国外心理学史2课件4.ppt

1、AHistoryofPsychology,Chapter4:TheNewPsychology,Thefoundingfatherofmodernpsychology,Who?GustavFechner(1801-1887)WilhelmWundt(1832-1920)WilliamJames(1842-1910),Thefoundingfatherofmodernpsychology,Fechner:originator1sttimedemonstratedhowtomakeprecisemeasurementsofmentalquantitiesHisgoalwastounderstandt

2、herelationshipbetweenthementalandmaterialworld.,GustavFechner,Thefoundingfatherofmodernpsychology,Wundt:FounderIhaveatoothache5.Immediateexperience:unbiasedbyanypersonalinterpretationsOurexperienceofrednessorourfeelingofdiscomfortfromatoothache,WilhelmWundt(1832-1920)-Thestudyofconsciousexperience,6

3、.Analyzethemindintoitselementsanditscomponentpartslikenaturescience(chemicalelements),WilhelmWundt(1832-1920)-Themethodofintrospection,1.Themethodofascientificpsychologyrequiresobservationofconsciousexperience2.Methodofobservation:Introspection:istheexaminationofonesownmentalstate,“internalperceptio

4、n”,andreportonpersonalthoughtsorfeelings,WilhelmWundt(1832-1920)-Themethodofintrospection,4.ItsuseisderivedfromphysicsandphysiologyFechner:subjectscomparedtwoweightsandreportedwhetheroneisheavier,lighter,orequal.Theywereintrospectingandreportingontheirconsciousexperiences.3.Requiredsubjectstocomplet

5、e10,000introspectiveobservationbeforereadytobeWundtssubjects.4.Accurateobservationandreplication,WilhelmWundt(1832-1920)-Themethodofintrospection,5.WundtsfourrulesandconditionsObserversmustbeabletodeterminewhentheprocessistobeintroducedObserversmustbeinasateofreadinessItmustbepossibletorepeattheobse

6、rvationseveraltimesItmustbepossibletovarytheexperimentalconditionsintermsofthecontrolledmanipulationofthestimuli.,WilhelmWundt(1832-1920)-Themethodofintrospection,6.Requiredquantitativeandobjectivemeasurement(e.g.,reactiontime),notqualitativeintrospection7.Usedsophisticatedequipmentforobjectivemeasu

7、rement,WilhelmWundt(1832-1920)-elementsofconsciousexperience,1.WundtsthreegoalsforpsychologyAnalyzeconsciousprocessesintoelementsDiscoverhowelementsareorganizedDeterminethelawsofconnectiongoverningtheorganizationoftheelements,WilhelmWundt(1832-1920)-elementsofconsciousexperience,2.Twoelementsofconsc

8、iousexperience:SensationsFeelingsBothareimmediateexperience,WilhelmWundt(1832-1920)-elementsofconsciousexperience,3.TridimensioaltheoryoffeelingsFromWundtsownexperiencesasasubject.Wundtconcludedthreeindependentdimensionsoffeelings:pleasure/displeasuretension/relaxationexcitement/depression,WilhelmWu

9、ndt(1832-1920)-Organizingtheelementsofconsciousexperience,1.Reality:Whole:tree2.Lab:reportelementsofconsciousexperience:color,shape,orbrightness3.DoctrineofapperceptionTheprocessoforganizingmentalelementsintoawhole.isacreativesynthesis.ImpactedGestaltpsychology(thewholeisdifferentfromthesumofitspart

10、s),WilhelmWundt(1832-1920)-ThefateofWundtspsychologyinGermany,1.1941:psychology:subspecialtyinphilosophy2.Someagainsttoseparatepsychologyandphilosophy3.LackoffundsforaseparatedisciplineGovernmentofficialsdidnotseethepracticalvalueinpsychologyandwerehesitanttoprovideenoughfinancialsupport,WilhelmWund

11、t(1832-1920)-ThefateofWundtspsychologyinGermany,4.Wundtspsychology,focusingonorganizingtheelementsofconsciousness,wasnotappropriateforsolvingreal-worldproblems.5.SlowdevelopasadistinctscienceinGermany6.1910:4psychologists1925:25psychologists14of23universities:separatepsychologydepartment,WilhelmWund

12、t(1832-1920)-CriticismsofWundtianpsychology,1.CriticismsofmethodofintrospectionNotobjective2.Focusonconsciousexperienceandavoidsoul,WilhelmWundt(1832-1920)-CriticismsofWundtianpsychology,3.Notapplicabletopracticalproblems4.DeclineofWundtssystemhispersonalopinionsregardingWorldWarIWundtianresearchand

13、writingdisappearedinEnglish-speakingworld.WundtslabwasdestroyedduringWWIIovershadowedbyGestaltpsychology(inGermany)andpsychoanalysis(inAustria),OtherDevelopmentsinGermanPsychology,OthersinEngland:CharlesDarwin:atheoryofevolutionFrancisGalton:apsychologyofindividualdifferencesOthersinGermanyHermannEb

14、binghaus(1850-1909)FranzBrentano(1838-1917)CarlStumpf(1848-1936)OswaldKulpe(1862-1915),OthersinGermanPsychology-HermannEbbinghaus(1850-1909),A.Ingeneral1.BorninGermanyin18502.ImpactedbyFechner,ElementsofPsychophysics3.usinghimselfastheonlysubject4.In1880,taughtatU.ofBerlin;wasnotpromotedthere(lackof

15、publication).5.In1894-1905,acceptedapositionatU.ofBreslau.After1905,movedtoU.ofHalle.,HermannEbbinghaus,OthersinGermanPsychology-HermannEbbinghaus(1850-1909),B.Researchonlearning1.firsttoapplytheexperimentalmethodtostudyhighermentalprocesses(learningandmemory)(Wundtthoughtthathighermentalprocessesis

16、impossibletostudyexperimentally)2.Studylearningwastoexamineassociation,OthersinGermanPsychology-HermannEbbinghaus(1850-1909),B.Researchonlearning3.Measuringmemory:countingthenumberoftrialsandrepetitionsrequiredtolearnthematerial.(LikeFechner,measuringsensationsindirectlythroughbymeasuringthestimulus

17、intensitytoproduceajustnoticeabledifferenceinsensation)4.Recall:throughthefrequencyofassociations5.Providedquantificationoflearning,memory,recall,andforgetting,OthersinGermanPsychology-HermannEbbinghaus(1850-1909),C.Researchwithnonsensesyllables1.Nonsensesyllablesa.meaninglessmaterialis9timeshardert

18、olearnthanmeaningfulmaterialb.foundlongermaterialrequiresmorerepetitions,OthersinGermanPsychology-HermannEbbinghaus(1850-1909),2.Mostsignificanta.influenceofexperimentalconditionsonhumanlearningandmemory.b.quantitativeanalysisofthedatac.findingthattimetolearnisafunctionofthenumberofsyllables,Othersi

19、nGermanPsychology-HermannEbbinghaus(1850-1909),D.othercontributionstopsychology1.1890,foundedtheJournalofPsychologyandPhysiologyoftheSenseOrgans2.Emphasizedrelationshipbetweenpsychologyandphysiology3.Developedasentence-completiontest,OthersinGermanPsychology-HermannEbbinghaus(1850-1909),D.othercontr

20、ibutionstopsychology4.In1920,ThePrinciplesofPsychology;In1908,ASummeryofPsychology.5.Manyofhisconclusionaboutlearningandmemoryremainsvalidnow.Heexpandedtheexperimentalpsychology.6.MoreinfluentialthanWundt,OthersinGermanPsychology-FranzBrentano(1838-1917),A.CareerWaspreparedtobeapriest1864,receivedhi

21、sdegree1866,taughtphilosophyatUofWurzburg1874,publishedPsychologyfromanEmpiricalStandpointandmovedtoU.ofVienna,FranzBrentano,OthersinGermanPsycholo-FranzBrentano(1838-1917),Hisstudents,CarlStumpf,SigmundFreudPrecursorofGestaltandhumanisticpsychologySharedWundtsgoal:psychologyasascience1874:Psycholog

22、yFromanEmpiricalStandpointindirectoppositiontoWundtsviewwasempirical,notexperimentalmethodwasobservation,notexperimentationdidnotrejectexperimentationdataarefromobservationandindividualexperience,OthersinGermanPsychology-FranzBrentano(1838-1917),B.Brentono:Actpsychology1.Rejectedstudyofthecontentofc

23、onsciousexperience2.subjectmatter:mentalactivity3.experienceasactivity,Wundt:consciousexperience1.AcceptedStudythecontentofconsciousexperience2.Subjectmatter:Mentalcontent3.Experienceasstructure,OthersinGermanPsychology-FranzBrentano(1838-1917),4.Requiresnewmethodsa.actsarenotaccessiblethroughintros

24、pectionb.studyofmentalactsrequiresempiricalobservation5.Reliedonsystematicobservation6.Twomethods:throughmemoryandimagination,OthersinGermanPsychology-CarlStumpf(1848-1936),A.Ingeneral1.Borninmedicalfamily2.Interestedinmusic3.StudiedwithBrentanoandinterestedinphilosophyandscience4.1868,receivedhisde

25、gree;1894,taughtatU.ofBerlin5.Wundtsmajorrival,CarlStumpf,OthersinGermanPsychology-CarlStumpf(1848-1936),B.Research1.Perceptionofspace2.1883,1890:PsychologyofTonea.secondonlytoHelmholtzinworkonacousticsb.pioneerinpsychologicalstudyofmusic,OthersinGermanPsychology-CarlStumpf(1848-1936),C.Phenomenolog

26、y1.Arguedprimarydataforpsychologyarephenomena2.Phenomenology:Knowledgebasedonunbiaseddescriptionofimmediatedescriptionofimmediateexperienceatitoccurs,notanalyzedorreducedtoelements.,OthersinGermanPsychology-CarlStumpf(1848-1936),3.Analysisofexperienceintoelementsmakesthatexperienceartificialandnolon

27、gernature4.BitterdebatewithWundtre:introspectionoftonesa.highlytrainedlabobservers(Wundt)b.expertmusicians(Stumpf),OthersinGermanPsychology-CarlStumpf(1848-1936),D.Otherworks1.FoundedBerlinAssociationforChildPsychology2.Establishedcenterofmusiccollectionfromtheworld3.Publishedatheoryofemotions,hisid

28、earelevanttocontemporarycognitivetheoryofemotion,OthersinGermanPsychology-OswaldKulpe(1862-1915),A.Ingeneral1.StudentandcolleagueofWundt2.“Kindmother”“scienceasmybride”3.1893:OutlineofPsychologya.Psychologyisthescienceofthefactsofexperienceb.asdependentontheexperiencingperson,OswaldKuiilpe,OthersinGermanPsychology-OswaldKulpe(1862-1915),Kulpe1.Thoughtprocessesshouldbestudiedexperimentally2.Developed