LITERATURE-REVIEW文献综述

1、LITERATUREREVIEW,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,2,WhatisLR?,Aliteraturereviewdiscussespublishedinformationinaparticularsubjectarea,andsometimesinformationinaparticularsubjectareawithinacertaintimeperiod.Aliteraturereviewcanbejustasimplesummaryofthesources,butitusuallyhasanorganizationalpatterna

2、ndcombinesbothsummaryandsynthesis.,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,3,WhatisLR?,Asummaryisarecapoftheimportantinformationofthesource,butasynthesisisare-organization,orareshuffling,ofthatinformation.Itmightgiveanewinterpretationofoldmaterialorcombinenewwitholdinterpretations.Oritmighttracetheintel

3、lectualprogressionofthefield,includingmajordebates.Anddependingonthesituation,theliteraturereviewmayevaluatethesourcesandadvisethereaderonthemostpertinentorrelevant.,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,4,WhatisLR?,Theformatofareviewofliteraturemayvaryfromdisciplinetodisciplineandfromassignmenttoassi

4、gnment.Areviewmaybeaself-containedunit-anendinitself-oraprefacetoandrationaleforengaginginprimaryresearch.Areviewisarequiredpartofgrantandresearchproposalsandoftenachapterinthesesanddissertations.Generally,thepurposeofareviewistoanalyzecriticallyasegmentofapublishedbodyofknowledgethroughsummary,clas

5、sification,andcomparisonofpriorresearchstudies,reviewsofliterature,andtheoreticalarticles.,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,5,WhatisLR?,Aliteraturereviewistheeffectiveevaluationofselecteddocumentsonaresearchtopic.Areviewmayformanessentialpartoftheresearchprocessormayconstitutearesearchprojectinit

6、self.Inthecontextofaresearchpaperorthesistheliteraturereviewisacriticalsynthesisofpreviousresearch.Theevaluationoftheliteratureleadslogicallytotheresearchquestion.,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,6,WhatisLR?,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,7,WhywriteLR?,Literaturereviewsprovideyouwithahandyg

7、uidetoaparticulartopic.Ifyouhavelimitedtimetoconductresearch,literaturereviewscangiveyouanovervieworactasasteppingstone.Literaturereviewsalsoprovideasolidbackgroundforaresearchpapersinvestigation.Comprehensiveknowledgeoftheliteratureofthefieldisessentialtomostresearchpapers.,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-Liter

8、atureReview,8,WhywriteLR?,Forprofessionals,theyareusefulreportsthatkeepthemuptodatewithwhatiscurrentinthefield.Forscholars,thedepthandbreadthoftheliteraturereviewemphasizesthecredibilityofthewriterinhisorherfield,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,9,WhywriteLR?,Thepurposeofaliteraturereviewisforyou

9、totakeacriticallookattheliterature(factsandviews)thatalreadyexistsintheareayouareresearching.Aliteraturereviewisnotashoppinglistofeverythingthatexists,butacriticalanalysisthatshowsanevaluationoftheexistingliteratureandarelationshipbetweenthedifferentworks.Itdemonstratestherelevanceoftheresearch.,Dr.

10、LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,10,WhywriteLR?,Literaturecanincludebooks,journalarticles,internet(electronicjournals),newspapers,magazines,thesesanddissertations,conferenceproceedings,reports,anddocumentaries.Literaturereviewsarewrittenoccasionallyinthehumanities,butmostlyinthesciencesandsocialscie

11、nces;inexperimentandlabreports,theyconstituteasectionofthepaper.Sometimesaliteraturereviewiswrittenasapaperinitself.,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,11,WhywriteLR?,Inthecontextofaresearchpaperonathesis,theliteraturereviewprovidesabackgroundtothestudybeingproposed.Thebackgroundmayconsideroneormor

12、eofthefollowingaspectsdependingontheresearchquestionbeingposed:Theoreticalbackgroundpast,presentorfutureClinicalpracticepreviousorcontemporaryMethodologyand/orresearchmethodsPreviousfindingsRationaleand/orrelevanceofthecurrentstudy,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,12,WhywriteLR?,Inabroadercontext

13、Hart(1998)liststhefollowingpurposesofareview:Distinguishingwhathasbeendonefromwhatneedstobedone;Discoveringimportantvariablesrelevanttothetopic;Synthesisingandgaininganewperspective;Identifyingrelationshipsbetweenideasandpractice;Establishingthecontextofthetopicorproblem;,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-Literatu

14、reReview,13,WhywriteLR?,Rationalisingthesignificanceoftheproblem;Enhancingandacquiringthesubjectvocabulary;Understandingthestructureofthesubject;Relatingideasandtheorytoapplications;Identifyingmethodologiesandtechniquesthathavebeenused;Placingtheresearchinahistoricalcontexttoshowfamiliaritywithstate

15、-of-the-artdevelopments.,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,14,WhywriteLR?,Itspurposeisto:PlaceeachworkinthecontextofitscontributiontotheunderstandingofthesubjectunderreviewDescribetherelationshipofeachworktotheothersunderconsiderationIdentifynewwaystointerpret,andshedlightonanygapsin,previousresea

16、rchResolveconflictsamongstseeminglycontradictorypreviousstudiesIdentifyareasofpriorscholarshiptopreventduplicationofeffortPointthewayforwardforfurtherresearchPlaceonesoriginalwork(inthecaseofthesesordissertations)inthecontextofexistingliterature,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,15,WhatshouldIdobe

17、forewritingtheliteraturereview?,ClarifyIfyourassignmentisnotveryspecific,seekclarificationfromyoursupervisor/lecturer:Roughlyhowmanysourcesshouldyouinclude?Whattypesofsources(books,journalarticles,websites)?Shouldyousummarize,synthesize,orcritiqueyoursourcesbydiscussingacommonthemeorissue?Shouldyoue

18、valuateyoursources?Shouldyouprovidesubheadingsandotherbackgroundinformation,suchasdefinitionsand/orahistory?,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,16,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,FindmodelsLookforotherliteraturereviewsinyourareaofinterestorinthedisciplineandreadthemtogetasenseofthety

19、pesofthemesyoumightwanttolookforinyourownresearchorwaystoorganizeyourfinalreview.YoucansimplyputthewordreviewinyoursearchenginealongwithyourothertopictermstofindarticlesofthistypeontheInternetorinanelectronicdatabase.Thebibliographyorreferencesectionofsourcesyouvealreadyreadarealsoexcellententrypoin

20、tsintoyourownresearch.,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,17,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,NarrowyourtopicTherearehundredsoreventhousandsofarticlesandbooksonmostareasofstudy.Thenarroweryourtopic,theeasieritwillbetolimitthenumberofsourcesyouneedtoreadinordertogetagoodsurveyofthemate

21、rial.Yourinstructorwillprobablynotexpectyoutoreadeverythingthatsoutthereonthetopic,butyoullmakeyourjobeasierifyoufirstlimityourscope.,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,18,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,ConsiderwhetheryoursourcesarecurrentSomedisciplinesrequirethatyouuseinformationt

22、hatisascurrentaspossible.Inthesciences,forinstance,treatmentsformedicalproblemsareconstantlychangingaccordingtothelateststudies.Informationeventwoyearsoldcouldbeobsolete.,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,19,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,However,ifyouarewritingareviewinthehumaniti

23、es,history,orsocialsciences,asurveyofthehistoryoftheliteraturemaybewhatisneeded,becausewhatisimportantishowperspectiveshavechangedthroughtheyearsorwithinacertaintimeperiod.Trysortingthroughsomeothercurrentbibliographiesorliteraturereviewsinthefieldtogetasenseofwhatyourdisciplineexpects.Youcanalsouse

24、thismethodtoconsiderwhatishotandwhatisnot.,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,20,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,FindafocusAliteraturereview,likeatermpaper,isusuallyorganizedaroundideas,notthesourcesthemselvesasanannotatedbibliographywouldbeorganized.Thismeansthatyouwillnotjustsimply

25、listyoursourcesandgointodetailabouteachoneofthem,oneatatime.No.,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,21,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,Asyoureadwidelybutselectivelyinyourtopicarea,considerinsteadwhatthemesorissuesconnectyoursourcestogether.Dotheypresentoneordifferentsolutions?Istherea

26、naspectofthefieldthatismissing?Howwelldotheypresentthematerialanddotheyportrayitaccordingtoanappropriatetheory?Dotheyrevealatrendinthefield?Aragingdebate?Pickoneofthesethemestofocustheorganizationofyourreview.,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,22,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,Cons

27、tructaworkingthesisstatementThenusethefocusyouvefoundtoconstructathesisstatement.Yes!Literaturereviewshavethesisstatementsaswell!However,yourthesisstatementwillnotnecessarilyargueforapositionoranopinion;ratheritwillargueforaparticularperspectiveonthematerial.,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,23,W

28、hatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,Somesamplethesisstatementsforliteraturereviewsareasfollows:Thecurrenttrendintreatmentforcongestiveheartfailurecombinessurgeryandmedicine.Moreandmoreculturalstudiesscholarsareacceptingpopularmediaasasubjectworthyofacademicconsideration.,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999

29、-LiteratureReview,24,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,ConsiderorganizationYouvegotafocus,andyouvenarroweditdowntoathesisstatement.Nowwhatisthemosteffectivewayofpresentingtheinformation?Whatarethemostimportanttopics,subtopics,etc.,thatyourreviewneedstoinclude?Andinwhatordershouldyoupres

30、entthem?,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,25,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,Developanorganizationforyourreviewatbothaglobalandlocallevel:First,coverthebasiccategoriesJustlikemostacademicpapers,literaturereviewsalsomustcontainatleastthreebasicelements:anintroductionorbackgroundinfo

31、rmationsection;thebodyofthereviewcontainingthediscussionofsources;and,finally,aconclusionand/orrecommendationssectiontoendthepaper.,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,26,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,Introduction:Givesaquickideaofthetopicoftheliteraturereview,suchasthecentralthemeo

32、rorganizationalpattern.Body:Containsyourdiscussionofsourcesandisorganizedeitherchronologically,thematically,ormethodologically(seebelowformoreinformationoneach).Conclusions/Recommendations:Discusswhatyouhavedrawnfromreviewingliteraturesofar.Wheremightthediscussionproceed?,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-Literatu

33、reReview,27,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,Theintroductionshouldprovidethereaderwiththescaleandstructureofyourreview.Itservesasakindofmap.Thebodyofthereviewdependsonhowyouhaveorganisedyourkeypoints.Literaturereviewsatpostgraduatelevelshouldbeevaluativeandnotmerelydescriptive.Forexamp

34、lepossiblereasonsforsimilaritiesordifferencesbetweenstudiesareconsideredratherthanamereidentificationofthem.Theconclusionofthereviewneedstosumupthemainfindingsofyourresearchintotheliterature.Thefindingscanberelatedtotheaimsofthestudyyouareproposingtodo.Thereaderisthusprovidedwithacoherentbackgroundt

35、othecurrentstudy.,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,28,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,OrganizingthebodyOnceyouhavethebasiccategoriesinplace,thenyoumustconsiderhowyouwillpresentthesourcesthemselveswithinthebodyofyourpaper.Createanorganizationalmethodtofocusthissectionevenfurther.Toh

36、elpyoucomeupwithanoverallorganizationalframeworkforyourreview,considerthesixtypicalwaysoforganizingthesourcesintoareview:ChronologicalBypublicationBytrendThematicMethodologicalQuestionsforFurtherResearch,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,29,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,Similartop

37、rimaryresearch,developmentoftheliteraturereviewrequiresfourstages:Problemformulationwhichtopicorfieldisbeingexaminedandwhatareitscomponentissues?LiteraturesearchfindingmaterialsrelevanttothesubjectbeingexploredDataevaluationdeterminingwhichliteraturemakesasignificantcontributiontotheunderstandingoft

38、hetopicAnalysisandinterpretationdiscussingthefindingsandconclusionsofpertinentliterature,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,30,Whatshouldyouwrite?,theacceptedfactsintheareathepopularopinionthemainvariablestherelationshipbetweenconceptsandvariablesshortcomingsintheexistingfindingslimitationsinthemet

39、hodsusedintheexistingfindingstherelevanceofyourresearchsuggestionsforfurtherresearchinthearea.,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,31,Whatshouldyouwrite?,Literaturereviewsshouldcomprisethefollowingelements:Anoverviewofthesubject,issueortheoryunderconsideration,alongwiththeobjectivesoftheliteraturere

40、viewDivisionofworksunderreviewintocategories(e.g.thoseinsupportofaparticularposition,thoseagainst,andthoseofferingalternativethesesentirely)ExplanationofhoweachworkissimilartoandhowitvariesfromtheothersConclusionsastowhichpiecesarebestconsideredintheirargument,aremostconvincingoftheiropinions,andmak

41、ethegreatestcontributiontotheunderstandinganddevelopmentoftheirareaofresearch,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,32,Whatshouldyouwrite?,Inassessingeachpiece,considerationshouldbegivento:ProvenanceWhataretheauthorscredentials?Aretheauthorsargumentssupportedbyevidence(e.g.primaryhistoricalmaterial,ca

42、sestudies,narratives,statistics,recentscientificfindings)?ObjectivityIstheauthorsperspectiveeven-handedorprejudicial?Iscontrarydataconsideredoriscertainpertinentinformationignoredtoprovetheauthorspoint?PersuasivenessWhichoftheauthorsthesesaremost/leastconvincing?ValueAretheauthorsargumentsandconclus

43、ionsconvincing?Doestheworkultimatelycontributeinanysignificantwaytoanunderstandingofthesubject?,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,33,Whatshouldyouwrite?,LayoutMakeyourliteraturereviewhaveanacademicandprofessionalappearance.HerearesomepointstomakethelookofyourreportappealingtothereaderWhitespace:le

44、avespacebetweensections,especiallyfromtheabstract.Thisgivesanunclutteredeffect.Headings/sub-headings:thesehelptoseparateideas.Textboxes:youcanusetheseforquotationsorparaphrasingtoseparatethemfromtherestofyourtext.Itisalsopleasingtotheeye.,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,34,Whatshouldyouwrite?,Gr

45、aphics:centreyourgraphics,suchasdiagramsortables,tohavespacearoundthem.Trynottoburygraphicsinyourtext.Pagination:youcannumberpagesorsectionsorboth,buttheimportantthingtodoistobeconsistent.Thecoverpagenormallyisnotnumbered.Thecontentpageandabstractpageusuallyhaveaseparatenumberingsystemtothebodyofyou

46、rliteraturereview.,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,35,Whatshouldyouwrite?,LanguagefocusCreateabalancebetweendirectquotation(citation)andparaphrasing.Avoidtoomuchdirectquoting.Theverbtensechosendependsonyouremphasis:Whenyouarecitingaspecificauthorsfindings,usethepasttense:(found,demonstrated);Whe

47、nyouarewritingaboutanacceptedfact,usethepresenttense:(demonstrates,finds);andWhenyouarecitingseveralauthorsormakingageneralstatement,usethepresentperfecttense:(haveshown,havefound,littleresearchhasbeendone).,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,36,Whatshouldyouwrite?,FinalchecklistHaveIfulfilledthepu

48、rposeoftheliteraturereview?Isitwrittenatalevelappropriatetoitsaudience?Areitsfactscorrect?Isalltheinformationincludedrelevant?Arethelayoutandpresentationeasyontheeye?Isthelanguageclear,conciseandacademic?Doestheabstractsummarisetheentirereview?Doestheintroductionadequatelyintroducethetopic?Isthebody

49、organisedlogically?Doestheconclusioninterpret,analyseandevaluate?Aretherecommendationsreasonable?Doesthetableofcontentscorrespondwiththeactualcontents?Arepagenumberscorrect?HaveIacknowledgedallsourcesofinformationthroughcorrectreferencing?HaveIcheckedspelling,grammarandpunctuation?HaveIcarefullyproo

50、f-readthefinaldraft?,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,37,Howtoreview?,Thewholeprocessofreviewingincludes:a.Searchingforliteratureb.Sortingandprioritisingtheretrievedliteraturec.Analyticalreadingofpapersd.Evaluativereadingofpaperse.Comparisonacrossstudiesf.Organisingthecontentg.Writingthereview,Dr

51、.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,38,Howtoreview?,ComparisonacrossstudiesTheaimistoextractkeypointsbycomparingandcontrastingACROSSstudies,insteadofreadingonepaperafteranother.Keypointsforareviewmayconcernareasofsimilaritiesand/ordifferencesin:Researchaim(s)orhypothesesResearchdesignandsamplingInstru

52、mentsandproceduresusedHowdatawereanalysedResultsorfindingsInterpretations,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,39,Howtoreview?,Findsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenstudiesatdifferentlevels,e.g.:-philosophy-epistemology-morality-methodology-methods-typesofdata-dataanalysis-interpretation,Dr.LiliAnn,SM

53、M4999-LiteratureReview,40,Howtoreview?,Setoutyourthinkingonpaperthroughmapsandtrees.,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,41,Howtoreview?,Tipsonwriting,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,42,Howtoreview?,Pitfalls-Vaguenessduetotoomuchorinappropriategeneralisations-Limitedrange-Insufficientinformation

54、-Irrelevantmaterial-Omissionofcontrastingview-Omissionofrecentwork,Dr.LiliAnn,SMM4999-LiteratureReview,43,Example,Earlyworkshaveaddressedsomeoftheproblemsandissuesdiscussedinvideoretrieval.Researchershavedevelopedideasandtoolsforsupportingvideoediting,forexamplein8.Theyhavedefinedaseamlessvideoediti

55、nginthegradientdomain.Thespatio-temporalgradientfieldsoftargetvideosaremodifiedormixedtogenerateanewgradientfield,whichisusuallynotintegrateable.Theyhavealsodescribedhowsemanticinformationaboutvideocanbestructuredandusedforcontent-basedaccess.Fromageneralvideoarchivepointofview,theproblemwiththistoolisthelackofsupportformanagingvideodocumentstructures.Adigitalvideoarchiveservingdifferentcategoriesofu