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西安文理学院本科毕业设计（论文）中期检查表题 目曲轴零件工艺规程及工装设计学生姓名胡阿敏学 号08102080243专业名称机械设计制造及其自动化指导教师赵竹青检查时间班 级08机械（2）班毕 业 设 计（论文） 进 展 情 况1、对所要加工的曲轴零件做详尽的分析，初步了解该零件的结构特点和主要技术要求，以及零件加工工艺特性。由于该曲轴零件形状较为复杂，刚度较差，而加工技术要求较高，所以需要专用夹具进行零件的加工。经过该时期查阅大量资料以及对零件的分析，已经对本次设计的要求有所领悟。2、设计工艺加工过程，分析加工过程中需注意的问题，提出夹具设计方案，并拟定曲轴加工的工艺规程，制作工艺卡片。3、进行夹具的整体设计，在设计中应注意到连杆轴颈与主轴颈存在偏心距的问题。4、熟悉并进一步掌握Auto CAD软件的使用.为下一阶段绘制夹具装配图及零件工作图做准备。以上是该阶段的情况，在下一阶段，将对各个部分进行进一步具体的设计分析，并着手撰写设计说明书以及相关外文翻译。 指 导 教 师 意 见签字： 年 月 日教研室意见签字： 年 月 日西安文理学院机械电子工程系本科毕业设计（论文）题 目 曲轴零件工艺规程及工装设计 专业班级 08级机电（2）班 学 号 08102080243 学生姓名 胡阿敏 指导教师 赵竹青 设计所在单位 西安文理学院 年 月西安文理学院本科毕业设计（论文）任务书题 目曲轴零件工艺规程及工装设计学生姓名胡阿敏学 号08102080243专业班级机械设计制造及其自动化08机电(2)班指导教师赵竹青职 称副教授教 研 室机械毕业设计（论文）任务与要求任务：1、对曲轴零件的结构特点和技术要求进行分析 2、根据曲轴零件的结构特点，选择合适的机床、刀具，并进行夹具设计 3、制定曲轴机械加工工艺规程 4、绘制夹具装配图和零件工作图 5、撰写相应论文 6、相关外文翻译。要求：1、收集并整理关于曲轴零件工艺设计的相关资料，学习相关理论； 2、确定设计方案，并对各部分进行设计； 3、完成相关图文表达，撰写毕业论文。毕业设计（论文）工作进程起止时间工作内容2012.1.102012.1.162012.1.172012.2.292012.3.12012.3.202012.3.212012.4.102012.4.112012.4.252012.4.262012.5.82012.5.92012.5.11接受设计任务，明确设计内容要求；查（借）阅资料，学习关于曲轴零件加工的基础理论和知识，了解所设计的曲轴零件结构，撰写开题报告；进行设计分析，包括机床、刀具的选择，提出夹具的设计方案，并拟定曲轴加工的工艺规程；完成曲轴零件的工装设计；用相关绘图软件绘制夹具装配图和零件工作图；撰写毕业论文；论文定稿；整理资料，准备答辩。开始日期 2012-1-10 完成日期 2012-5-11 教研室主任（签字） 系主任（签字） 西安文理学院本科毕业设计（论文）开题报告题 目曲轴零件工艺规程及工装设计学生姓名胡阿敏学 号08102080243专业名称机械设计制造及其自动化指导教师赵竹青开题时间班 级08机电2班一、 选题目的和意义本课题研究的是曲轴零件的加工过程，并拟定工艺规程，进行工装设计。通过对该课题的研究，对加工曲轴所用到的工艺装备：夹具进行设计并选择合适的刀具、机床。本设计从分析曲轴零件入手，阐明曲轴的功用和加工过程，以便对曲轴及其加工方法有一个明确的认识；然后结合曲轴生产的实际情况，通过查阅大量资料确定曲轴加工的工艺规程及工装设计。曲轴是汽车发动机的关键零件之一,其性能好坏直接影响到汽车发动机的质量和寿命.曲轴在发动机中承担着最大负荷和全部功率,并承受强大的方向不断变化的弯矩及扭矩，同时经受着长时间高速运转的磨损，因此要求曲轴材质具有较高的刚性、疲劳强度和良好的耐磨性能。发动机曲轴的作用是将活塞的往复直线运动通过连杆转化为旋转运动，从而实现发动机由化学能转变为机械能的输出。此设计的经济指标高低对于机械加工企业具有十分重要的意义。二、 本课题在国内外的研究状况及发展趋势在国内，我国曲轴零件生产线多数由普通机床和专用机床组成，生产效率和自动化程度相对较低。粗加工设备多采用多刀车床车削曲轴主轴颈及拐颈，工序的质量稳定性较差，容易产生较大的内应力，难以达到合理的加工余量。一般精加工采用MQ8260等曲轴磨床粗磨-半精磨-精磨-抛光，通常靠手工操作，加工质量不稳定。其中，发动机曲轴制造技术进展最为迅速的是机械加工装备，比较典型的加工工艺是铣削和磨削。在国外，VDF 315 OM-4高速随动外铣床是德国BOEHRINGER公司专为汽车发动机曲轴设计制造的柔性数控铣床，该设备可以一次装夹不改变曲轴回转中心随动跟踪铣削曲轴的连杆轴颈。VDF 315 OM-4高速随动外铣使用SIEMENS 840D CNC控制系统，设备操作说明书在人机界面上，通过输入零件的基本参数即可自动生成加工程序，可以加工长度450700mm、回转直径在380mm以内的各种曲轴，连杆轴颈直径误差为0.02mm。随着贸易全球化的到来， 我国的发动机曲轴生产已得到较快的发展，曲轴精加工采用国内数控磨床磨削情况已相当普遍，产品加工精度已有相当程度的提高。曲轴在发动机中是承受载荷传递动力的重要零部件，也是发动机五大零部件中最难以保证加工质量的零部件，其性能、水平直接影响整机的性能水平及可靠性。因此，各工业发达国家十分重视曲轴的生产，不断改进其材质及加工手段，以提高其性能水平，满足发动机行业的需要。先进的加工工艺加工出的曲轴质量好、效率高且稳定，伴随着汽车工业的发展，我国发动机曲轴的生产发展较快，总量已具有相当大的规模，无论是设计水平，还是产品品种、质量、生产规模、生产方式都有很大的发展。随着中国汽车产业的飞速发展，相应的新工艺、新装备、新材料也将不断地涌现，高速、高效加工在曲轴制造业已有相当程度的应用，并成为主要发展方向，相信曲轴制造技术在将来会有更新、更快的发展。三、 主要研究内容1、对曲轴零件的结构特点进行分析，选择合适的机床、刀具，并进行夹具设计。2、分析曲轴的加工过程，并结合曲轴生产的实际情况，查阅资料确定曲轴加工的工艺规程及工装设计。3、用相关绘图软件绘制夹具装配图和零件工作图。4、撰写毕业论文。指导教师意见及建议： 签字： 年 月 日教研室审核意见： 签字： 年 月 日注：此表前三项由学生填写后，交指导教师签署意见，经教研室审批后，才能开题。西安文理学院本科毕业设计（论文）附录A 外文翻译-原文Application and developmentOf case based reasoning in fixture design Fixtures are devices that serve as the purpose of holding the workpiece securely and accurately, and maintaining a consistent relationship with respect to the tools while machining. Because the fixture structure depends on the feature of the product and the status of the process planning in the enterprise, its design is the bottleneck during manufacturing, which restrains to improve the efficiency and leadtime. And fixture design is a complicated process, based on experience that needs comprehensive qualitative knowledge about a number of design issues including workpiece configuration, manufacturing processes involved, and machining environment. This is also a very time consuming work when using traditional CAD tools (such as Unigraphics, CATIA or Pro/E), which are good at performing detailed design tasks, but provide few benefits for taking advantage of the previous design experience and resources, which are precisely the key factors in improving the efficiency. The methodology of case based reasoning (CBR) adapts the solution of a previously solved case to build a solution for a new problem with the following four steps: retrieve, reuse, revise, and retain 1. This is a more useful method than the use of an expert system to simulate human thought because proposing a similar case and applying a few modifications seems to be self explanatory and more intuitive to humans .So various case based design support tools have been developed for numerous areas2-4, such as in injection molding and design, architectural design, die casting die design, process planning, and also in fixture design. Sun used six digitals to compose the index code that included workpiece shape, machine portion, bushing, the 1st locating device, the 2nd locating device and clamping device5. But the system cannot be used for other fixture types except for drill fixtures, and cannot solve the problem of storage of the same index code that needs to be retained, which is very important in CBR6.1 Construction of a Case Index and Case Library1.1 Case indexThe case index should be composed of all features of the workpiece, which are distinguished from different fixtures. Using all of them would make the operation in convenient. Because the forms of the parts are diverse, and the technology requirements of manufacture in the enterprise also develop continuously, lots of features used as the case index will make the search rate slow, and the main feature unimportant, for the reason that the relative weight which is allotted to every feature must diminish. And on the other hand, it is hard to include all the features in the case index.Therefore, considering the practicality and the demand of rapid design, the case index includes both the major feature of the workpiece and the structure of fixture. The case index code is made up of 16 digits: 13 digits for case features and 3 digits for case identification number.The first 13 digits represent 13 features. Each digit is corresponding to an attribute of the feature, which may be one of“*”, “？”, “1”, “2”,“A”,“B”, “Z”, etc. In which, “*” means anyone, “?” uncertain, “0” nothing.The system rules: fixture type, workpiece shape, locating model cannot be “*”or“?”. When the system is designed, the attribute information of the three items does not have these options, which means the certain attribute must be selected. The last three digits are the case identification number, which means the 13 digits of the case feature are the same, and the number of these three digits is used for distinguishing them.The system also rules: “000” is a prototype case, which is used for retrieval, and other cases are “001”,“002”, which are used for reference cases to be searched by designers. If occasionally one of them needs to be changed as the prototype case, first it must be required to apply to change the one to “000”, and the former is changed to referential case automatically.The construction of the case index code is shown in Fig.1.1.2 Case libraryThe case library consists of lots of predefined cases. Case representation is one of the most important issues in case based reasoning. So compounding with the index code,.1.3 Hierarchical form of CaseThe structure similarity of the fixture is represented as the whole fixture similarity, components similarity and component similarity. So the whole fixture case library, components case library, component case library of fixture are formed correspondingly. Usually design information of the whole fixture is composed of workpiece information and workpiece procedure information, which represent the fixture satisfying the specifically designing function demand. The whole fixture case is made up of function components, which are described by the function components names and numbers. The components case represents the members. (function component and other structure components， main driven parameter, the number, and their constrain relations.) The component case (the lowest layer of the fixture) is the structure of function component and other components. In the modern fixture design there are lots of parametric standard parts and common non standard parts. So the component case library should record the specification parameter and the way in which it keeps them. 2 Strategy of Case RetrievalIn the case based design of fixtures ,the most important thing is the retrieval of the similarity, which can help to obtain the most similar case, and to cut down the time of adaptation. According to the requirement of fixture design, the strategy of case retrieval combines the way of the nearest neighbor and knowledge guided. That is, first search on depth, then on breadth; the knowledge guided strategy means to search on the knowledge rule from root to the object, which is firstly searched by the fixture type, then by the shape of the workpiece, thirdly by the locating method. For example, if the case index code includes the milling fixture of fixture type, the search is just for all milling fixtures, then for box of workpiece shape, the third for 1plane+ 2pine of locating method. If there is no match of it, then the search stops on depth, and returns to the upper layer, and retrieves all the relative cases on breadth.Retrieval algorithms:1)According to the case index information of fixture case library, search the relevant case library;2)Match the case index code with the code of each case of the case library, and calculate the value of the similarity measure;3)Sort the order of similarity measure, the biggest value, which is the most analogical case.Similarity between two cases is based on the similarity between the two cases. features. The calculation of similarity measure depends on the type of the feature. The value of similarity can be calculated for numerical values, for example, compareWorkpiece with the weight of 50kg and 20kg. The value can also be calculated between non numerical values, for example, now the first 13 digits index code is all non numerical values. The similarity measure of a fixture is calculated as follows: where S is the similarity measure of current fixture, n is the number of the index feature, is the weight of each feature, is the similarity measure of the attribute of the i2th feature with the attributeof relative feature of the j-th case in the case library. At the same time, , the value counts as follows:.Where is the value of the index attribute of the i-th feature, and is the value of attribute of the relative i-th feature of the j-th case in case library.So there are two methods to select the analogical fixture. One is to set the value. If the values of similarity measure of current cases were less than a given value, those cases would not be selected as analogical cases. When the case library is initially set up, and there are only a few cases, the value can be set smaller. If there are lots of analogical cases, the value should get larger. The other is just to set the number of the analogical cases (such as10), which is the largest value of similarity measure from the sorted order.3 Case adaptation and Case Storage3.1 Case adaptation The modification of the analogical case in the fixture design includes the following three cases:1) The substitution of components and the component;2) Adjusting the dimension of components and the component while the form remains; 3) The redesign of the model.If the components and component of the fixture are common objects, they can be edited, substituted and deleted with tools, which have been designed.3.2 Case storageBefore saving a new fixture case in the case library, the designer must consider whether the saving is valuable. If the case does not increase the knowledge of the system, it is not necessary to store it in the case library. If it is valuable, then the designer must analyze it before saving it to see whether the case is stored as a prototype case or as reference case. A prototype case is a representation that can describe the main features of a case family. A case family consists of those cases whose index codes have the same first 13 digits and different last three digits in the case library. The last three digits of a prototype case are always “000”. A reference case belongs to the same family as the prototype case and is distinguished by the different last three digits.From the concept that has been explained, the following strategies are adopted:1) If a new case matches any existing case family, it has the same first 13 digits as an existing prototype case, so the case is not saved because it is represented well by the prototype case. Or is just saved as a reference case (the last 3 digits are not “000”, and not the same with others) in the case library.2) If a new case matches any existing case family and is thought to be better at representing this case family than the previous prototype case, then the prototype case is substituted by this new case, and the previous prototype case is saved as a reference case.3) If a new case does not match any existing case family, a new case family will be generated automatically and the case is stored as the prototype case in the case library.4 Process of CBR in Fixture DesignAccording to the characteristics of fixture design, the basic information of the fixture design such as the name of fixture, part, product and the designer, etc. must be input first. Then the fixture file is set up automatically, in which all components of the fixture are put together. Then the model of the workpiece is input or designed. The detailed information about the workpiece is input, the case index code is set up, and then the CBR begins to search the analogical cases, relying on the similarity measure, and the most analogical case is selected out. If needed, the case is adapted to satisfy the current design, and restored into the case library. The flowchart of the process is shown in Fig.3.5 ConclusionCBR, as a problem solving methodology, is a more efficient method than an expert system to simulate human thought, and has been developed in many domains where knowledge is difficult to acquire. The advantages of the CBR are as follows: it resembles human thought more closely; the building of a case library which has self learning ability by saving new cases is easier and faster than the building of a rule library; and it supports a better transfer and explanation of new knowledge that is more different than the rule library. A proposed fixture design framework on the CBR has been implemented by using Visual C +, UG/Open API in U n graphics with Oracle as database support, which also has been integrated with the 32D parametric common component library, common components library and typical fixture library. The prototype system, developed here, is used for the aviation project, and aids the fixture designers to improve the design efficiency and reuse previous design resources. 附录B 外文翻译-翻译 基于事例推理的夹具设计研究与应用夹具是以确定工件安全定位准确为目的的装置，并在加工过程中保持工件与刀具或机床的位置一致不变。因为夹具的结构依赖于产品的特点和在企业规划中加工工序的地位,所以它的设计是制造过程中的瓶颈,制约着效率的提高. 夹具设计是一个复杂的过程,需要有从大量的设计论文中了解质量知识的经验，这些设计论文包括工件的结构设计、涉及加工工艺，和加工环境。当用这些擅长绘制详细设计图的传统的CAD工具（如Unigraphics、CATIA、Pro/E)时,这仍然是一项非常耗时的工作，但是利用以往的设计经验和资源也不能提供一些益处,而这正是提高效率的关键因素. 基于事例推理 (CBR) 的方法适应以往个案解决的办法,建立一个新问题的方法,主要有以下四步骤:检索、利用、修改,并保留.这是一个比用专业系统模仿人类思维有用的使用方法，因为提出一个类似的情况,和采用一些修改,似乎不言自明,而且比人类更直观.所以支持不同事例的设计工具已经在诸多领域中发展起来，如在注射成型及设计、建筑设计、模具设计投死, 规划过程中,还有夹具设计. 孙用六个数字组成代码参数,包括工件的形状、机械部分、轴衬,第一定位装置,第二定位装置和夹紧装置. 但这个系统不能用于除钻床夹具外的其他夹具类型,不能解决储存需要保留的同一参数代码的问题,这在CBR中是非常重要的.1、事例参数和事例图书馆的建立1.1事例参数事例参数应该由工件的所有的特征组成，来区别不同的夹具. 使用他们能够使操作方便. 因为零件的形状是多种多样的, 在生产企业中制造的技术要求也不断发展,许多特征作被用做事例参数将会使搜索速度降低,其主要特征是不重要的,因为分配给每个特征的比重必须减少. 另一方面,事例参数包含所有的特征是困难的。 因此,考虑到实际和快速设计的需求,事例参数要包含工件的主要特征和夹具的结构。事例参数代码由16位数组成：13位数是事例特征 3位数是事例识别数字。 前13位数代表13个特征。 每个数字与特征的一个属性相一致,这可能是*、？、1、2，A、B,，Z，等其中的一个。其中，*是指任何一个,?代表不确定,0代表没有。 系统规定:夹具的类型，工件的形状，位置模式不能是*和?。在设计系统时,三个项目的属性信息没有这些选择,这就意味着必须选择确定的属性。最后三位数是事例识别号码,如果事例特征的13位数是一样的,这三个数字就用来区别他们。该系统还规定:000是用于修正的一个典型事例,其他事例001、002、,这些是用于设计师查找参考事例的. 如果其中一个偶尔需要改变成典型事例,首先它必须要求改成000,前面的自动变成参考事例. 事例索引码的结构如图1所示。 1夹具类型； 6工件重量； 11夹紧模型； 2工件形状； 7工件刚度； 12夹具体； 3工件材料； 8加工内容； 13其他； 4批 量； 9过程所有物； 14到16事例识别码； 5工件比例； 10定位模型； 图1 事例索引码的结构1.2事例库事例库由许多预定义的事例组成。事例的描述是基于事例推理的最重要的问题之一。所以由索引码复合。1.3 事例的层次化夹具的结构相似被认为是整个夹具，成分和内容相似。所以，整个夹具事例库，成分事例库，夹具的成分事例库形成相同。整个夹具的设计资料通常是由工件资料和工件加工资料组成,这就意味着夹具的设计应满足特别功能的需求.全部夹具事例是由功能成分组成，它是用功能成分的名字和数字来进行描述的。成分事例代表成员（成分功能和其他结构成分，主要驱动参数，数字，和它们的约束关系）。成分事例（夹具的最低层）是功能成分和和其他成分的结构。在现代夹具设计中有很多参数化准件和普通非标准件。所以成分事例图书馆应记录特殊参数和保持它们的方法。2、事例修改
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