IROS2019国际学术会议论文集2293

1、Designing a Mechanical Tool for Robots with 2-Finger Parallel Grippers Zhengtao Hu1, Weiwei Wan1,2, and Kensuke Harada1,2 AbstractThis work designs a mechanical tool for robots with 2-fi nger parallel grippers, which extends the functionality of the robotic gripper without additional requirements on

2、 tool exchangers or other actuators. The fundamental kinematic structure of the mechanical tool is two symmetric parallelo- grams which transmit the motion of the robotic gripper to the tooltips. Four torsion springs are attached to the four inner joints of the two parallelograms to reopen the tool

3、as the robotic gripper releases. The forces and transmission are analyzed in detail to make sure the tool reacts well with respect to the gripping forces and the spring stiff ness. Based on the kinematic structure, various tooltips were designed for the mechanical tool to perform diff erent tasks. T

4、he designed tool could be treated as a normal object and be picked up and used by automatically planned grasps. A robot may locate the tool through the AR markers attached to the tool body, grasp the tool by selecting an automatically planned grasp, and move the tool from any arbitrary pose to a spe

5、cifi c pose to perform various tasks. The robot may also determine the optimal grasps and usage according to the requirements of given tasks. I. Introduction Manufacturing requires fast reconfi guration of robotic sys- tems to adapt to various products. Especially in the process of assembly, it is a

6、 challenge for robots to process a variety of components fast and precisely. Thus, developing robotic systems to handle a wide range of objects in a reliable and low-cost way is highly demanded. In the past decades, various robotic hands, tool changers, and fi nger-tip changers were designed to deal

7、 with diff erent objects and expand the feasible grasp scopes. While the tool changers and fi nger-tip changers increased the fl exibility of robot systems, their drawbacks are also obvious. They require a power supply, vacuum supply, or delicate mechanism and control to assure the fi rm connection

8、between the actuators and a robot end. The tools and fi nger- tips have to be designed specifi cally for various robots and switchers. In this paper, we propose a solution by designing a mechanical tool for robots with 2-fi nger parallel grippers (Fig.1(b). Like the many tools designed for human han

9、ds (Fig.1(a), the mechanical tool is general and independent from specifi c robots. Any robot with 2-fi nger parallel grip- pers could recognize, grasp, and use the tool. The tool could have lots of variations in the tooltips. A robot may select and use diff erent ones to fi nish diff erent tasks. T

10、he tool is purely mechanical. There are no additional requirements for power cables or air tubes. There is also no special requirements for 1Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Japan. 2National Inst. of AIST, Japan. *Correspondent author: Weiwei Wan, wansys.es.osaka-u.ac.jp Fig

11、. 1: (a) Various tools designed for human hands. (b) A mechanical tool designed for parallel robotic grippers. The tool is purely mechanical. There are no additional requirements for power cables or air tubes. Any robots with parallel grippers could use it. robotic end-eff ectors. The tool could be

12、used by any robots with 2-fi nger parallel grippers. The features of the design are: (i) The tool is mechanical and is only manipulated and actuated by robotic grippers. (ii) The tool can be designed with various tooltips adapted for diff erent tasks. (iii) The tool can be placed at an arbitrary pos

13、e in the workspace, and be recognized, grasped, manip- ulated, and used by parallel robotic grippers. In the following sections, we will discuss the details of the design, including the kinematic structure, the analysis and optimization of grabbing force and sizes, and the consid- eration of stable

14、placements, recognition, pose adjustment, and working poses. We carry out experiments to analyze the performance of the design, as well as develop a robot system that uses the tools with diff erent tips to pick up various objects. The experiments and analysis show that the mechanical tool is a fl ex

15、ible alternative to tool changers and fi nger-tip changers. With the help of visual detection and motion planning algorithms, robots are able to automatically recognize and use the tool to perform a wide range of tasks. II. Related Work We in this section review the related studies by separating the

16、m into three categories: (i) Robotic gripper design, (ii) the IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters (RAL) paper presented at the 2019 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) Macau, China, November 4-8, 2019 Copyright 2019 IEEE design of robot hand changers, and (iii

17、) grasp and regrasp planning. A. Robotic gripper design Designing robotic grippers is an old problem that has been extensively studied in industry. The most notable reading materials about gripper designs are the books written by Monkman et al. 1 and Wolf et al. 2. They not only discussed the mechan

18、isms but also the actuation system. Compared to them, our focus is on the mechanical design part. The actuation force of our tool is exerted by the robotic gripper. Especially, we use two symmetric parallelograms as the transmission mechanism of the tool and used the soft- fi nger contact model 3 to

19、 analyze the contact forces and torques between the robotic gripper and the tool as well as between the tool and the object to be grasped. The tool reopens after being released by taking advantages of the energy stored in some elastic components (torsion springs). The tool does not have an active ac

20、tuation system. It is passively driven by robotic grippers. The parallelogram is a popular and widely seen mecha- nism in robotic gripper design. For example, Hassan et al. 4 presented a novel gripper for “pick and place” tasks. One of their multiple fi ngers was active, and was driven by a motor vi

21、a a four-bar mechanism. Kocabas et al. 5 presented a one DOF gripper for power grasping. It consisted of a spherical symmetrical parallelogram to envelope objects. Triyonoputro et al. 6 and Nie et al. 7 developed a double jaw hand for grasping and assembly. The inner and outer grippers were made by

22、four parallelograms that could work together to align and hold multiple objects. Elastic components are widely used in underactuated hands to make up the insuffi ciency of actuators. For example, Laliberte et al. 8 and Birglen et al. 9 used elastic com- ponents to switch parallel grippers to a compl

23、iant mode and trigger power grasps. Ma et al. 10 used rubber connections between fi nger links as the elastic components to implement adaptive, shape-enveloping underactuated hands. Chen et al. 11 compared the adaptability of diff erent underactuated mechanisms implemented with elastic components. O

24、ur tool design also uses parallelograms and elastic com- ponents. The diff erence is instead of a gripper, our design goal is a tool that can be grasped and used by a robot as extended end-eff ectors. B. The design of robot hand changers Robot hand changers originate from the tool changers used in C

25、omputer Numerical Control (CNC) machines 12 13 14, and are still widely studied 15 16. A recent development in robot hand changers has two trends. The fi rst is developing automatic tool changers for mobile manipulators. Some of them are electro-mechanically actuated, like the one presented in 17. S

26、ome others are passive, like the one presented in 18 which used passive mechanisms actuated by host robots. Other than the tool changers, some studies design interfaces for robot end- eff ectors. An example is the da Vinci Surgical Research Kit 19. The idea is to set an adapter between the tool and

27、the original end-eff ector. A fi nger-tip changer 20 with specially designed fi ngertips 21 shares the similar idea. The aforementioned studies all provide eff ective ways to change hands for robots. However, the effi ciency of the exchanging process remains problematic. Unlike them, we in this pape

28、r design a mechanical tool for parallel robot grippers. The design is passive and does not need any power or air supply. A robot may automatically determine how to grasp the tool. A grasp pose has 3 Degree of Freedoms (DoFs), including the position inside the robotic gripper (2 DoFs), and the rotati

29、on (1 DoF). It increases the fl exibility of a robot arm. Thus, tools are more advantageous than the hand changers or fi ngertip changers which are fi xed in the local coordinate system of a robot end. C. Grasp and regrasp planning Besides the design, this work also uses automatic recogni- tion to r

30、ecognize the tool, and uses motion planning to adjust and use the tool. The automatic recognition and motion planning are based on several of our previous studies: Wan et al. 22 presented a motion planning method for assembly tasks. In the work, a 3D vision system was employed to detect human operat

31、ion and learn the geometric constraints between assembled objects. A multi-modal planner was used to plan the motion of robots to reorient and assemble objects following the learned geometric constraints. Raessa et al. 23 proposed a method to teach a dual-arm robot to use electric tools. Grasp and r

32、egrasp planning were implemented to adjust the work pose of the tool following 24. Sanchez et al. 25 developed a planner with orientation constraints to manipulate a tethered tool. Beyond our group, similar studies about the grasp and regrasp planning could be found in 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, etc. III.

33、Design and Optimization This section presents the details of design and optimiza- tion, including the kinematic structure, the optimization of forces and sizes, as well as the variation in tooltips. A. The kinematic structure The tools designed for human hands usually have a rotational joint, as sho

34、wn in Fig.1(a). The reason is that the rotational grab formed by the thumb is the main synergy of human hands 31, as shown in Fig.2(a). Likewise, a tool designed for parallel robotic grippers (Fig.2(b) is best to have a parallel mechanism to cater to the parallel motion of the robotic gripper. An in

35、tuitive idea to implement parallel motion is to use sliding rails. Linear springs may be attached to the rails to help return to the initial state after releasing. Fig.3(a) illustrates the idea. This idea is easy to understand, but is diffi cult to assure stable parallel motion. Fig.3(b) shows the f

36、ree body diagram of the intuitive mechanism. To meet the momentum equilibrium, equation FAdA FBdB= 0. That is, dAand dBmust equal to each other. To assure a stable parallel motion, the contact can only be applied at the center Fig. 2: (a) The main synergy of a human hand. The thumb and the remaining

37、 fi ngers form a rotational grab. The tools designed for human hands thus usually have a rotational joint. (b) The motion of a parallel robotic gripper. The tool designed for it is best to have a parallel mechanism. of the two springs, which severely decreases the possible grasp confi gurations and

38、increases the diffi culty of automatic manipulation planning. Fig. 3: (a) The motion of an intuitive parallel mechanism made by sliding rails and linear springs. (b) The free body diagram of the intuitive mechanism. (c) A parallel mecha- nism made of two symmetric parallelograms. In this case, the b

39、ase frame will move backward while the tool is closed. (d) An inversed design of (c). In this case, the base frame will move forward while the tool is closed. Instead of the simple sliding rails, we design the tool by using two symmetric parallelograms, as shown in Fig.3(c) and Fig.3(d). The two par

40、allelograms allow the force from robotic grippers to be evenly distributed to the joints, and could therefore better assure stable parallel motion. Both of the two confi gurations in Fig.3(c) and Fig.3(d) can provide parallel motion transmission. The confi guration in Fig.3(c) is selected since the

41、confi guration shown in Fig.3(d) is less stable. The details will be explained in the force analysis subsection. Fig.4 shows the design. The jaw is fully opened and closed in Fig.4(a) and (b) respectively. The two parallelograms are symmetric and force the two tooltips to move in parallel. Four tors

42、ion springs are installed at joints P1P4. The torsion springs are concentric with the rotating shafts. The ends of the torsion springs are fi xed to the base frame and the angular links. The torsion springs provide resistance forces to prevent the tool from sliding out of the robotic gripper. They a

43、lso provide forces to reopen the tool as the robotic gripper releases. The torsion springs are installed with a pre-angle , which is determined by the stopper crafted in the base frame. The torque exerted by a spring to an angular link is: Tspring= ( + ),(1) Fig. 4: The designed mechanical tool. (a)

44、 The tool is com- pletely open. (b) The tool is closed. Torsion springs shown in the circle are installed at joints P1P4. where Tspringis the exerted torque. is the pre-angle. is the elastic coeffi cient. is the rotational angle of the angular link. Choosing a proper is an optimization problem. On t

45、he one hand, with the same , a large provides a large resistance force to robot grippers and hence provides larger friction to prevent the tool from sliding out of the robot gripper. It also leads to a shorter stroke of the robotic gripper to get the same transmitted force. On the other hand, if is

46、too large, the robot gripper has to exert a very large force to overcome the tension of the torsion springs. In the worst case, the tool may not be closed. The details of the optimization and force analysis will be discussed in the next subsections. B. Force analysis In this subsection, we analyze t

47、he forces between the tool and a robot gripper to optimize the design. The subsection comprises two parts. In the fi rst part, we analyze the condi- tion for a robot gripper to fi rmly hold the tool as well as the relationship between robot grasping force and the resistance force from the torsion sp

48、rings. In the second part, we analyze the maximum weight of objects that can be pick up by the tool. 1) Holding the tool: We model the contact between the robot gripper and the tool as a soft fi nger contact. Following 32 33, the force and friction exerted by the robot gripper can be computed by: f2

49、 gripper+ T2 gripper e2 gripper 6 2 gripperF 2 gripper, (2) where fgripperis the tangential force at the contact. Tgripperis the torque at the contact. Fgripperis the gripping force exerted by the robot gripper. egripperis an eccentricity parameter computed as the ratio between the maximum friction

50、and the maximum friction torque on the contact surface: egripper= max(Tgripper) max(fgripper) .(3) The free body diagram when the tool is held by a robot gripper is shown in Fig.5. Here, is the angle between the tool and the direction of gravity. It is called the tool angle. dcomis the distance betw

51、een the grasping point and the center of mass com of the tool. By using the symbols shown in the fi gure and the soft fi nger contact model, we can get the condition to hold the tool as: dcom6 egripper v t 42 gripperF 2 gripper G2 tool G2 toolsin 22 gripperF 2 gripper .(4) When dcomequals 0, there i

52、s no torque at the contact. The robot gripper can hold the tool as long as 2Fgripper Gtool. When dcomis not 0, the Fgripperneeded to hold the tool is a function of dcom, Gtool, tool, and . Fig. 5: The free body diagram when the tool is held by a robot gripper. Fgripperis the force exerted by the rob

53、ot gripper. When the tool is held fi rmly by the robotic gripper, the relationship between Fgripperand the torque exerted by the torsional springs Tspringis: Fgripper= Gtoolcostan 2 + 2Tspring rtoolcos .(5) The gripping force equals to the resistance force induced by the torsion spring and the gravi

54、ty. The equation shows (i) Fgripper Gtoolwhen (90,90), and (ii) d is irrelevant and the resistance force is the same at any grasping point. The fi rst point further implies that when (90,90), a larger gravity leads to a larger resistance force and hence a larger contact force (a larger friction) bet

55、ween the robot gripper and the tool. The implication reveals another advan- tage of the confi guration in Fig.3(c) over the one in Fig.3(d). The force relations of Fig.3(d) is Fgripper= Gtool costan 2 + 2Tspring rtoolcos ,(6) where Fgripper Gtoolwhen (90,90). In this case, the gravity of the base fr

56、ame reduces the friction and makes the hold less stable. Thus, the confi guration in Fig.3(c) is preferrable than the one in Fig.3(d) when (90,90). 2) Grasping an object using the tool: Next, we analyze the maximum weight of objects that can be pick up by the tool. The contact between the object and

57、 the tool is also modeled using the soft fi nger contact. The force exerted by the tool to the object could be computed as Ftool= Fgripper Gtoolcostan 2 2Tspring rtoolcos .(7) Using the soft fi nger contact model shown in equation (2) and (3), the friction coeffi cient toolat the contact between the

58、 tool and the object must meet tool Gobj 2Ftool v t 1 + r2 obj e2 tool (8) to assure the object could be stably clamped by the tool. Here, etoolis the eccentricity of the soft contact between the tooltip and the object. When equation (8) is met, the maximum weight of an object that can be pick up by

59、 the tool can be computed as follows. The meanings of the symbols are noted in Fig.6. Fig. 6: The free body diagram when the tool is holding an object. Fgripperis the force exerted by the robot gripper. When the force and torque are balanced, we get: 2ftoolGtool fobj= 0,(9) Gtooldcomsin + 2Ttool fobjdtooltipsin = 0.(10) The maximum weight of the object to be held can be com- puted using equations (9), (10), and t