tomake/changeinto"Examples:

cash,cripple,groupg)"Tosend/goby"

Tosend:

mail,ship,telegraphTogo:

bicycle,boat,canoe,motor3.2TypesofConversion(toverbs)EnglishLexicologyB.Adjectivetoverba)(TransitiveVerbs)"tomake(more)adj"Examples:

calm

(tocalmatensecrowd),

dry

(todrywethair),

lower

(tolowerthevolume).b)(IntransitiveVerbs)"tobecome+adj"Examples:

dry

(thepuddledriedup),

empty

(theroomemptiedquickly),

yellow

(leavesyellowinfall).c)PhrasalVerbsfromAdjectivesbytheadditionofaparticiplecalmdown

(relax),

soberup

(becomesober),

smoothout

(resolveproblems).3.2TypesofConversion(toverbs)EnglishLexicologyConversiontoadjectivesislessproductivethanotherword-formationprocesses.Thistypeofadj.ismostlyderivedfromnouns.Examples:agoldring,achalkboard,productionmanager,worldpopulation,alogcabin3.2TypesofConversion(toadjectives)EnglishLexicologyChangeofSecondaryWordClassA)Countable↔Uncountable:“Somepaintsaremorelastingthanothers.”

“afewsquarefeetoffloor”

B)Intransitive→Transitive“runthewater”(Causewatertorun)“marchtheprisoners”C)Non-gradable→GradableAdjectives“He'smoreEnglishthantheEnglish.”

“Ihaveaverylegalturnofmind.”3.2TypesofConversionEnglishLexicologyOtherconversions：Tomwenthomeearly.(Noun→adverb)Iwilltakeathroughtrain.

(Preposition→Adjective)Thecompanyhashaditsshareofupsanddowns,butitseemstobedoingwellnow.

(Adverb→Noun)ThisdictionaryisamustforEnglishlearners.(AuxiliaryVerb→Noun)3.2TypesofConversionEnglishLexicologyI.Payattentiontothechangesofthepartsofspeechoftheitalicizedword“smoke”inthefollowingsentences.1.Watchthesmokefromthechimney.2.Thetallchimneysmokes,pollutingtheairaround.3.Johnusedtosmokeapipeaftersupper.4.—Let'shaveasmoke.—No,itisnotallowedhere.TASKEnglishLexicologyII.Payattentiontothechangesofthefinalconsonantsofthefollowingnounsandverbs.1.house(n.)—house(v.);2.use(n.)—use(v.);3.belief(n.)—believe(v.);4.half(n.)—halve(v.);5.mouth(n.)—mouth(v.);6.wreath(n.)—wreathe(v.)TASK04CompoundingEnglishLexicologyEnglishLexicologyCompoundingCompounding–combiningtwoormorewordstoformanewword(acompound).Examples:greenhouse,bittersweet,whitewash,download,homework,babysitter,spoonfeed,bandwidth,pickpocket,raindrop,sleepwalk,netspeak,frigidaire(frigid+air).Recentcompounds:carjack,computergeeks,mallrat,mousepotato,snailmail,roadrage,palmpilot,user‑friendliness,webpage,webtraffic,iPad,iPhone,slow‑speedchase.EnglishLexicology4.1Characteristicsofcompounds1.CompoundscanbedistinguishedfromGrammaticalStructuresSamecategory→compoundinthatcategory:

noun+noun:girlfriend,fighter‑bomber,paperclip,elevator‑operator,landlord,mailman,cell/mobilephone,searchengine.

adj+adj:bittersweet,icy‑cold,red‑hot,worldly‑wise.Differentcategories→classoftherightmostword(head)determinescategory:

noun+adj=adj:headstrong,watertight,lifelong.

verb+noun=noun:pickpocket,pinchpenny,dare‑devil,sawbones.Withpreposition→categoryofnon‑prepositionalpart:overtake,hanger‑on,undertake,sundown.EnglishLexicology4.1Characteristicsofcompounds1.CompoundscanbedistinguishedfromGrammaticalStructuresCompoundscannotbedividedbyinsertingmaterial:sweetheart(indivisible):“Sheisasweetheart.”sweetheart(grammatical):“Shehasasweet,kindheart.”Amembercannotparticipateingrammaticalstructure:baseball(compound):“Itwasaveryhardball.”(√)“Itwasaverybaseball.”(×)EnglishLexicology4.1Characteristicsofcompounds2.SpellingandStressPatternsofCompoundsLengthycompounds:three‑timeloser,four‑dimensionalspacetime,sergeant‑at‑arms,mother‑of‑pearl,manabouttown,masterofceremonies,daughter‑in‑law.Spellingvaries:blackbird(nospace),gold‑tail(hyphen),smoke

screen(space).EnglishLexicology4.1Characteristicsofcompounds2.SpellingandStressPatternsofCompoundsCompoundsoftenhavedifferentstresspatternsfromnoncompoundedwordsequences.Whenwepronounceacompound,thestressisusuallyputonthefirstwordInanounphrase,thesecondwordisoftenstressed.redcoat,greenhouse,lighthouse

keeper(firstword)red

coat,green

house,light

house

keeper(stressonsecondword).EnglishLexicology4.1Characteristicsofcompounds3.MeaningofCompoundscannotbetakenforgrantedObvious:computergame=gameplayedonacomputer.Notsum:greenhouse(notgreen),heavymetal(rockmusic,notheavymetal),darkroom(notnecessarilydark).ManycompoundsareIdiomatic:big‑ticketitems(expensive);boathouse(forboats)vs.cathouse(slangforbrothel).Verb‑ingcompounds:jumpingbean(jumps),fallingstar(falls),magnifyingglass(magnifies);butlookingglass(doesn’tlook),eatingapple(doesn’teat),laughinggas(doesn’tlaugh).EnglishLexicology4.1Characteristicsofcompounds3.MeaningofCompoundscannotbetakenforgrantedManycompoundsdonotseemtorelatetothemeaningoftheindividualparts.Redcoat(soldier),jack‑in‑a‑box(tree),highbrow(nothighbrow),big‑wig(notbigwig),egghead(notegg‑shapedhead).EnglishLexicology4.2ClassificationofcompoundsNounCompoundsCommonpatterns:noun+noun:bathroomadjective+noun:greenflyadverb+verb:newlywedadjective+verb:highlightverb+noun:tell‑taleEnglishLexicology4.2ClassificationofcompoundsNounCompoundsSubject+verb:headache,sunshine,daybreak,dancinggirl,playboy,motionpicture.Verb+object:chewinggum,passport,cease‑fire,tongue‑twister.Verb+adverbial(time/place/instrument/other):Place:hiding‑place(hideinaplace),sun‑bathing(batheinthesun)Time:sleep‑walking(walkinsleep),nightflight(flyduringnight)Instrument:handwriting(writebyhand),gunfight(fightw