北京大学《人体解剖学》课件-第4章 内脏学、消化系统

人体解剖学北京大学基础医学院1SplanchnologyDepartment

ofAnatomyPeking

UniversityHealth

ScienceCenterSplanchnology3Splanchnology

isdefinedas

thestudy

of

viscera,

which

arethe

organssituated

in

the

thoracic

a

ndabdominalcavitiesofthebody,andareasso

ciatedwith

pleura

andperitoneum.Therearefourmajorsystemsidentifiedinthevis

ceraaccordingtotheirfunctions,andtheyare

thedigestivesystem,therespiratorysystem,the

urinary

system,and

thereproductivesystemDigestive

s.44Respiratory

s.Urinary

s.6Reproductive

s.7GeneralStructures

of

Viscera8Organsinthevisceracanbedividedintotwo

categoriesbasedon

their

structures.One

is

tubular

organs.Visceral

organscan

alsobe

in

non-tubular

form,called

parenchymatous

organs.Tubular

organs9Parenchymatous

organsHilum1010Anteriormedian

lineSternalline

MidclavicularlineParasternalline

Anterior,Midaland

Posterior axillarylines

Midaxillaryline

Posterior

medianlineReference

lines

of

the

thoraxAbdomen

Regions12RegionsBy

means

ofthese

planesthe

abdomen

iscutinto

nine

regions:the

3

regionsoftheupperro

w

are

the

epigastric

,

the

right

and

lefthypochondr

iac

,

the

middle

3

regionsare

the

umbilical

,the

ri

ght

and

left

lumbar(lateral)

,

the

3

regions

of

the

l

owerrow

are

the

hypogastric

,

theright

and

left

in

guinal

(or

iliac) .1314Abdomen

Regions15Theabdomenisalsodescribedinquadrantswiththeumbilicusatcenter(rightupperquadrant,rightlowerquadrant,leftupperquadrant,andleftlow

er

quadrant).1Digestive

SystemThedigestivesystemisdividedintotwoportions,the

alimentarycanal

and

digestive

glands.The

alimentary

canal

extendsfrom

the

mouthto

the

a

nus,

including

mouth,

pharynx,

esophagus,

stomach,

s

mallintestine

(duodenum,

jejunum,

andileum),and

l

arge

intestine(caecum,appendix,

colon,rectum,and

anal

canal).17Digestive

System

18The

sectionfrom

the

mouthto

the

duodenum

is

clinically

called

the

upper

digestivetract

and

the

canalbelowtheduodenumtilltherectumis

considered

as

lower

digestive

tract.The

digestiveglandsconsist

of

salivary

glands,

liver,

pancreas,andmanyothertinyglandsspreadthroughout

the

digestivetract,

responsible

for

secreting

enzymes

for

chemical

digestion.Digestive

SystemDigestive

system19Oral

Cavity20Teethoral

cavity21All

teeth

have

similar

basicstructures:a

crown,

a

rootand

a

neck.The

bulkof

thetoothconsists

of

dentine.

Overt

hedentineofthecrown

is

the

enamel

and

rou

nd

the

dentineofthe

rootis

the

cement.The

pulp

avity

filledwith

dental

pulp.Thealveolarboneandthegingivatogetherwith

theperiodontalmembraneareusuallycalledt

he

periodontal

structures

(or

periodontium).22Teeth23Deciduous

teeth:Incisors

、 Canine

、

Molars24Deciduous

teeth:Incisors、

Canine

、

Premolars、

Mol

ars25TonguePapillae

of

Tongue：filiform

p.

fungiformp.

foliate

p.

vallate

p.26Muscles

of

TongueIntrinsiclingualm.

Extrinsic

lingual m.Genioglossus27Salivary

GlandsMinor

Salivary

g.MajorSalivaryg.:

Parotid

Glands

Submandibular

Glands

Sublingual

Glands28Parotid

GlandsSubmandibular

GlandsSublingual

Glands29Salivary

GlandsPharynxNasopharynxOropharynxLaryngopharyn30PharynxNasopharynx ：Tubal

TorusOropharynx ：Palatine

TonsilLaryngopharynx：

Piriform

Recess31pharynxnasopharynx ：tubal

torusoropharynx ：palatine

tonsillaryngopharynx ：piriform

recess32Esophagus33stomach34stomach3536stomach37The

small

intestine

is

divided

into

threeportions:

duodenum(superior,descending,

horizontal,

andascending),jejunum,

and

ileum.Small

Intestine38Duodenum39TheDuodenum

maybe

divided

into

four

portions:

superior,

descending,

horizontal,and

ascending.2Duodenum5TheDuodenum

maybe

divided

into

four

portions:

superior,

descending,

horizontal,and

ascending.Largeintestine

Taeniae

coli 、

Haustrations

、Epiploicappendices41Large

intestineCaecumVermiform

appendix

ColonAscendingColon

Transverse

ColonDescending

Colon

Sigmoid

ColonRectumAnal

canal4228Cecum

and

Vermiform

Appendix回盲瓣

ileocaecal

valveThe

appendix

isvaria

ble

inposition

becauseof

the

cecum.2930

sacralflexure、pe

rinealflexureAnalcolumnsAnal

valves

Analsinus

Dentate

lineanal

Analpectenwhite

line

Rectum

Anal

CanalLiver46Liver47Liver483Liver

segments4ⅠⅧⅦⅤⅥⅣⅢⅡⅡⅢⅣⅤⅥⅦⅧLiver

segments505152tExternal

Biliary

Duc

softhe

LiverRight

and

Left

hepatic

duct

Commonhepaticduct

Cystic

ductGallbladderCommon

bile

ductHepatopancreatic