北京市某中学2026-2027学年高三年级上学期开学阶段测试英语试卷（含答案）

北京十五中高三年级阶段测试试卷

英语

2026.08

第一部分：听力理解（共三节，每题1.5分，满分30分）

第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，共7.5分）

1.Whendidthemoviebegin?

A.At7:45.B.At7:50.C.At8:15.

2.Whatdidthewomando?

A.Sheboughtanewhouse.

B.Shehadherhousedecorated.

C.Shetookalongvacation.

3.Whatisthewoman?

A.Acoach.B.Adoctor.C.Asaleswoman.

4.Whatdoesthemanmean?

A.Thewomanshouldlookonthedoor.

B.Thewomanshouldopenthedoor.

C.Thewomanshouldasksomeoneelse.

5.Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout?

A.Theman'sclothes.

B.Theman'sbrother.

C.Ashoppingexperience.

第二节（共10小题：每小题1.5分,共15分）

听第6段材料，回答第6至7题。

6.Whocouldthemanprobablybe?

A.Apatient.B.Arepainnan.C.Ahouseowner.

7.Whatisthewoman'sproblem?

A.Sheistoobusy.

B.Shehascaughtabadcold.

C.Sheisannoyedatthebrokenglass.

听第7段材料，问答第8至9题。

8.Whatistherelationshipbehveenthespeakers?

A.Husbandandwife.B.Colleagues.C.Fatheranddaughter.

9.Whatisthemangoingtodonext?

A.Leavehome.B.Gototheoffice.C.Watchadancecompetition.

听第8段材料，回答第10至12题。

10.WhatdoesPatrickthinkofthematch?

A.Justso-so.B.Fantastic.C.Disappointing.

11.WhathasJennybeendoingrecently?

A.Playingfootball.

B.Preparingfbrherexams.

C.Takingscienceclasses.

12.Wherewillthespeakersprobablygo?

A.Toacollege.B.Toastadium.C.Toacafe.

听第9段材料，回答第13至15题。

13.Whatkindoftouristhespeakerconducting?

A.Awalkingtour.BAcyclingtour.C.Abustour.

14.WhatwasonthesiteoftheBicentennialParkinthepast?

A.Asportscenter.B.Factories.C.Shops.

15.Whatwillthespeakerdonext?

A.Touraroundthenaturereserve.

B.Findtheformalgardens.

C.GoupTheTower.

第三节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，共7.5分)

听卜面一段独白，完成第16至第20五道小题，每小题仅填写一个词。听独白前，你将有2()

秒钟的时间阅读试题，听完后你将有6()秒钟的作答时间。这段独白你将听两遍。

SouthCoastGardens

Builttime1932

FounderTheGilson16__________

Area17_______acres（英亩）

Rarebooks,18lh-centuryBritish,European,andAmericanpaintings,rare

Collections

18_________,furniture,etc.

AnEasternteagarden,tropical（热带的）19_______,Southwesterndesert,andan

Gardens

English20__________garden

第二部分英语知识运用i共三节，满分55分）

第一节词汇填空（共25小题。每小题0.5分，满分12.5分）

21.Afteracertainage,youhavetoworkhardtokeepyour.

A.heightB.figureC.expressionD.length

22.1feelexcitedbecausethisschooldiffersinmanywaysfrommyone.

A.previousB.obviousC.curiousD.generous

23.Actually,IdoknowIneedtomyselfawayfromtheonlineworld.

A.reduceB.supplyC.ariseD.drag

24.Hehimselfcomfortablyinhisusualchairandbeganhisreading.

A.sharedB.achievedC.requiredD.settled

25.Itissomeold-fashionedthatmaketheEnglishpoemhardtounderstand.

A.generationsB.visionsC.expressionsD.vocations

26.Heisacomputerandhenearlyknowseverythingaboutcomputers.

A.expertB.pilotC.architectD.merchant

27.Hewasmanagerofthenewworkshopbecauseofhisstrongsenseofduty.

A.handledB.controlledC.performedD.promoted

28.Thecompanymanagestohelpeachemployeetoachievetheirfull.

A.opportunityB.stressC.potentialD.cooperation

29.A（n）betweentwoculturesmayleadtosomemisunderstanding.

A.consequenceB.aspectC.conflictD.effect

30.Thereisnofixedstandardtowhetherapersonisasuccessorafailure.

A.assessB.desireC.seekD.abandon

31.TheinformationontheInternetsorapidlythatitwillbeknownworldwideonce

released.

A.exposesB.spreadsC.analysesD.picks

32.Manyreportersfromdifferentmediagroupscompetedtothehotissue.

A.coverB.appealC.callD.pull

33.TheEnglishofthenovelisduefbrpublicatiornextyear.

A.versionB.apartmentC.approachD.way

34.Shesoughtafamousliterarycritictowritea(n)fbrhernewbook.

A.conductorB.bandC.reviewD.audience

35.Youcan'treallyforeignliteratureintranslation.

A.ticB.accuseC.involveD.appreciate

36.Iamalwaysinallclassesandthinkactively,sothatIcanhavemorefreetimetodo

otherthingsthatIaminterestedinafterschool.

A.attractiveB.attentiveC.competitiveD.respective

37.isoftenafactorinthedevelopmentoflong-termsickness.

A.StressB.BalanceC.CombinationD.Assignment

38.Thepowerandwatersuppliesweresohecouldonlyshowereverythreeorfourdays,

andhehadtolearnhowtocook.

A.unnecessaryB.unstableC.unbelievableD.unpredictable

39.Aceremonywillbeheldtothe50thanniversaryoftheendofthewar.

A.behaveB.fightC.markD.charge

40.Whenthestorm,therewerecrashesofthundercomingonerightafteranother.

A.struckB.blamedC.aucusudD.inlciruplcd

41.Myparentshaveopenedanfbrmetosavemyluckymoneyofeachyear.

A.resourceB.accountC.licenseD.budget

42.Shenowhasoverthepeoplewhousedtobeherbosses.

A.authorityB.passportC.permissionD.remark

43.Policearetryingtodiscovertheofababyfoundbythesideofaroad.

A.certificateB.identityC.referenceD.occasion

44.Thepresidentissuedaformalontelevisionlastnight.

A.dictationB.declarationC.translationD.modernization

45.Thesoldiersbravelyfoughtagainsttheenemiesfbrtheoftheirhomeland.

A.participationB.conferenceC.honorD.confidence

第二节语法填空（共25小题。每小题0.5分,满分12.5分）

46.Volunteeringgivesyouachancelives,includingyourown.

A.changeB.changingC.changedD.tcchange

47.Shakespeare'splayHamletintoatleasttendifferentfilmsoverthepastyears.

A.hadbeenmadeB.wasmadeC.hasbeenmadeD.wouldbemade

48.thecourseverydifficult,shedecidedtomovetoalowerlevel.

A.FindB.FindingC.TofindD.Found

49.IhaveanappointmentDr.Smith,but1needtochangeit.

A.toB.offC.withD.from

50.Manycountriesarenowsettingupnationalparksanimalsandplantscanbeprotected.

A.whenB.whichC.whoseD.where

51.Whenwesawtheroadwithsnow,wedecidedtospendtheholidayathome.

A.blockB.toblockC.blockingD.blocked

52.Itookmydrivinglicensewithmeonholiday,Iwantedtohireacar.

A.incaseB.evenifC.eversinceD.ifonly

53.makesthebooksoextraordinaryisthecreativeimaginationofthewriter.

A.ThatB.WhatC.WhoD.Which

54.Sowhatistheprocedure?

Alltheapplicantsbeforeafinaldecisionismadebytheauthority.

A.interviewB.arcinterviewingC.arcinterviewedD.afterbeingiiilcrvicucd

55.Expertsbelievepeoplecanwastelessfoodbyshoppingonlywhenitisnecessary.

A.whyB.whereC.thatD.what

56.Johnpromisedhisdoctorhenotsmoke,andhehassmokedeversince.

A.mightB.shouldC.couldD.would.

57.—DidyoureturnFred'scall?

—1didn'tneedtoI'llseehimtomorrow.

A.thoughB.unlessC.whenD.because

58.thatshewasgoingofftosleep,Iaskedifshe'dlikethatlittledollonherbed.

A.SeeingB.ToseeC.SeeD.Seen

59.ItwashardfbrhimtolearnEnglishinafamily,inwhichoftheparentsspokethe

language.

A.noneB.neitherC.bothD.each

60.Thehotelwasn'tparticularlygood.ButIinmanyworsehotels.

A.wasstayingB.stayedC.wouldstayD.hadstayed

61.Tilgiveyoumyfriend'shomeaddress,Icanbereachedmostevenings.

A.whichB.whenC.whomD.where

62.Nodecisionaboutanyfutureappointmentuntilallthecandidateshavebeen

interviewed.

A.willbemadeB.ismadeC.isbeingmadeD.hasbeenmade

63.Thecompaniesareworkingtogethertocreatetheyhopewillbethebestmeansof

transportinthe21stcentury.

A.whichB.thatC.whatD.who

64.Ifyoureallyhavetoleaveduringthemeeting,you'dbetterleavethebackdoor.

A.fbrB.byC.acrossD.out

65.I'msorryyou'vebeenwaitingsolong,butit'llstillbesometimeBriangetback.

A.beforeB.sinceC.tillD.after

66.Itisworthconsideringwhatmakes“convenience”foodssopopular,andbetterones

ofyourown.

A.introducesB.tointroduceC.introducingD.introduced

67.DuringihcSpringFestivalthisyear,manypeopletoforeigncountriesforaholiday.

A.flewB.haveflownC.hadflownD.fly

68.AppleCompanyhasbegunitsApplePayservice,youcanbuywhatyouneedmore

quicklyandconveniently.

A.fbrB.orC.soD.but

69.Nowadaysmoreandmorepeopleclothesonlinetosavetimeandmoneyandthere

willbemoreinthefuture.

A.boughtB.hadboughtC.willbuyD.arebuying

70.MyteacherhelpedmealotwithmyEnglishlastterm,mademymothermoved.

A.whoB.whichC.whereD.when

第三节完形填空（共20小题。每小题1.5分，满分30分）

阅读下面短文，掌握大意，从各题所给的四个选项中，选出最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应

的题号涂黑。

A

Asastudentplanningtostudymanagement,Irealisedthatclassroomalonewouldn'lbeerough

tofullypreparemefbrthechallengesfromtheworld.Eagertogainmarket-relatedexperience

beforeuniversity,Isteppedintotheworldof71thissummer.

Inoticedaprobleminmycommunity:theelectricitysupplywasnot_72_,oftenbeing

insufficientandleadingtofrequentpowercutsthataffecteddailylife.Thiscreatedaclearneedfbr

achargingstation,soIdecidedtoopenoneto_73_theissue.Whatstartedasawaytoprepare

myselffbrcollegequicklyturnedintoameaningfulproject,shapingmyunderstandingofhow

businesscannotonly_74_practicalneedsbutalsomakealastingimpactinacommunity.

Theresponsetomybusinesswas_75_.Onthefirstthreedaysalone,Imade$406.That

initialsuccesswasmorethanjustencouraging—itwas_76_thatIwassolvingarealproblem

andthatthemarketwastherefbrmyservices.Seeingpeoplestreamintothecentre,gratcfiilfbrthe

chargingservice,_77_mybeliefthatbusinessisaboutaddressingneedsandservingothers.

Thejourneyofstartingthisbusinesswasnotwithoutchallenges.WhenIneeded_78_to

startthebusiness,Inegotiatedwithmyrelativestogivemetwocows,whichIthensoldtoraise

funds.Ialsodrewontechnicalskillstohandletheelectricalworkmyself,which_79_mystartup

costs.Today,thechargingcenterisalivewithactivities.

TheskillsI'veacquiredwillucrlainlyservemewellasIbeginmyuniversityjourney.Looking

back,1canseehowthese_80_lessonshavesetastagefbrthefuture.

71.A.medicineB.literatureC.businessD.science

72.A.affordableB.privateC.reliableD.renewable

73.A.addressB.raiseC.reportD.discuss

74.A.meetB.replaceC.promoteD.guide

75.A.disappointingB.incredibleC.strangeD.embarrassing

76.A.fearB.doubtC.hopeD.proof

77.A.confusedB.challengedC.confirmedD.changed

78.A.incomeB.profitC.priceD.capital

79.A.estimatedB.reducedC.doubledD.provided

80.A.practicalB.classicC.familiarD.cultural

B

ThefirsttimeIremembernoticingthecrossingguardwaswhenhewavedtomeasIdrovemy

sontoschool.He_81_mewithapuzzle—allbecausehewavedtomelikesomeonedoeson

seeingaclosefriend.Abig,brightsmileaccompaniedhiswave.ForthenextfewdaysItriedto

82_hisfacetoseeif1knewhim.Ididn't.Perhapshehadmistakenmefbrsomeoneelse.Bythe

timeIcontentedmyselfwiihtheconclusionthatheand1werestrangers,wcweregreetingeach

otherwarmlyeverymorninglikeoldfriends.

Thenonedaythe_83_wassolved.AsI_84_theschoolhewasstandinginthemiddleof

theroad_85_hisstopsign.Iwasinlinebehindfourcars.Oncethekidshadreachedthesafety

ofthesidewalk,heloweredhissignandletthecarsthrough.Tothefirsthewavedand_86_in

justthesamewayhehaddonetomeoverthelastfewdays.Thekidsalreadyhadthewindowdown

andwerehappilywavingtheirreply.Thesecondcargotthesame87fromthecrossingguard,

andthedriver,astiff-looking(表情亥ij板的)businessman,gaveabrief,almost_88_waveback.

Eachfollowingcarofkidsontheirwaytoschoolrespondedmoreheartily.

EverymorningIcontinuedtowatchthemanwithinterest.SofarIhaven'tseenanyone_89_

towaveback.Ifinditinterestingthatonepersoncanmakesucha(n)_90_tosomanypeople's

livesbydoingonesimplethinglikewavingandsmilingwannly.Hischeerfulnessannedthestart

ofmyday.Withafriendlywaveandsmilingfacehehadchangedthefeelingsofthewhole

neighbourhood.

81.A.disappointedB.hitC.presentedD.bored

82.A.researchB.studyC.recognizeD.explore

83.A.argumentB.disagreementC.mysteryD.task

84.A.visitedB.approachedC.passedD.left

85.A.drawingbackB.holdingoutC.handinginD.puttingon

86.A.criedB.cheeredC.gesturedD.smiled

87.A.greetingB.replyC.noticeD.idea

88.A.elegantB.angryC.awkwardD.patient

89.A.failB.tryC.wishD.bother

90.A.offerB.sacrificeC.promiseD.difference

第三部分阅读理解（共25小题。每小题2分，满分50分）

第一节：阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项,

并在答题卡上将该项涂黑，（共20小题。每小题2分，满分40分）

A

TheAIScholarsProgramme(AlSP)offershighschoolstudentsworldwideafbur-week,

on-campusexperienceinartificialintelligence(AI)atWestbridgeTechnologyUniversity(WTU),

connectingthemwithleadingAIresearchers.Thisfiilly-fiindcdprogrammecoverscoursefees,

housingandprogramme-relatedfieldtrips.

CoursePlan

♦AvirtualPythonpreparationcoursebeginsonemonthpriortothestartofthecampus

programme.Codingexperienceisnotrequired,andinstructorsupportwillbeavailableforall

students.

♦CoreacademicmodulesincludelecturesonusingAlfairlyandsafely,alongwithin-depth

seminarsledbyWTUteachingstaffthatexplorecurrentAIresearchprojects.Studentswillapply

newlyacquiredAIskillstoreal-worldchallengesinahands-ongroupproject,whichwillbe

presentedattheAISPclosingceremony.

♦SitevisitswithindustryleadersarealsoincludedtoexploreemergingcareerpathsintheAI

field,alongwithacademicwritingworkshopsforcollegeapplication.

ApplicationRequirements

SludcnlsapplyingfurAISPmustbealleast16yearsuld.ThecuniplclcapplicaliunforAISP

willconsistof:

♦anonlineapplicationform;

♦officialhighschoolrecordsofacademicperformanceandextra-curricularactivities;

♦apersonalstatementdemonstratingcuriosityinAIresearchandcommitmenttosocially

responsibleinnovation.

Applicantsarestronglyencouragedtosubmitaonemaximumsummaryoftheresearch

proposal,clarifyinghowtheprojectusesAI,itsimportanceandintendedoutcomes.Thiswill

providevaluableinformationabouttheapplicant'sresearchpotential,technicalskills,andabilityto

planandcommunicatetheirresearchgoals.

Applicationsof2025programmecloseonApril15,2025,withinterviewsconductedthrough

May.Clickheretostartyourapplication.

91.WhatisthemainpurposeoftheAISP?

A.ToengagestudentsinAIexploration.

B.ToadvocatecooperationinAIresearch.

C.ToprovidecareerguidanceinAIindustry.

D.TopromotetheprinciplesofAIapplications.

92.Whatcanstudentslearnfromtheprogramme?

A.AcademicwritingonAIdevelopment.

B.WaystowriteanAIresearchproposal.

C.AIskillsfbrsolvingproblemsinreality.

D.AdvancedmathsandphysicswithAIfbcus.

93.Tobeconsideredfbrtheprogramme,studentsshould

A.paythetuitionfeesinadvance

B.uploadarecommendationletter

C.submitanonlineapplicationfbnninMay

D.provideschoolrecordsandapersonalstatement

B

I'mwalkingaroundthehousewithaseverelimp（跛行）andactivelysecond-guessingevery

decisionI'veevermade.Thalcanonlyincanonelliing:Ijuslranmyoneracefurtheyear.

The7-milcraceisinmyhometowninIllinois,andI'vebeendoingitalmosteveryyearsince

Iwasa12-year-oldboy.Ireachedmypeakabout15yearsagoandhavebeenperformingpoorly

eversince.

WhydoIkeepgoingifInolongerenjoyitandamgettingworseeveryyear?Tradition,mostly.

Besides,Idon'tdislikethewholerace,justtherunningpart.Ilikeseeingalltherunningclub

membersI'veknownsincechildhood,andIlovethefreebeeraflerward.Runningisjustaminor

blockonthewaytothegoodstuff.

Thatday,Iwasaccompaniedtotheracebyagroupofthreeextremelyin-shapepeople.Weall

liveinthesameIndianapolissuburb.Theseguysbikeandruncountlessmiles,ofteninthesame

day.OnehasdonedozensofSpartanRaces,whichrequiretheplayertocrawlthroughmud,flip

tiresandthrowspears.Anotheristrainingibratriathlon（三项全能运动）.Inadditiontobeingfaster

thanmeonfoot,inthewaterandonwheels,hecanalsoouilifime.

Ididn'tholdmuchhopsfbrtherace—nooneputslesspressureonmethanme.Betweenmiles

4and5,IfeltsogoodthatIwonderedwhyIonlydothiscneeayear.ThenIhitmile6,andmy

bodywarnedme.IpushedinyselfuntilIhadamileleft,atwhichpointmylegsdecidedtheywere

done.Determinationandacan-doattitudearcnomatchfbrgravityanddistance.Exhausted,1slowly

mademywaytothefinishingline.

Still,IcanhonestlysayIgaveeverythingIhad.Myslow,plodding（步履艰难的）finishwas

actuallyavictorythatprovesIgaveitmyall.Idon'lneedahugecuptohonormyheroic

performance.Myachingkneeisenoughofasouvenir.

Adaylater,evenasmyentirebodytellsmeI'manidiot,Ican,thelpbutfeelthattheracewas

asuccess.Tvedecidedtokeepdoingthisraceaslongasmylegscansupportme.

94.Theauthorrantheracebecause.

A.heintendedtobuilduphisbody

B.hewantedtocompetewithfriends

C.hewantedtokeeptheoldcustom

D.heenjoyedlong-distancerunning

95.Whydidtheauthormentionthein-shapepeople?

A.Togivehisreasonfurlowsclf-cxpuc（aliuii.

B.Toshowhisenvyoftheirathleticabilities.

C.Toemphasizehisstrongwilltowintherace.

D.Toexpresshisconfidenceinfinishingtherace.

96.Whatdoweknowabouttheauthorduringtherace?

A.Hestruggledfrombeginningtoend.

B.Hebrokehislegatthetinishmgline.

C.Heexperiencedpressurefromhimself.

D.Hepushedhimselftothelimitstomakeit.

97.Howdidtheauthorfeelaftertherace?

A.Surprised.B.SatisfiedC.Regretful.D.Gratcftil.

C

Physarumpolycephalum,asingle-celledslimemold（黏菌），lacksabrainandsurviveson

rottingvegetables,butitmayholdvaluableinsightsfbrcityplanning,accordingtotheresearchers

fromUniversityofToronto.Thisgreenish-yelloworganismformsacomplexnetworkthatcan

transfernutrientsefficiently,whichresearchersbelievecouldmodelefficientnetworksfbrmoving

peopleandgoodsinurbansettings.

“Humansaren'ttheonlyonesfacingthechallengeofdesigningefficient,toughnetworks,n

saysRaphaelKay,amasterinengineering."Theslimemoldhasbeenshapedbyhundredsof

millionsofyearsofevolution（进化），sointhatsense,itisfarmoreexperiencedatnetworkdesign

thanwehumansevercouldbe.^^

Thisideaisn'tnew.In2010,JapaneseandU.K.researcherscreatedanutrientlayout

resemblingtheTokyosubwaynodes（节点）,andtheslimemoldgrewanetworksimilartothereal

system.Thisexperimentsparkedbiologicallyinspiredadaptivenetworkdesign,leadingtostudies

ofrailandroadnetworksusingslimemolds.

Buildingonthis,KayandanarchitecturestudentAnthonydevelopedacomputermodelthat

simulates（模拟）slimemolds,network-buildingprocess,aimedatarchitects,cityplanners,and

otherprofessionals.Theirnodelallowsuserstospecifyfactorslikemaximumcostorininimuin

traveltime,generatingnetworksthatmeetthesecriteria.

Totestit,theyappliedthemodeltoCanada'sWonderlandamusementparkandToronto's

subwaysystem.ForWundciland,ihcirnetworkoflcrud10%laslcrHavellimealihusamecostas

theexistingsetupandwas80%moreresilientatmaintainingfunctionalityifapartwasblocked.

ForToronto'ssubway,theyfoundthatanetworkwiththesametraveltimeastherealonewas40%

lesseasilyafleetedtodisruption.

WhileKayandhisteamaren'tsuggestingacompleteredesignofcurrentnetworks,theirnodel

offersinsightsfbrimprovements.Forinstance,itcouldpinpointthebestplacestoaddnodesorhelp

inplanningfuturelayouts.Themodelcanalsoautonomouslygeneratenetworknodesbasedondata

likepopulationconcentration,adaptingtoservrespecificneeds.

Hatton,acollaborator,believesthistoolcouldbenefitdiversefields,notjustthoserelatedto

themovementofpeopleorgoods,butalsofieldslikegeneticengineeringandenergynetworks,

highlightingtheimportanceofinterdisciplinaryapproaches.

98.Whatuniquefeatureoftheslimemoldinterestscityplanners?

A.Itsrelianceonnutrientstosurvive.

B.Itsabilitytofbmiefficientnetworks.

C.Itsnaturetogrowinrottingvegetables.

D.Itsadaptiveskillinanewenvironment.

99.WhydocstheauthormentiontheexperimentwithTokyo'ssubwaynodes?

A.TohighlightthattheTokyosubwaysystemisefficient.

B.Toshowthatslimemoldscanrecognizeurbanstructures.

C.ToarguethatTokyosubwaysystemneedstobeimproved.

D.Tosuggestthatslimemoldscaninspireurbannetworkdesign.

100.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“resilient“probablymeaninparagraph5?

A.Accurate.B.Relevant.C.Reliable.D.Advanced.

101.WhatcanwelearnfrotnKayandhisteam'smodel?

A.Itcanpredictpopulationgrowthpatterns.

B.Itcanbeappliedbeyondtransportation.

C.Itislimitedtonetworkswithsimplelayouts.

D.Itisrecommendedtoredesigncurrentnetworks.

D

Inthe1770s,anEnglishdoctorcalledEdwardJennergavehisgardener'ssuncowpox（牛痘）

andthendeliberatelyinfectedhimwithsmallpox（天花）totesthisassumptionthatpeoplewhowere

frequentlyexposedtocowpox,asimilarbutlessseverevirus,wouldavoidcatchingsmallpox.It

workedandcowpoxasthevaccine（疫苗）washighlyeflective.44Vaccination,\fromtheLatinword

fbrcow,soonbecamecommonplace.

Challengetrialsareformsofresearchwhere,ratherthanrelyingondatafromnaturalinfections,

weintentionallyexposesomeonetoadiseaseinordertotesttheettectivenessofavaccineor

treatment.ThingshavechargedalotsinceJenner'stime,ofcourse,whenitwasnotuncommonfbr

doctorstoconductthiskindofresearch.Evenso,there'sthecontinuoussensethatthere'ssomething

immoralaboutmakingsomeoneillonpurpose.

Butthisshouldn'tblindustotheextraordinarypowerofchallengetrials.Theycouldbecome

increasinglyimportantweaponsinthemedicalresearch,inasituationwherevaccinetechnologyis

advancingandthethreatofdiseasesjumpingfromanimalsintohumanbeingsisincreasing.

Muchhasbeendonetoreducetherisksofchallengetrials.Likerespiratorysyncytialvirus

(RSV),researchershaveinvolvedadultswhoareatalowriskofsevereillness.Theseactshave

alreadycutdownamassiverangeofvaccinecandidates.Withtheirhelp,theworldwillsoonhave

thefirstvaccinesagainstRSV,whichkillstensofthousandsofnewbornbabieseachyear.Butnot

alldiseasesarcliketheseones.Wcdon'talwaysknowthedangersvolunteersmightface;wcdon't

alwayshavetreatmentsready.Whatthen?

Wecould,ofcourse,jjstavoidthesequestionsentirely,andrelyonothertypesofresearch.

Butthatdoesn'talwayswork:sometimes,aniinaltestingistrickyanduninformative,becausethe

diseasedoesn'tdevelopinthesamewayasitwouldinhumans.Incontrast,challengetrialscanbe

deeplyinformativewithinweeks,withfarfewervolunteers.Andthebenefitscanbesuiprisingly

high.Takethelatestpandemic.Attheendoflastyear,asthenumberofdeathsisestimatedtohave

reachedabout17.8million,it'salsoestimatedthat20millionhadbeensavedbyvaccines.Inthe

yearstocome,theywillhopcfiillysavemillionsmore.

Inordertomakesureweareasprotectedaspossiblefromcurrentandfuturethreats,weshould

trytogetridofthemisbeliefinchallengetrials,makingthemamorefamiliarpartofourtoolkits.

Perhapsthegreatestrewardofallwouldbetomakesureparticipants'effortsareworthwhile:by

designingtrialstobefairardeffectiveandapplyingthemwhenandwheretheymightmakeareal

diflcrcnuc.Inshurl,byhelpingihcmtosaveihousands,ifnolinillioiisuflives.

102.TheauthortellsthestoryofEdwardJennermainlyto_

A.giveadefinitionofchallengetrials

B.introducethetopicofchallengetrials

C.highlighttheeffectivenessofhisvaccine

D.explaintheoriginoftheword“vaccination”

103.Whatcanweinterfromthepassage?

A.Thei