全国英语等级考试（PETS）四级复习试题库(辽宁省凌源市2025年下半年)

全国英语等级考试（PETS）四级复习试题库(辽宁省凌源市2025年下半年)第一部分：听力理解SectionA:Conversations(短对话)Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear10shortconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionwillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.1.M:I'mreallyexhausted.IstayeduplatepreparingforthepresentationinProfessorLi'sclass.W:Whydidn'tyoujustgotobedearly?Youknowyouperformbetterwhenyouarewell-rested.Q:Whatdoesthewomanimply?A.Themanshouldhavepreparedearlier.B.Themanneedsmoresleeptoperformwell.C.Thepresentationwasnotimportant.D.ProfessorLiisstrictaboutgrades.2.W:Ican'tfindmyumbrellaanywhere.IthinkIleftitinthetaxiyesterday.M:Youshouldcallthetaxicompanyimmediately.Theymighthavealost-and-founddepartment.Q:Whatdoesthemansuggestthewomando?A.Buyanewumbrella.B.Gobacktothetaxistand.C.Contactthetaxicompany.D.Lookforitathome.3.M:Thepriceofrentinthiscityisskyrocketing.Imighthavetomovetothesuburbs.W:It'satrade-off.You'llpaylessrent,butyou'llspendmoretimeandmoneycommuting.Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?A.Movingtothesuburbsisagoodidea.B.Rentinginthesuburbsisalsoexpensive.C.Themanshouldconsiderthecommutingcosts.D.Livinginthecityisconvenient.4.W:Didyouwatchthedocumentaryonclimatechangelastnight?M:Iintendedto,butmyinternetconnectionwentdownrightbeforeitstarted.Q:Whathappenedtotheman?A.Hewatchedadifferentprogram.B.Hemissedthedocumentaryduetoatechnicalissue.C.Hedoesn'tcareaboutclimatechange.D.Hefellasleepbeforeitstarted.5.M:I'mthinkingoftakingagapyearbeforegraduateschooltotravelaroundEurope.W:Thatsoundsadventurous,butmakesureyouhaveasolidplanforwhenyoureturn.Employersliketoseecontinuousgrowth.Q:Whatisthewoman'sattitudetowardstheman'splan?A.Sheisenviousofhisplan.B.Shethinksitisawasteoftime.C.Sheadviseshimtoplancarefully.D.Sheisagainsttheidea.6.W:Thecafeteriafoodhasreallyimprovedlately.Thesaladbarisamazing.M:Iagree.It'smuchbetterthanthegreasyfoodweusedtohave.Iactuallyenjoyeatingtherenow.Q:Whatdothespeakersthinkofthecafeteria?A.Itistooexpensive.B.Thefoodhasbecomehealthierandtastier.C.Itisstillnotgoodenough.D.Thesaladbaristoosmall.7.M:HaveyoufinishedreadingthereportIsentyou?W:I'veskimmedthroughit,butIhaven'thadthechancetoreaditindetailyet.I'llgetbacktoyoubytomorrowmorning.Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?A.Shehasn'treceivedthereport.B.Shewillreadthereportcarefullylater.C.Shedoesn'twanttoreadthereport.D.Shefinishedreadingityesterday.8.W:I'mnervousabouttheinterviewtomorrow.It'swithamultinationalcorporation.M:Justbeyourselfandhighlightyourinternationalexperience.Youspeakthreelanguages,whichisahugeasset.Q:Whatdoesthemanemphasize?A.Thewoman'slanguageskills.B.Theimportanceofthecorporation.C.Theneedtoprepareanswers.D.Thedifficultyoftheinterview.9.M:Iheardyou'reorganizingacharityrunforthelocalhospital.W:Yes,wearelookingforvolunteerstohelpwiththeregistrationdeskonSaturday.Canyouspareanhourortwo?Q:Whatdoesthewomanwantthemantodo?A.Participateintherun.B.Donatemoneytothehospital.C.Helpwiththeregistration.D.Promotetheevent.10.W:Thisnewsoftwareissocomplicated.Ican'tfigureouthowtomergethesefiles.M:Letmeshowyou.Youjustneedtoselectbothfiles,right-click,andchoose"MergefromContextMenu".Q:Whatisthewomandoing?A.Installingsoftware.B.Tryingtoperformaspecifictaskonthecomputer.C.Deletingfiles.D.Askingfortechnicalsupport.SectionB:Passages(长对话/独白)Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3passages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.PassageOneTheconceptof"emotionalintelligence"orEQhasgainedsignificantattentioninrecentyears,particularlyintheworkplace.UnlikeIQ,whichmeasurescognitiveabilities,EQreferstotheabilitytoidentify,understand,andmanageone'sownemotions,aswellastheemotionsofothers.ResearchsuggeststhathighEQislinkedtobetterleadershipskills,improvedteamwork,andhigheroveralljobperformance.Forinstance,amanagerwithhighEQcansensewhenanemployeeisstressedandoffersupportbeforeburnoutoccurs.Furthermore,individualswithhighEQtendtohandleconflictmoreeffectively,astheycanempathizewithdifferentperspectives.ManycompaniesnowincorporateEQtrainingintotheirprofessionaldevelopmentprograms,recognizingthattechnicalskillsalonearenotsufficientforsuccessinacollaborativeenvironment.Questions11to13arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.11.WhatdoesEQprimarilyreferto?A.Theabilitytosolvemathematicalproblems.B.Theabilitytoidentifyandmanageemotions.C.Theleveloftechnicalexpertise.D.Thespeedoflearningnewskills.12.WhyisEQconsideredimportantintheworkplaceaccordingtothepassage?A.ItreplacestheneedforIQ.B.Itguaranteesahighersalary.C.Itimprovesleadershipandteamwork.D.Itisrequiredbylaw.13.WhatismentionedasabenefitofhighEQinconflictsituations?A.Abilitytoignoretheconflict.B.Abilitytoempathizewithothers.C.Abilitytowinarguments.D.Abilitytoavoidemotionalpeople.PassageTwoLiaoningProvince,locatedinNortheastChina,isknownforitsheavyindustrialheritage.However,inrecentyears,theregionhasbeenundergoingasignificanteconomictransformation.ThecityofLingyuan,forexample,isshiftingitsfocustowardsdevelopingnewenergysourcesandagriculturalprocessing.Thelocalgovernmenthasintroducedpoliciestoattractinvestmentinsolarandwindpowerprojects.Additionally,Lingyuan'suniquegeographicalconditionsmakeitsuitableforgrowingspecifichigh-qualityfruitsandvegetables,whicharenowbeingexportedtootherpartsofChinaandabroad.ThisshiftfromtraditionalmanufacturingtoamorediversifiedeconomyispartofabroaderstrategytorevitalizetheNortheast.Whilechallengesremain,suchastheneedfortalentretentionandinfrastructureupgrades,theprogressmadesofarindicatesapromisingfuturefortheregion.Questions14to16arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.14.WhatisLingyuantraditionallyknownfor?A.Agriculturalexports.B.Heavyindustry.C.Tourism.D.Solarpowerproduction.15.WhatnewindustryisbeingdevelopedinLingyuan?A.Automobilemanufacturing.B.Textileproduction.C.Newenergysources.D.Realestate.16.WhatisthebroadergoaloftheeconomictransformationinLingyuan?A.TocompetewithBeijing.B.TorevitalizetheNortheastregion.C.Toreducethepopulation.D.Toincreasepollutioncontrolonly.PassageThreeTimemanagementisacriticalskillforuniversitystudents.Withlectures,assignments,part-timejobs,andsocialactivities,itiseasytofeeloverwhelmed.Oneeffectivetechniqueisthe"PomodoroTechnique".Thismethodinvolvesbreakingworkintointervals,traditionally25minutesinlength,separatedbyshortbreaksof5minutes.Theseintervalsareknownas"pomodoros".Afterfourpomodoros,alongerbreakof15to30minutesistaken.Theideabehindthisisthatthefrequentbreakskeepyourmindfreshandfocused.Manystudentsfindthatthismethodhelpsthemovercomeprocrastinationandmaintainahighlevelofproductivitywithoutburningout.Tousethistechniqueeffectively,onemustcommittofocusingsolelyonthetaskathandduringthe25-minuteinterval,avoidingdistractionslikephonenotificationsorsocialmedia.Questions17to20arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.17.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?A.Thehistoryofuniversityeducation.B.Theimportanceofsocialactivities.C.Atimemanagementmethod.D.Howtofindapart-timejob.18.Howlongisastandard"pomodoro"interval?A.15minutes.B.20minutes.C.25minutes.D.30minutes.19.Whatshouldastudentdoafterfourpomodoros?A.Takealongerbreak.B.Startanewassignment.C.Checksocialmedia.D.Gotosleep.20.WhatisrequiredforthePomodoroTechniquetobeeffective?A.Workinginalargegroup.B.Usingaspecifictimerapp.C.Focusingsolelyonthetask.D.Drinkingcoffee.第二部分：英语知识运用SectionA:ClozeTest(完形填空)Directions:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethebestonethatfitsintothepassage.Thedevelopmentofartificialintelligence(AI)hasbroughtaboutprofoundchangesinvarioussectors,fromhealthcaretofinance.However,asAIsystemsbecomemoresophisticated,theyalsoraisecomplexethicalquestions.Oneoftheprimaryconcernsistheissueofbias.AIalgorithmslearnfromvastamountsofdata,andifthatdatacontainshistoricalbiases,theAIwill__21__reproduceandpotentiallyamplifythosebiases.Forexample,ahiringalgorithmtrainedondatafromacompanythathistoricallyfavoredmenmight__22__femalecandidates,eveniftheyareequallyqualified.Anothersignificantchallengeisthe"blackbox"problem.ManyadvancedAImodels,especiallydeeplearningnetworks,operateinwaysthatarenot__23__transparenttohumans.Wecanseetheinputandtheoutput,buttheinternaldecision-makingprocessremains__24__.ThislackofexplainabilitymakesitdifficulttotrustAIsystemsincriticalareaslikemedicaldiagnosisorjudicialsentencing,whereunderstandingthe"why"behindadecisionisasimportantasthedecisionitself.Furthermore,thereistheimpactofAIonemployment.Whileautomationincreasesefficiency,italso__25__theriskofjobdisplacement.Tasksthatarerepetitiveandrule-basedareparticularly__26__toautomation.Toaddressthis,thereisagrowingneedforreskillingandupskillingtheworkforce.Educationsystemsmustadapttopreparestudentsforafuturewhereproblem-solvingandcreativityare__27__valuedoverroutinecognitivetasks.RegulationisalsoacrucialaspectoftheethicaldeploymentofAI.GovernmentsandinternationalbodiesarebeginningtodraftguidelinestoensurethatAIisusedresponsibly.Theseregulationsaimtoprotectprivacy,ensuresafety,and__28__fundamentalrights.However,regulatingarapidlyevolvingtechnologyis__29__.Strikingtherightbalancebetweenfosteringinnovationandpreventingharmisadelicatetaskthatrequiresongoingdialoguebetweentechnologists,policymakers,andthepublic.Inconclusion,whileAIholdsimmensepromiseforimprovingourlives,itmustbedevelopedanddeployedwithcaution.Ethicalconsiderationsshouldnotbeanafterthoughtbutanintegralpartofthedesignprocess.Onlyby__30__thesechallengeshead-oncanweharnessthefullpotentialofAIforthebenefitofsociety.21.A.inevitablyB.deliberatelyC.occasionallyD.reluctantly22.A.promoteB.hireC.overlookD.interview23.A.partiallyB.fullyC.barelyD.clearly24.A.obviousB.simpleC.obscureD.visible25.A.eliminatesB.managesC.ignoresD.carries26.A.resistantB.immuneC.proneD.opposed27.A.lessB.moreC.equallyD.rarely28.A.violateB.upholdC.ignoreD.limit29.A.easyB.impossibleC.straightforwardD.challenging30.A.avoidingB.studyingC.addressingD.creatingSectionB:GrammarandVocabulary(语法与词汇)Directions:Thereare20sentencesinthissection.BeneatheachsentencetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Chooseonewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthesentence.31.Thecommittee____________severalproposalstosolvethebudgetcrisis,butnonehavebeenacceptedyet.A.hasputforwardB.haveputforwardC.isputtingforwardD.putsforward32.____________theheavyrain,thefootballmatchwentaheadasscheduled.A.DespiteofB.InspiteC.DespiteD.Although33.Itisessentialthateveryone____________ontimeforthemeeting.A.beB.isC.willbeD.wouldbe34.Iwouldratheryou____________toherabouttheproblemyesterday.A.talkB.talkedC.hadtalkedD.wouldtalk35.Thenovelissaid____________intomorethantwentylanguagessofar.A.totranslateB.tobetranslatedC.tohavebeentranslatedD.tohavetranslated36.Notuntil____________thereportdidherealizetheseriousnessofthesituation.A.hereadB.didhereadC.hehadreadD.hadheread37.Thereason____________hewasabsentfromtheconferencewasnotclear.A.whichB.thatC.whyD.for38.____________isoftenthecasewithyoungpeople,heisobsessedwithvideogames.A.ItB.AsC.WhatD.Which39.Themanager,alongwithhisassistants,____________toattendtheannualgala.A.aregoingB.isgoingC.aregoingD.weregoing40.Youcan'tbe____________carefulwhencrossingthestreetatrushhour.A.veryB.tooC.soD.enough41.Thenewpolicywillcomeinto____________onthefirstdayofnextmonth.A.effectB.affectC.effortD.afford42.Sheisoneofthefewactresseswho____________abletoplaysuchadiverserangeofroles.A.isB.areC.hasbeenD.havebeen43.Onlybyworkinghard____________achieveyourgoals.A.youcanB.canyouC.youwillD.willyou44.Theweatherwas____________coldthatwedecidedtostayindoors.A.soB.suchC.tooD.very45.Ilookforwardto____________fromyousoon.A.hearB.hearingC.heardD.beheard46.Thedoctorrecommendedthatthepatient____________smokingimmediately.A.stopB.stopsC.stoppedD.wouldstop47.Thehouse,____________weboughtlastyear,isnowworthmuchmore.A.whichB.thatC.whoseD.what48.Hedenied____________themoneyfromthesafe.A.stealingB.tostealC.stealD.stolen49.Itishightimewe____________somethingaboutthepollutioninthiscity.A.doB.didC.havedoneD.haddone50.Theprojectwasmoredifficultthanwe____________.A.expectB.expectedC.haveexpectedD.hadexpected第三部分：阅读理解Directions:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.PassageOneTheconceptofa"smartcity"hasevolvedfromafuturisticvisionintoatangiblerealityformanyurbancentersaroundtheworld.Atitscore,asmartcityutilizesvarioustypesofelectronicInternetofThings(IoT)sensorstocollectdataandthenusetheseinsightstomanageassets,resources,andservicesefficiently.Thisdataisusedtoimproveoperationsacrossthecity,includingtrafficandtransportationsystems,powerplants,utilities,watersupplynetworks,wastemanagement,lawenforcement,schools,libraries,hospitals,andothercommunityservices.Oneofthemostvisibleapplicationsofsmartcitytechnologyisintelligenttransportationsystems(ITS).Byembeddingsensorsinroadsandtrafficlights,citiescanmonitortrafficflowinreal-time.Thisdataallowstrafficmanagementcenterstoadjustsignaltimingstoreducecongestion.Furthermore,smartparkingsolutionscanguidedriverstoavailableparkingspots,reducingthetimeandfuelspentcirclingforaspace.IncitieslikeSingaporeandBarcelona,thesesystemshavesignificantlyreducedcommutetimesandcarbonemissions.However,theriseofsmartcitiesalsobringssignificantchallenges,primarilyrelatedtoprivacyandcybersecurity.Withthousandsofcamerasandsensorscollectingdata24/7,thereisariskthatthisdatacouldbeusedforsurveillancebeyonditsintendedpurpose,infringingoncitizens'civilliberties.Additionally,ascriticalinfrastructurebecomesmoreconnectedtotheinternet,itbecomesapotentialtargetforcyberattacks.Asuccessfulattackonacity'spowergridortrafficcontrolsystemcouldcausechaosandendangerlives.Anotherhurdleisthedigitaldivide.Smartcityinitiativesoftenbenefitthosewhohaveaccesstosmartphonesandhigh-speedinternet.Thereisariskthatvulnerablepopulations,suchastheelderlyorlow-incomehouseholds,maybeleftbehindifservicesareexclusivelydigitized.Therefore,urbanplannersmustensurethattechnologyservestoenhanceinclusivityratherthanexacerbateexistinginequalities.Despitethesechallenges,thepotentialbenefitsofsmartcitiesaretoogreattoignore.Theyofferapathwaytosustainableurbangrowthinanerawheretheglobalpopulationisincreasinglyconcentratedinurbanareas.Byleveragingtechnology,citiescanbecomemorelivable,resilient,andsustainable,improvingthequalityoflifefortheirresidents.51.Whatisthemaincharacteristicofasmartcity?A.Ithasalargenumberofskyscrapers.B.ItusesIoTsensorstocollectdataforefficientmanagement.C.Itreliesentirelyonrenewableenergy.D.Itispopulatedmainlybytech-savvyyoungpeople.52.HowdoesIntelligentTransportationSystems(ITS)helpdrivers?A.Bybuildingnewroadsautomatically.B.Bymonitoringtrafficflowandadjustingsignals.C.Bybanningprivatecarsinthecitycenter.D.Byprovidingfreepublictransport.53.Whatisamajorprivacyconcernassociatedwithsmartcities?A.Thecostofsensorsistoohigh.B.Datamightbeusedforexcessivesurveillance.C.Sensorsareoftenbroken.D.Peopledonotunderstandhowtousethetechnology.54.Whatdoestheterm"digitaldivide"refertointhecontextofsmartcities?A.Thegapbetweentherichandthepoor.B.Thedifferenceininternetaccessandtechnologyusageamongresidents.C.Thephysicalseparationofresidentialandcommercialzones.D.Thetechnicaldividebetweenhardwareandsoftware.55.Whatistheauthor'soverallattitudetowardssmartcities?A.Skeptical.B.Cautiouslyoptimistic.C.Critical.D.Indifferent.PassageTwoThediscoveryofthestructureofDNAbyJamesWatsonandFrancisCrickin1953isoftenhailedasoneofthemostsignificantscientificbreakthroughsofthe20thcentury.Theirworkrevealedthefamousdoublehelix,providingtheblueprintforhowgeneticinformationisstoredandcopied.However,thejourneytothisdiscoverywaspavedwiththecontributionsofmanyscientists,mostnotablyRosalindFranklin.RosalindFranklinwasanexpertinX-raycrystallography,atechniqueusedtodeterminetheatomicandmolecularstructureofacrystal.Throughhermeticulouswork,sheproducedPhotograph51,anX-raydiffractionimagethatwascrucialtounderstandingthedoublehelixstructure.TheimageclearlyshowedthehelicalnatureofDNAandsuggestedthatthephosphatebackbonewasontheoutsideofthestructure.ControversysurroundstheextenttowhichWatsonandCrickreliedonFranklin'sdatawithoutherpermission.Itisknownthathercolleague,MauriceWilkins,showedPhotograph51toWatsonwithoutherknowledge.SeeingtheimagereportedlyhelpedWatsonandCricktofinalizetheirmodelalmostimmediately.In1962,Watson,Crick,andWilkinswereawardedtheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinefortheirdiscovery.Tragically,RosalindFranklinhaddiedofovariancancerin1958,andsinceNobelPrizesarenotawardedposthumously,shecouldnotshareinthehonor.Thishistoricalepisodehighlightsbroaderissuesofgenderbiasinthescientificcommunity.Formanyyears,Franklin'scontributionwaslargelyoverlookedorminimizedinpopularaccountsofthediscovery.Shewasoftendepictedmerelyasa"technician"providingdataforthe"theorists"WatsonandCrick.Modernhistoricalanalysis,however,hasrestoredherreputationasabrilliantscientistwhoseexpertisewasindispensabletothediscovery.Today,Franklinisrecognizedasapioneeringfigureinmolecularbiology.Herstoryservesasareminderoftheimportanceofcollaborationandethicalconductinscience,aswellastheneedtoensurethatallcontributorsreceiveappropriatecreditfortheirwork.Thelegacyofherresearchcontinuestoinfluencefieldsrangingfromgeneticstovirology.56.WhattechniquedidRosalindFranklinspecializein?A.Electronmicroscopy.B.X-raycrystallography.C.Spectroscopy.D.Geneticengineering.57.Whatwasthesignificanceof"Photograph51"?A.Itwasthefirstimageofagene.B.ItprovedthatDNAwasprotein-based.C.ItrevealedthehelicalstructureofDNA.D.Itwasusedtodiagnosecancer.58.Whydidn'tRosalindFranklinreceivetheNobelPrize?A.Sherefusedtoacceptit.B.Shewasnotnominated.C.Shehadpassedawaybeforetheawardwasgiven.D.Hercontributionwasconsideredtoosmall.59.HowwasFranklin'sroleviewedinthepastcomparedtonow?A.Shewasseenasatheorist,nowasatechnician.B.Shewasignored,nowsheisrecognizedasabrilliantscientist.C.Shewasfamous,nowsheisforgotten.D.Herrolehasnotchangedovertime.60.Whatisthemainpurposeofthispassage?A.ToexplainthesciencebehindDNA.B.TocriticizeWatsonandCrick.C.TohighlighttheoverlookedcontributionofRosalindFranklin.D.TodescribethehistoryoftheNobelPrize.PassageThreeTheeconomiclandscapeofNortheastChinahasundergonedramaticshiftsoverthepastcentury.Knownasthe"RustBelt"ofChina,thisregion,comprisingprovinceslikeLiaoning,Jilin,andHeilongjiang,wasoncetheindustrialheartlandofthecountry.Inthe1950sand1960s,state-ownedenterprises(SOEs)dominatedtheeconomy,producingsteel,coal,oil,andmachinery.Theseindustriesfueledthenation'searlyindustrializationandprovidedstableemployment,oftenreferredtoasthe"ironricebowl."However,asChinatransitionedtowardsamarket-orientedeconomyinthelate20thcentury,theNortheastbegantofaceseverechallenges.ManySOEsbecameinefficientanduncompetitive,leadingtomassivelayoffsandeconomicstagnation.Theregionstruggledwiththelegacyofheavyindustry,includingenvironmentaldegradationandanover-relianceonresources.Youngpeople,seekingbetteropportunities,migratedtomorevibrantcoastalcitieslikeShanghaiandShenzhen,resultinginabraindrainandanagingpopulation.Inresponsetothesedifficulties,thecentralgovernmentlaunchedthe"RevitalizetheNortheast"strategyintheearly2000s.Thisinitiativeaimedtorestructuretheregion'seconomy,upgradetraditionalindustries,andfosternewsectorssuchasequipmentmanufacturing,agriculture,andtourism.Significantinvestmentshavebeenmadeininfrastructureandtechnologyparkstoattractforeignanddomesticinvestment.CitieslikeLingyuaninLiaoningprovinceareemblematicofthistransition.Whilehistoricallyreliantonlocalresources,Lingyuanisnowexploringnewavenuesforgrowth.Thelocalgovernmentispromotingthedevelopmentofhigh-techagriculturalzonesandcleanenergyprojects.Byleveragingitsstrategiclocationandresources,thecityhopestocreatenewjobsandretainlocaltalent.Despitetheseefforts,therevitalizationprocesshasbeenslowanduneven.Theregionstillfacesstructuralissues,andthebusinessenvironmentneedsfurtherimprovementtoencourageprivatesectorgrowth.Nevertheless,therearesignsofresilience.Theregion'srichculturalheritage,strongindustrialbase,andwell-developededucationsystemprovideasolidfoundationforfuturerenewal.ThetransformationofNortheastChinaisacomplex,long-termprocessthatrequiressustainedpolicysupportandinnovation.61.Whatwasthe"ironricebowl"?A.Atypeofagriculturaltool.B.Ametaphorforstableemploymentinstate-ownedenterprises.C.Aspecificpolicyinthe1950s.D.Anicknamefortheregion'ssteelproduction.62.WhydidtheNortheasteconomydeclineinthelate20thcentury?A.Thegovernmentstoppedallinvestments.B.State-ownedenterprisesbecameuncompetitive.C.Theregionranoutofnaturalresources.D.Coastalcitiesimposedtradesanctions.63.Whatisthegoalofthe"RevitalizetheNortheast"strategy?A.Toturntheregionintoatouristdestinationonly.B.Tocloseallheavyindustries.C.Torestructuretheeconomyandfosternewsectors.D.Toencouragemigrationtothesouth.64.HowisLingyuanattemptingtorevitalizeditseconomy?A.Byfocusingsolelyontourism.B.Bydevelopinghigh-techagricultureandcleanenergy.C.Bybecomingafinancialcenter.D.Byclosingdownallfactories.65.Whatistheauthor'sviewonthefutureofNortheastChina?A.Itishopeless.B.Itwillrecoverquicklywithouthelp.C.Itisacomplexprocessrequiringsustainedeffort.D.ItshouldreturntotheoldSOEmodel.PassageFourInthefieldofpsychology,the"MarshmallowTest"isoneofthemostfamousexperimentsconcerningdelayedgratification.ConductedbyStanfordpsychologistWalterMischelinthe1960sand1970s,thestudyinvolvedchildrenagedfourtosix.Eachchildwasplacedinaroomwithamarshmallow(oranothertreat)onatable.Thechildwastoldthattheycouldeatthetreatimmediately,oriftheywaitedfortheresearchertoreturn(usuallyafterabout15minutes),theywouldreceivetwotreats.Thepurposeoftheexperimentwastomeasurethechild'sabilitytodelaygratification.Theresultsvariedwidely.Somechildrenatethemarshmallowthemomenttheresearcherlefttheroom.Otherstriedtowaitbuteventuallygavein.Aminorityofchildrenmanagedtowaitthefull15minutes,oftenemployingstrategieslikecoveringtheireyes,singingtothemselves,orkickingthedesktodistractthemselves.Follow-upstudiesconducteddecadeslateryieldedfascinatingcorrelations.Mischelfoundthatthechildrenwhowereabletowaitlongerfortherewardstendedtohavebetterlifeoutcomes.Theyscoredhigheronstandardizedtests,hadlowerbodymassindexes,andweredescribedbytheirparentsasmorecompetent.Theyalsoappearedtohavebettercopingskillsandwerelesslikelytodevelopsubstanceabuseproblems.Thesefindingssuggestedthatself-controlandtheabilitytodelaygratificationarecriticaltraitsforsuccessinlife.Theabilitytoresistanimmediateimpulseinfavorofalong-termgoalisakeycomponentofwhatpsychologistscall"executivefunction."Thissetofmentalskillshelpsusgetthingsdone,controlimpulses,andplanforthefuture.However,recentinterpretationsoftheMarshmallowTesthaveaddednuancetotheseconclusions.Whilethecapacityforself-controlisundoubtedlyimportant,researchershavepointedoutthattheenvironmentplaysasignificantrole.Childrenfromunstableorimpoverishedbackgroundsmightchoosetoeatthemarshmallowimmediatelybecausetheyhavelearnedthatpromisesoffuturerewardsa