当代翻译理论

当代翻译理论第1页,共35页。

·

4.

Descriptive

Translation

Studies第2页,共35页。

4.1

Holmes4.1.1

The

general

branch

of

Holmes’s

framework4.1.2

The

applied

branch

of

Holmes’s

framework4.1.3

Holmes’s

Translation

Policy4.2

Jeremy

Munday5

Development

since

1970s1.

Introduction第3页,共35页。

As

translation

historian

claim,

the

classical

revival

of

the

19thand

the

emphasis

on

technical

accuracy,

combined

with

a

spirit

ofexclusivism

among

the

intelligentsia,

conspired

to

make

the

19thcentury

pedantic

in

its

attitude

towards

translation.The

20th

century

witnessed

a

radical

change

in

Western

translationstudies.

In

fact,

5

developments

have

had

a

significant

effect

on

ththeory

and

practice

of

translation

during

the

20th

century:1)

Rapid

development

of

structural

linguistics;·

2)

Application

of

methods

in

structural

linguistics

to

deal

with

specproblems

of

translation;第4页,共35页。

3)

The

United

Bible

societies,

which

conducted

internationalconference

of

translation

and

began

publishing

a

quarterly

journaBible

Translation),

for

which

they

were

in

close

contact

withlinguistics;

4)

Publication

of

‘Babel’

,

which

helps

translators

get

to

knoabout

new

tools

and

aids

and

become

aware

of

the

changingconditions;5)

The

development

of

various

projects

on

machine

translationwhich

has

progressed

through

different

phases

and

provided

us

witimportant

insights

into

semantic

theory

and

of

structural

design.2.

The

Representatives

in

the

Classical

Revivalof

the

19th

Century第5页,共35页。

·2.1WaterBenjamin(1892-1940)· Heisnowgenerallyrecognizedasoneofthemostoriginalandinfluentialthinkersofthe20thcentury.Inhisessay"Thettranslator”(1923),hesaid:"atranslationparticipatesintafterlife’oftheST,enactinganinterpretationthatisinformedbyofreception.Thisinterpretationdoesmorethantransmitmessages;itthevaluesthatproducedtheSTovertime.AndinsofarasthelinguisticdifferencesofthistextaresignaledintheTL,thultimatelyconveyaphilosophicalconcept,"purelanguage”senseofhowthe"mutuallyexclusive”differencesamonglanguagescoexistwith"complementary”intentionstocommuniandtorefer,intentionsthatarederailedbythedifferences.”FBenjamin,translationdiffersaUtopianvisionoflinguistic"harmony”.2.2

Willard

Van

Orman

Quine

(

1908-2000)第6页,共35页。

·

Born

in

Akron,

Ohio,

he

began

his

philosophical

studies

at

Oberlinin

his

native

state.

Later

he

studied

the

foundations

of

mathematicwith

Alfred

Whitehead

at

Harford

University,

where

Quine

himself

becamprofessor

of

philosophy

in

1936.

During

1940s-50s,

disciplinary

trendtranslation

studies

vary

widely,

ranging

between

the

extremes

ofphilosophical

skepticism

and

practical

optimism.

The

skepticalin

Anglo-American

analytical

philosophy

is

occupied

by

Quine’s

concep‘

radical

translation.’

the

optimistic

extreme

in

translation

studieoccupied

by

linguistic

analysis.

The

dominant

issue

is

translatabilityanalyzing

specific

translation

problems

and

describing

the

methods

thatranslators

have

developed

to

solve

them.2.3

Roman

Jakobson

(1896-1982)第7页,共35页。

·

A

Russian-American

linguist,

a

leadingauthority

on

Slavic

languages,

he

is

theprincipal

founder

of

Prague

school

ofstructural

linguistics

and

of

phonology.His

major

publications

include

Preliminari

to

Speech

Analysis

(

with

G.

Fant

and

M.Halle,

1952)

and

Fundamentals

ofLanguage

(

1956).2.3.1

Jakobson’s

3

Descriptions

of

Translation:第8页,共35页。

)

Intralingual

translation

/

rewording)

Interlingual

translation

/

translation

proper)

Intersemiotic

translation

/

transmutationJakobson

follows

the

relation

set

out

by

Saussure

between

the

signifiersignified.

From

a

linguistic

and

semiotic

angle,

he

approaches

the

probequivalence

with

the

following,

now

famous,

definition:

equivalence

inisthe

cardinal

problem

of

language

and

the

critical

concern

of

linguisthim,

theproblem

of

meaning

and

equivalence

focuses

on

differences

in

the

structurterminology

of

languages

rather

than

on

any

inability

of

one

languagerender

amessage

that

has

been

written

in

another

verbal

language.2.4

Jean-Paul

Vinay(1910-1999)

and

Jean

Darbelnet(1904-1990)第9页,共35页。

Jean-Paul

Vinay

was

born

in

Paris

and

studied

English

at

the

Sorbonnebefore

obtaining

an

MA

in

Phonetics

and

Philology

from

the

University

ofLondon

I

1937.then

he

moved

to

Canada

in

1946

as

a

professor

and

headof

the

dep.

of

the

Linguistics

and

Translation,

and

in

1967

he

moved

to

theUniversity

of

Victoria

in

British

Columbia.And

Jean

Darbelnet

was

born

inParis,

he

taught

French

at

Harford

before

moving

to

Canada

in

1940,

wherehe

taught

at

McGill

University

until

1946,

setting

up

a

three-year

program

oftranslation.

Their

book

Stylistique

comparee

du

francais

et

de

l’anglais

(1958)

is

alandmark

work

not

particularly

because

of

its

contribution

to

comparativelinguistics

but

because

of

what

it

expressed

in

the

subtitle:

methode

detrduction,

claiming

that

a

linguisticcomparison

of

languages

could

in

ifound

a

translation

method.

The

work

thus

gave

rise

to

a

taxonomic

mode

oftranslation

theory

ostensibly

aimed

at

helping

translators

to

translate.ByapproachingFrench-Englishtranslationfromthefieldofcomparativestylistics,theyprovideatheoreticalbasisforavarietyoftranslationmethodscurrentlyinuse.Theirdescriptionsoftranslationmethodsinvolvesomereductionoflinguisticandculturaldifferencestoempiricistsemantics:Equivalenceofmessagesultimatelyreliesuponanidentityofsituations,where"situations”indicatesanundefined"reality”Buttheyalsoencouragethetranslatortothinkofmeaningasaculturalconstructionandtoseeacloseconnectionbetween第10页,共35页。

linguisticproceduresand"metalinguisticinformation”,第11页,共35页。

namely"thecurrentstateofliterature,science,politicsetc.ofbothlanguagecommunities.” Theenormouspracticalandpedagogical

value

of

Vinay

and

Darbelnet’s

work

overcomesany

philosophical

qualms

about

translatability

and

distractsattention

away

from

their

conservative

prescriptions

aboutlanguage

use

in

translation.3.

The

Heroic

Age

(

1950s-70s)第12页,共35页。

The3decadesof1950s-70switnessedthelinguisticturnintranslationstudies.Fawcettcallsthislinguisticorientationoftranslationstudiesas"theheroicage”.AftertheSecondWorldWar,translationtheorywasprofoundlyinfluencedbyNoamChomsky’sconceptsofdeepstructureandsurfacestructure,andthefirststepsinmachinetranslation.AsMarySnell-Hornby(1988:41)succinctlyexplains"translationisa‘recording’orchangeofsurfacestructureinrepresentationofthedeepstructureunderlyingit.”Chomsky’stheoriesstronglyinfluenced‘thescienceoftranslating’asunderstoodduringthe1960s.3.1

Eugene

Nida

(

1914-

)第13页,共35页。

Nida

received

his

BA

in

1936

from

the

University

of

Californiaat

Los

Angeles.

Having

earned

his

degree

in

Greek,

heenrolled

i

the

Summer

Institute

of

Linguistics

(SIL).

Then

hepursued

a

MA

in

Greek

New

Testament

at

the

University

ofSouthern

California.

In

1941,

he

began

a

PhD

in

Linguistics

atthe

University

of

Michigan

and

completed

it

in

2

years.

In1943,

he

was

ordained

in

the

Northern

Baptist

Convertion,and

joined

the

staff

of

the

American

Bible

Society

(ABS)

asa

linguist.Nida’s

theory

of

translation

developed

from

his

own

practicalwork

in

the

1940s

onwards

when

he

wad

translating

andorganizing

the

translation

of

the

Bible.

His

theory

takes

concretein

two

major

works

in

the

1960s:

Toward

a

Science

of

Translating(1964)

and

The

Theory

and

Practice

of

Translation

(

co-authoredwith

Tabre,

1969).

Nida

attempts

to

move

translation

into

a

more第14页,共35页。

scientific

era

by

incorporating

recent

work

in

linguistics,

and

himore

systematic

approach

borrows

theoretical

concepts

andterminology

both

from

semantics

and

pragmatics

and

from

NoamChomsky’s

theory

of

TG

(transformation-generative)

grammar.Nida

describes

various

‘scientific

approaches

to

meaning’

relatto

work

that

have

been

carried

out

by

theorists

insemantics

and

pragmatics.

A

series

of

techniques,

adapted

fromwork

in

linguistics,

are

presented

as

an

aid

for

the

translator

in第15页,共35页。

determining

the

meaning

of

different

linguistic

items.

Techniquesto

determine

referential

and

emotive

meaning

focus

on

analyzingthe

structure

of

words

and

differentiating

similar

words

in

relatelexical

fields.

These

include

hierarchical

structuring

andcomponential

analysis.Another

technique

is

semantic

structure

analysis,

the

central

idof

which

is

to

encourage

the

trainee

translator

to

realize

that

thesense

of

a

complex

semantic

term

varies

and

most

particularly

isconditioned

by

its

context.For

Nida,

the

model

of

deep

structure

and

surfacestructure

provides

the

translator

with

a

technique

fordecoding

the

ST

and

a

procedure

for

encoding

the

TT

(Nida,1964:60),

although

he

reverses

Chomsky’s

modelwhen

analyzing

the

St;

to

be

specific,

the

surfacestructure

of

the

ST

is

analyzed

into

the

basic

elements

ofthe

deep

structure,

which

are

transferred

in

the

translatprocess

and

then

restructured

semantically

andstylistically

into

the

surface

structure

of

the

TT.

(seefigure

1.)第16页,共35页。

Figure

1:

Eugene

Nida’s

Three-stage

System

of

Translation第17页,共35页。

3.1.1

Eugene

Nida’s

Three-stage

System

of

TranslationNida

and

Taber’s

own

description

of

the

process

emphasizes

the

scientifpractical

advantages

of

this

method

compared

to

any

attempt

to

draw

up

acomprehensive

list

of

equivalences

between

specific

pairs

of

SL

and

TLsystems.

Just

as

kernel

sentences

are

the

most

basic

structures

owhich

language

builds

its

elaborate

surface

structures.

Kernethe

level

at

which

the

message

is

transferred

into

the

receptolanguage

before

being

transformed

into

the

surface

structurestages:literal

transferminimal

transferliterary

transfer第18页,共35页。

Nida’s

move

toward

a

science

of

translation

has

proved

to

be

especially

influential

in

Germany,

where

the

common

term

for

translation

studies

in

Ubersetzungssenschaft第19页,共35页。

(

Translatology).Among

the

most

prominent

German

scholars

in

the

translationscience

field

during

the

1970s

and

1980s

are

Wolfram

Wilss,

andthose

from

the

then

German

Democratic

Republic,

the

LeipzigSchool,

including

Otto

Kade

and

Albert

Newbert.3.2

James

Holmes(1924-1986)

and

His

‘Map’

ofTranslation

Studies第20页,共35页。

JamesHolmes,Americanscholar,poet,translatorandoneofthefoundingfathersofTranslationStudiesasanacademicdisciplinewasbornandraisedonafarmincentralIowa,USA,whowaseducatedatWilliamPennCollege,Haveford,andBrownUniversity.In1949,hewenttoHollandasaFulbrightexchangeteachertoteachEnglishatanInternationalQuakerCollege.Thelastthreedecadesofthe20thcenturywitnessedagreatchangeintranslationstudies.AndthefieldofTranslationStudiewasdecisivelydefinedbyJamesHolmes,,inhisseminalpaper,entitled"TheNameandNatureofTranslationStudies”,whichwasoriginallypresented

to

the

Third

International

Congress

of

AppliedLinguistics

held

in

Copenhagen

in

1972.

Since

then,

researchhas

been

conducted

with

multi-disciplinary

approaches

in

amore

systematical

fashion

toward

the

formation

of

contemporarytranslation

theory

in

its

own

right.第21页,共35页。

In

his

paper,

Holmes

puts

forward

an

overall

framework,describing

what

translation

studies

covers.

This

framework

hassubsequently

been

presented

by

Gideon

Toury

as

in

figure

2.Figure

2:

James

Holmes

‘Map’

ofTranslation

Studies第22页,共35页。

4.

Descriptive

Translation

Studies第23页,共35页。

Descriptive

Translation

Studies

(DTS)

is

mainlyconcerned

with

three

aspects:Product-oriented

DTS;

[

which

examines

existingtranslations,

involving

the

description

or

analysis

of

a

single

STTT

pair

or

a

comparative

analysis

of

several

TTs

of

the

same

ST(into

one

or

more

TLs)]Function-oriented

DTS;[

which

describes

the

‘

function

(

oftranslation)

in

the

recipient

sociocultural

situation.]Process-oriented

DTS.

[

which

is

concerned

with

thepsychology

of

translation,

i.e.

With

trying

to

find

out

whhappens

in

the

mind

of

a

translator.4.1

Holmes第24页,共35页。

4.1.1

The

General

Branch

of

Holmes’s

Framework

Medium-restricted

theories

(which

are

subdivisions

according

to

translatiby

machine

and

humans,

with

further

subdivisions

according

to

whether

themachine/computer

is

working

alone

or

as

an

aid

to

the

human

translator,

to

whetherthe

human

translation

is

written

or

spoken

and

to

whether

spoken

translation

(interpreting)

is

consecutive

or

simultaneous);Area

–restricted

theories(

which

are

restricted

to

specific

languages

or

groups

oflanguages

and

/or

cultures)

;

Rank

–restricted

theories(

which

are

linguistic

theories

that

have

beenrestricted

to

a

specific

level

of

the

word

or

sentence);4)

Text-type

restricted

theories(

which

focus

on

specific

discourse

types

or

genreliterary,

business

and

technical

translation);第25页,共35页。

5)

Time-restricted

theories(

which

refer

to

theories

and

translations

restricted

accorto

specific

periods)

;6)

Problem-restricted

theories

(

which

refer

to

specific

problems

such

as

equivaleor

to

a

wider

question

of

whether

universals

of

translated

labguage

exist).4.1.2

The

Applied

Branch

of

Holmes’s

Framework第26页,共35页。

The

applied

branch

of

Holmes’s

framework

concerns:Translator’s

training

(

teaching

methods,

testing

techniques,

curriculum

design)Translation

aids(

dictionaries,

grammars,

information

technology);

Translation

criticism

(

the

evaluation

of

translations,

including

the

marking

ostudent

translations

and

the

reviews

of

published

translations).4.1.3

Holmes’s

Translation

Policy第27页,共35页。

Holmes

also

focused

on

the

area

of

translation

policy,

where

he

see

the

translation

scholar

advising

o

the

place

of

translation

in

soc

including

what

place,

it

should

occupy

in

the

language

teaching

an

learning

curriculum.4.2

Jeremy

Munday第28页,共35页。

JeremyMunday，aseniorlecturerinSpanishinDepartmentofLinguistic，CulturalandTranslationStudiesanddeputydirectorofCenterforTranslationStudies(CTS),UniversityofSurrey,UK，gothisPhDattheUniversityofBradford,whichhehadbeenteachingthereuntilhecametoSurreyin2000.HisresearchinterestsareinDTS,styleandideologyintranslation,corpus-basedtranslationstudieshistoryofliterarytranslatorsinthe20thcenturyandinteractionbetweenthevisualwrittenwordsintranslation.HismajorpublicationsincludeIntroducingTranslationStudies：theoriesandapplication（2001)andTranslation：anadvancedresourcebook(withBasilHatim,2004).MundaypointsoutthatHolmes’divisionis"flexibleenoughtoincorporatethesetechnologicaldevelopments”andexpandstheappliedbranchinHolmes’mapintoFigure3.Figure

3:

Munday’s

expand

applied

branch

oftranslation

studies第29页,共35页。

· AccordingtoMunday（2001：13-4),thecrucialroleplayedbyHolmes’paperisthemappingofthepotentialoftranslationstudies.Themapisstilloftenconsideredasapointofdeparturesince1972，evenifsubsequenttheoristssuchasSnell-Hornby（1991)andPym（1998)haveattemptedtorewritepartsofit.ThefactthatHolmesdevotestwo-thirdsofhisattentiontothepureaspectsoftheoryanddescriptionsurelyindicateshisresearchinterestsratherthanalackofpossibilitiesfortheappside.Translationpolicywouldnowadaysmorelikelybe第30页,共35页。

· relatedtotheideologythatdeterminestranslationthanwasthecHolmes’description.Thedifferentrestrictions,whichTouryasrelatingtothedescriptiveaswellasthepurelytheoreticalbramightwellincludeadiscourse-typeaswellasatext-typerestrictiInclusionofinterpretingasasub-categoryofhumantranslationalsobedisputedbysomescholars.Inviewoftheverydifferentrequirementsandactivitiesassociatedwithinterpreting,itwouprobablybebesttoconsiderinterpretingasaparallelfield,underthetitleofinterpretingstudies.Inaddition,asPympHolmes’mapomitsanymentionoftheindividualityofthestydecision-makingprocessesandworkingpracticesofhumantranslatorsinvolvedinthetranslationprocess.第31页,共35页。

5.

Development

since

1970s第32页,共35页。

AccordingtoBassnett（1998:108-11),onesimplewayofunderstandingthechangeanddevelopmentsintranslationstudiesduringthelastthreedecadesofthecenturyisthroughtheapplicationofkeywordstospecificperiods.Thekeywothe1970sishistory；in1980scultureandin1990svisibility.Infact,thesurgeintranslationstudiessincethe1970shaswitnesseddifferentarHolmes’mapcometothefore.（Munday,2001：14)Thelinguistic-oriented‘science’translationhascontinuedstronglyinGermany，butequivalence-basedtheoriesgraduallycomeunderattackandbeguntogivewaytofunction-orientedtranslationreseawhichnowadaystakesintoaccountthewidercontextwithinwhichtranslationtakespthereceivingculture.·

The

Hallidayan

influence

of