TPO35 听力全套试题+原文+详细答案解析

TPO35听力全套试题+原文+详细答案解析说明：本资料包含TPO35听力全部6个篇章（2对话+4讲座），完整还原真题题目、听力原文、标准答案，搭配逐题细致解析，贴合考场出题逻辑，无套路化表述，适配托福备考精做精析使用。Conversation1（学生&图书管理员）听力原文Narrator:Listentoaconversationbetweenastudentandalibrarian.Student:Hi,Ineedtoreturnsomebooksandalsoaskaquickquestionaboutlibrarypolicies.Librarian:Sure,noproblem.Letmecheckyouraccountfirst.Allright,yourreturnedbooksareprocessed.What’syourquestion?Student:I’mworkingonasociologypaperabout19thcenturyfactorylabor.Ifoundseveraloldjournalarticlesinyourmicrofilmcollection,butIcan’tcheckthemout.IwaswonderingifIcouldmakecopiesinstead.Librarian:Absolutely.Microfilmmaterialsdon’tcirculate,socopyingisthestandardoption.Wehaveamicrofilmscannerrightbythereferencedesk.Itcanscanpagesintodigitalfilesorprintphysicalcopies.Student:Great!Itriedusingitearlier,butthescreenwasreallydark,andIcouldn’tadjustthebrightness.Iwastedalotoftime.Librarian:Oh,that’sacommonissuewiththatoldermachine.Thebrightnessdialisontheside,it’seasytomiss.Icanshowyouintwominutes,orIcanhaveourstudentassistanthelpyouifI’mbusy.Student:Thatwouldbesuperhelpful.Also,howmanycopiesamIallowedtomake?Ineedabouttwentypagestotalformypaper.Librarian">Wefollowstandardcopyrightrules.Forjournalarticles,youcancopyuptoonefullarticleperissue,nolimitonshortexcerpts.Twentypagesistotallyfine.Theonlyruleisyoucan’tcopyentirebooks.Student:Perfect.Onelastthing.Ineedarecentstudyonmodernlaborregulations,butourlibrarydoesn’thavethejournal.CanIrequestitthroughinterlibraryloan?Librarian:Yousurecan.Interlibraryloantakes3to5businessdaysforjournalarticles.Youcansubmittherequestonlinethroughourlibraryportal.Justfilloutthearticletitle,journalname,andpublicationyear.It’sfreeforstudents.Student:Awesome,Ididn’tknowitwasfree.Thatsavesmealotofmoney.Librarian:Yep,allacademicresourcerequestsarecoveredbytheschool.Oncethearticlearrives,we’llemailyouadigitalcopydirectly,soyouwon’tevenneedtopickitupinperson.Student:That’sreallyconvenient.Thankssomuchforyourhelp!Librarian:Noproblem!Let’sgofixthatscannerforyou.题目+答案+详细解析Q1.Whydoesthestudentgotothelibrary?A.TorenewoverduelibrarybooksB.ToaskaboutusinglibraryresourcesforhispaperC.ToregisterforinterlibraryloanserviceD.Toreportabrokenlibraryscanner答案：B解析：学生核心诉求是为社会学论文解决资料问题，包含微缩胶片资料复印、扫描仪使用、馆际互借三个问题，全程围绕论文资源使用咨询。A错，学生是还书不是续借；C、D只是对话局部细节，并非核心目的。Q2.Whatproblemdidthestudenthavewiththemicrofilmscanner?A.HecouldnotfindthescannermachineB.Themachine’sscreenwastoodarktouseC.HedidnotknowhowtosavedigitalfilesD.Themachinewasoutofservice答案：B解析：学生明确提到此前使用扫描仪时，屏幕很暗，无法调节亮度，浪费了很多时间，对应B选项。其余选项均未在对话中提及。Q3.Whatdoesthelibrariansayaboutcopyingmicrofilmmaterials?A.CopyingentirejournalissuesisprohibitedB.StudentscanmakealimitednumberofcopiesperdayC.CopyingsinglearticlesfromjournalsispermittedD.Physicalcopiesarefree,butdigitalscanscostmoney答案：C解析：图书管理员说明版权规则：可复印单篇期刊文章，短篇摘录无限制。A错，禁止的是复印整本书，不是整期期刊；B错，未提及每日复印数量限制；D错，全程未提及扫描收费。Q4.Whatdoesthelibrariantellthestudentaboutinterlibraryloan?A.ItrequiresasmallfeeforjournalarticlesB.ArticlerequeststakelessthanaweektocompleteC.StudentsmustpickupmaterialsinpersonD.Itcannotbeusedformodernacademicjournals答案：B解析：馆际互借的期刊文章需要3-5个工作日，一周以内，符合B选项。A错，学生免费使用；C错，直接发送电子版无需自取；D错，学生正是用来申请现代期刊文献。Q5.Whatwillthelibrariandonext?A.ShowthestudenthowtoadjustthescannerB.Submitthestudent’sinterlibraryloanrequestC.HelpthestudentreturnhisremainingbooksD.Printcopiesofthejournalarticles答案：A解析：对话结尾管理员主动提出帮学生调试扫描仪，是接下来的即时动作，其余选项均无对应内容。Conversation2（学生&欧洲历史教授）听力原文Narrator:ListentoaconversationbetweenastudentandhisEuropeanHistoryProfessor.Professor:SoIwantedtotalkaboutyouroutline.Idolikeyourtopic:William,theconqueror,leadingtheNormaninvasionofEngland.ButI'malittleconcernedaboutyoursourceandthefactthatyouwanttouseitastheentirebasisofyourpaper.Student:Really?TheBayeuxtapestry?Ithoughtitwasprettycreativetousesomethingthatwasmadetohangonawallasasource.AndasfarasIknowit'sthemostimportantdocumentationoftheinvasion,afirst-handaccount,right?Professor:Well,youareright.It'sconsideredaprimarysource.Andat70meterslong,thetapestrycertainlyisimpressive.ImaginethetimeittookforthoseembroidererstosewallthosewordsandimagestotellthestoryoftheNormanforcessailingfromFrancetoEngland.So,yeah,it'sanamazingartifact,butwhat'sproblematicisthatthetapestryisaverycontroversialsource.Wereyouawareofthis?Student:Well,Iknowsomepiecesofitwereprobablylost.Professor:Itisincomplete,butthat’snotthemainissue.Student:ButIalsoreadthathistorianshavereliedonittohelpinterprettheeventsleadinguptotheinvasionandthebattleitself.Professor:Well,ithasgreathistoricalvalue,nodoubt,butinmyopinion,there'saproblembecausedoyouknowwhocommissionedthetapestry?Student:Itwasachurchofficial...um...thebishopofBayeux,acityinFrance?Professor:Yes.AndthebishopwasalsoWilliamtheConqueror'shalf-brother.Student:Oh!ThatIdidn'tknow.Butregardlessofwhocommissionedit,isn'tthefactthatitwasbasedoneyewitnessaccountsthemostimportantthing?Imean,itwasmadeonly17yearsafterthebattle.Soplentyofeyewitnesseswerestillalive.Professor:Yes,that'strue.Buttherealpointofthecontroversyisn'tthebattleitself.Ithastodowiththereasonforthebattle:whowastherightfulheirtothethrone?Whowouldbethenextking?Student:Thenhewouldbetheonetodecidewhichwordsandimageswouldgoonthetapestryandwhatwouldbeleftout.Professor:Exactly.SoofcoursethetapestryshowswhyWilliamshouldbethenewking.YouhavetounderstandthatthetapestrydepictedanentireseriesofeventsastheywereinterpretedbytheNormans,thevictorsofthebattle.Andthat'saproblemifyouaretryingtowriteobjectivelyabouttheinvasion,especiallyifyouuseitasyouronlysourceofinformation.Afterall,it'simportantforhistorianstoexamineaneventfromallsides.Student:Igetitnow.Ionlyusedthisonesource,somypaperwillbetooone-sided.Professor:Precisely.Isuggestyouaddotherhistoricaldocumentsthatpresentopposingordifferentperspectives.Thatwillmakeyouranalysisbalancedandacademic.题目+答案+详细解析Q1.Whydoestheprofessorwanttotalktothestudent?A.ToreviewmaterialfromapreviousclassB.TorecommendaresourceforanassignmentC.TooutlinestepsthestudentshouldtaketocompletehisresearchD.Todiscussthestudent’splanforapaper答案：D解析：对话开篇教授直接点明目的，针对学生的论文大纲和选题资料问题沟通，核心是讨论学生的论文写作方案。A、B无对应内容；C是对话后续建议，并非谈话初始目的。Q2.WhatdoesthestudentthinkabouttheBayeuxtapestryatfirst?A.ItisabiasedhistoricaldocumentB.Itisacreativeandreliablefirst-handsourceC.ItcontainsmanymissingandincorrectdetailsD.Itislessusefulthanwrittenhistoricalrecords答案：B解析：学生最初认为用挂毯做论文资料很有创意，且是诺曼入侵事件最重要的一手记录，十分可靠。A是教授的观点；C是学生次要认知，并非核心看法；D未提及。Q3.Whatisthemainproblemwiththetapestryasahistoricalsource?A.ManypartsofthetapestryaremissingB.ItwascreatedlongaftertheinvasioneventC.Itpresentsonlytheconqueror’sperspectiveD.Ithasnoverifiedeyewitnessevidence答案：C解析：挂毯由征服者威廉的同母兄弟委托制作，全程站在诺曼胜利者的角度叙事，刻意美化威廉的王位合法性，视角片面，无法客观还原历史。A是次要缺陷，非核心问题；B、D与原文相悖。Q4.WhydoestheprofessormentionthebishopofBayeux?A.Toexplainthebiasinthetapestry’scontentB.Tointroduceanewhistoricalfigureforthestudent’spaperC.ToshowthestudentwheretofindmoreresourcesD.Topointoutamistakeinthestudent’sresearch答案：A解析：主教是威廉的亲属，由他委托制作的挂毯会刻意偏向威廉一方，教授提及主教身份，是为了解释挂毯内容存在偏见的根本原因。其余选项均不符合对话逻辑。Q5.Whatdoestheprofessoradvisethestudenttodo?A.Rewritethepaper’sentireoutlineB.UseadditionalsourceswithdifferentperspectivesC.FocusonlyonthebattleprocessinthepaperD.Ignorethecontroversialpartsofthetapestry答案：B解析：教授明确建议学生补充其他视角的史料，平衡论文观点，保证学术客观性。A、C、D均无原文依据。Lecture1（环境科学：氦3清洁能源）听力原文Narrator:Listentopartofalectureinanenvironmentalscienceclass.Professor:Lastweek,wediscussedglobalenergychallenges.Withgrowingpopulationandlimitedfossilfuels,weneednewcleanenergysources.Todaywe’lltalkaboutapromisingalternative:helium-3,arareisotopeofhelium.Mostpeopleknowheliumasthegasinballoons.Regularheliumishelium-4,whichiscommononEarth.Helium-3isdifferent.It’sextremelyrareonourplanet,butabundantontheMoon.Unlikefossilfuels,helium-3fusionproducesalmostnoharmfulradiationorwaste.It’sacompletelycleanenergysource.Now,whyisfusionwithhelium-3sospecial?Traditionalnuclearfusionuseshydrogenisotopesandcreatesradioactivebyproductsthataredangerousandhardtostore.Helium-3fusionreactionsproduceonlyharmlessheliumgasandprotons,nolong-termradioactivewaste.That’sahugeadvantageforenvironmentalprotection.Thebiggestproblemisavailability.Helium-3isbarelypresentinEarth’satmosphere.Scientistshaveconfirmedthatlunarsoilcontainsmassiveamountsofhelium-3,depositedbysolarwindsoverbillionsofyears.TheMoonhasnomagneticfieldoratmosphere,sosolarwindparticlescanreachitssurfaceandaccumulatehelium-3continuously.Ofcourse,therearemajorchallengestousingthisresource.First,mininghelium-3ontheMoonisextremelycostly.Weneedadvancedspacecraft,miningequipment,andlunarbases,whichrequireshugeinvestment.Second,helium-3fusiontechnologyisnotyetfullydeveloped.Weknowitworksintheory,butwehaven’tcreatedastable,large-scalefusionreactionforcommercialuse.SomecriticsalsoarguethatlunarminingcoulddamagetheMoon’ssurfaceenvironment.Butsupporterssaytheminingprocesswouldbegentleandwouldnotcauseseriousecologicaldamage.Comparedwiththepollutionandresourcedepletioncausedbyfossilfuels,lunarhelium-3energyisfarmoresustainable.Inconclusion,helium-3isanidealcleanenergysourceforthefuture.Thoughtechnicalandfinancialbarriersremain,ithasgreatpotentialtosolveglobalenergyandenvironmentalcrisesinthelongrun.题目+答案+详细解析Q1.Whatisthemaintopicofthelecture?A.DifferencesbetweenvariousnuclearfusiontechnologiesB.EnvironmentaldamagecausedbyfossilfuelsC.ApromisingcleanenergysourcefromtheMoonD.Methodsofminingresourcesonthelunarsurface答案：C解析：讲座核心围绕月球氦3展开，介绍其清洁能源优势、储量特点及应用挑战，对应C选项。A、B是开篇铺垫内容；D是局部细节，非主旨。Q2.Whatisamajoradvantageofhelium-3fusionovertraditionalfusion?A.ItiseasiertoconductinlaboratoriesB.ItproducesnoharmfulradioactivewasteC.ItusesmorecommonnaturalresourcesD.Itcanbeusedforsmall-scaleenergyproduction答案：B解析：教授明确对比，传统核聚变会产生危险放射性副产物，而氦3核聚变仅产生无害气体，无放射性废料，是核心优势。其余选项无原文支撑。Q3.WhydoestheMoonhavelargeamountsofhelium-3?A.Lunarrocksnaturallyproducehelium-3B.Solarwindsdeposithelium-3onitssurfaceC.Ancientvolcanicactivitylefthelium-3reservesD.TheMoon’satmospheretrapshelium-3gas答案：B解析：月球无磁场和大气层，太阳风可直接抵达月球表面，数十亿年持续沉积形成大量氦3储量。A、C未提及；D与原文相悖，月球无大气层。Q4.Whataretwomajorobstaclestousinghelium-3asenergy?(Click2answers)A.HighcostoflunarminingB.LackoftheoreticalresearchC.ImmaturecommercialfusiontechnologyD.Severelunarenvironmentaldamagefrommining答案：A、C解析：讲座明确指出两大核心难题：月球开采成本极高、氦3商用核聚变技术尚未成熟。B错，理论已成型；D错，开采不会造成严重生态破坏，是争议点而非核心障碍。Q5.Whatistheprofessor’sattitudetowardhelium-3energy?A.Doubtful,becauseitwillneverbepracticalB.Optimistic,despitecurrentlimitationsC.Uninterested,sinceotherenergysourcesarebetterD.Critical,becauseofitsenvironmentalrisks答案：B解析：教授结尾总结，氦3是理想的未来清洁能源，虽存在技术和资金壁垒，但长期潜力巨大，态度积极乐观。Lecture2（考古学：纳图夫人与气候变化）听力原文Narrator:Listentopartofalectureinanarchaeologyclass.Professor:Todaywe’lldiscusstheNatufians,aprehistorichunter-gatherersocietythatlivedintheMiddleEastover10,000yearsago.TheNatufiansareuniquebecausetheirlifestylechangeddramaticallyinresponsetoancientclimatechange,whichoffersimportantcluesabouthowearlyhumansadaptedtoenvironmentalshifts.Around12,000yearsago,theMiddleEasthadawarm,wetclimate.Thelandwasfullofwildgrainsandanimals.TheNatufianslivedinpermanentsettlements,builtsimplestoneshelters,andreliedonabundantwildfoodresources.Theydidnotneedtotravelfartohuntorgatherfood,sotheydevelopedasedentarylifestyle.Butthentheclimatechangedabruptly.Theregionbecamemuchcolderanddrier.Wildgrainsuppliesdecreasedsharply,andanimalpopulationsdeclined.FoodscarcityforcedtheNatufianstoadjusttheirlivingstrategies.Theyabandonedpermanentsettlementsandreturnedtoanomadichunter-gathererlifestyle,movingfrequentlytofindfoodsources.Archaeologistshavefoundclearevidenceofthistransition.InearlierNatufiansites,weseelarge,permanentstonestructuresandtoolsforprocessinggrains.Inlatersites,theselargestructuresdisappear,andwefindonlytemporarycampremainsandportablehuntingtools.Somescholarsusedtobelievethathumanagriculturedevelopedgraduallyfrompermanenthunter-gatherersettlements.ButtheNatufiancaseprovesthatearlyhumansettlementwasunstable.Climatechangecouldreversesocialdevelopment,pushingsedentarycommunitiesbacktonomadiclife.Anotherimportantfinding:theNatufiansdidnotdevelopagricultureevenafterfacingfoodshortages.Theychosetochangetheirlifestyleinsteadofplantingcrops.Thistellsusthattheshifttofarmingwasnottheonlysolutionforprehistorichumansurvival.Environmentalconditionsdirectlyshapedancienthumansocialpatterns.题目+答案+详细解析Q1.Whatisthelecturemainlyabout?A.BuildingtechniquesofNatufiansheltersB.HowclimatechangeaffectedNatufianlifestyleC.TheoriginofancientagriculturalsocietiesD.Archaeologicalmethodsforstudyingprehistoricpeople答案：B解析：讲座全程围绕纳图夫人展开，核心讲解气候变化如何导致其从定居生活转变为游牧生活，以及对应的考古证据。A、C、D均为局部细节或无关内容。Q2.WhatwastheNatufianlifestylelikeduringwarmwetclimateperiods?A.TheylivedintemporarycampsandtraveledfrequentlyB.TheydevelopedsimplefarmingtechniquesC.TheysettledpermanentlyandusedlocalwildresourcesD.Theyreliedmainlyonanimaldomestication答案：C解析：气候温暖湿润时，食物充足，纳图夫人建造固定居所，定居生活，依靠野生谷物和猎物生存。A是气候恶化后的生活方式；B、D未提及农耕和家畜驯化。Q3.WhatcausedtheNatufianstochangetheirlifestyle?A.CompetitionwithotherhumansocietiesB.DecreaseinwildfoodresourcesC.DestructionoftheirsettlementsbynaturaldisastersD.Developmentofnewhuntingtools答案：B解析：气候变冷变干后，野生谷物、猎物大幅减少，食物短缺迫使纳图夫人放弃定居，转为游牧生活。其余选项无原文依据。Q4.WhatdoarchaeologistsfindinlaterNatufiansites?A.PermanentstonehousefoundationsB.ToolsusedforplantingcropsC.RemainsoftemporarycampsandportabletoolsD.Largeamountsofstoredwildgrains答案：C解析：后期遗址中固定大型建筑消失，仅留存临时营地遗迹和便携狩猎工具，对应生活方式的转变。A、D是早期遗址特征；B未发现农耕工具。Q5.WhatconclusiondoestheprofessordrawfromtheNatufianstudy?A.ClimatechangecanreverseearlyhumansocialdevelopmentB.AgriculturewastheonlywayforancienthumanstosurviveC.Hunter-gatherersocietieswerelessadaptablethanfarmingsocietiesD.Prehistorichumansettlementswererarelyaffectedbyenvironment答案：A解析：传统观点认为人类社会持续向先进发展，但纳图夫人案例证明，气候变化会让定居社群退回游牧状态，逆转社会发展进程。B、D与原文相悖；C未对比两种社会的适应能力。Lecture3（艺术史：文艺复兴壁画创作）听力原文Narrator:Listentopartofalectureinanarthistoryclass.Professor:Todaywe’regoingtotalkaboutRenaissancefrescopainting.Frescoesaremuralspaintedonwetplaster,atechniquewidelyusedduringtheRenaissanceinItaly.ManyfamousRenaissancemasterpiecesarefrescoes,andtheuniquepaintingprocessgreatlyinfluencedthestyleoftheseartworks.AcommonmisunderstandingaboutRenaissanceartistsisthattheyworkedalone,assolitarygeniuses.Butinfact,mostfamousartistsranlargeworkshopswithmanyapprentices.EvenmasterpainterslikeMichelangeloandRaphaelreliedheavilyontheirteammemberstocompletelargefrescoprojects.Thefrescopaintingprocessisverystrictandtime-sensitive.Artistscanonlypaintonfresh,wetplaster.Oncetheplasterdries,nomorepaintcanbeaddedtothatsection.Sopaintershadtodividethewallintosmallsections.Theywouldfinishonesectioncompletelyinasingledaybeforemovingontothenext.Thismethodensureduniformcolorandtextureacrossthewholemural.Becauseofthetighttimelimit,teamcooperationwasessential.Themasterartistwoulddesigntheoverallcompositionandpaintthemostimportant,detailedpartsofthefresco,likehumanfacesandkeyfigures.Apprenticeshandledthebackground,simplepatterns,andlessdetailedareas.Thisdivisionoflaborallowedworkshopstofinishhugemuralprojectsefficiently.ThiscollaborativemodelalsochangedourunderstandingofartisticcreationintheRenaissance.Artworkswerenottheproductofasinglegenius,butcollectiveteamefforts.Evenso,themaster’sartisticstylestilldominatedthewholework,soeachfrescohasaunifiedartisticfeature.Anotherinterestingpoint:thewetplasterbindsperfectlywithpaint,sofrescoesareextremelydurable.ManyRenaissancefrescoeshavesurvivedforhundredsofyearswithclearcolors,muchbetterpreservedthanoilpaintingsoncanvas.题目+答案+详细解析Q1.Whatisthemainpurposeofthelecture?A.TocomparefrescoesandoilpaintingsB.ToexplaintheprocessandcharacteristicsofRenaissancefrescoesC.TointroducefamousRenaissancefrescoartistsD.Toargueagainstmodernappreciationofancientart答案：B解析：讲座重点讲解文艺复兴壁画的创作流程、团队协作模式及作品特性，纠正大众对艺术家独立创作的误区。A、C是局部细节；D无对应内容。Q2.WhatcommonmisconceptionaboutRenaissanceartistsdoestheprofessorcorrect?A.TheycreatedartworksveryquicklyB.TheyworkedindependentlywithouthelpersC.Theyonlypaintedsmall-scaleworksD.Theyfocusedonlyonreligiousthemes答案：B解析：大众普遍认为文艺复兴艺术家是独立创作的天才，教授纠正这一误区，说明大多艺术家依靠学徒团队协作完成作品。其余选项均无原文支撑。Q3.Whydofrescopaintersdividewallsintosmallsections?A.ToallowmultipleartiststopaintatthesametimeB.TomakethemuraleasiertorepairlaterC.TocompleteeachpartbeforetheplasterdriesD.Tocreatedifferentartisticstylesfordifferentareas答案：C解析：壁画必须在石膏湿润时绘制，石膏干燥后无法补画，因此需要分区块单日完成，再推进下一部分，适配时间限制。Q4.Whatisthedivisionoflaborinfrescoworkshops?A.Masterspaintdetails;apprenticespaintsimpleareasB.Apprenticesdesignlayouts;masterscolortheworksC.Masterspreparematerials;apprenticesfinishpaintingD.Seniorapprenticespaintfigures;newapprenticescleantools答案：A解析：大师负责整体构图和人物面部等精细核心部分，学徒负责背景、简单花纹等低细节区域，分工明确。Q5.Whatdoestheprofessorsayaboutthedurabilityoffrescoes?A.TheyfadequicklyovertimeB.TheyarebetterpreservedthanoilpaintingsC.TheyareeasilydamagedbywaterD.Theyneedfrequentrestoration答案：B解析：颜料与湿石膏紧密结合，壁画耐久性极强，数百年色彩依旧清晰，保存效果优于帆布油画。Q6.Whatdoestheprofessorimplyaboutfrescocreation?A.SomefrescoestookhundredsofyearstocompleteB.ManyfrescoeswerecreatedentirelybyapprenticesC.ApprenticesworkedwithoutanyguidanceD.Eachsectionwasfullyfinishedbeforethenextbegan答案：D解析：根据壁画创作规则，创作者必须单日完整完成一个区块，干燥前不遗留，再开始下一部分绘制，对应D选项。其余选项与原文相悖。Lecture4（古生物学：二叠纪大灭绝）听力原文Narrator:Listentopartofalectureinapaleontologyclass.Professor:Weallknowthedinosaurextinctionevent,whichhappened66millionyearsago.Butfewpeopleknowaboutafarmoreseveremassextinction:thePermianextinction,whichoccurredabout250millionyearsago.ThisisthelargestextinctioneventinEarth’shistory,eliminatingover90percentofmarinespeciesand70percentofterrestrialspecies.Fordecades,scientistshavestudiedthecausesofthismassivedisaster.Themostwidelyacceptedtheorylinkstheextinctiontolarge-scalevolcaniceruptionsinwhatisnowSiberia.Thesevolcaniceruptionslastedformillionsofyearsandreleasedmassiveamountsofcarbondioxideandlava.Thehugevolumeofcarbondioxidecausedextremeglobalwarming.Oceantemperaturesrosesharply,andseawaterbecamemoreacidic.Mostmarinecreaturescouldnotadapttothesuddentemperatureandchemicalchanges,leadingtomassivedeaths.Onland,hightemperaturesandchangingrainfallpatternsdestroyedplantecosystems.Withoutplants,herbivoresandcarnivoresgraduallydiedout.Someresearchersonceproposedothertheories,suchasasteroidimpactsorsuddendropsinsealevel.Butthesetheoriesh