小升初英语语法概括

1、小升初英语要点归纳 一、名词(一)名词的分类：名词分为普通名词和专有名词，其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词可用作单数，也可用作复数。1.可数名词包括个体名词(表示一类人或物的个体，如：girl，desk，dog，window, book，pen)和集体名词(由若干个体组成的集合体，如：family，class，people)2.不可数名词包括物质名词(表示无法分为个体的实物，如：water，paper，silk，honey, cream，money。)和抽象名词(表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念，如：work，happiness，music，difficulty，beau

2、ty, youth，poverty)3.专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。如：Tom，the Great Wall，the Spring Festival，France，China，Christmas(二)名词的数1可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种：(1)一般情况下，在词尾加s。egbook-books，hat-hats，pencil-pencils，girl-girls以轻辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为s，以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s读音为z。在ptkf/等清辅音后s：cups，cats，books，photographsbdgv等浊辅音后z：cards，bag

3、s，knives，labs，lions(2)以s，x，ch，sh结尾的词名词变复数时，要在词尾加es。egbeach-beaches，brush-brushes，bus-buses，box-boxes，class-classes， glass-glasses，lunch-lunches(3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，先变y为i，再加es。egbaby-babies city-cities，family-families，country-countries，strawberry-strawberries(ies读音为iz)注：以“元音字母+y”结尾的词，直接在词尾加-s。egholidays

4、，days，plays，ways，donkeys，boys，toys(4)以元音字母结尾的名词，变复数时情况如下：加estomato-tomatoes，potato-potatoes，hero-heroes结尾是两个元音字母的加s，egZooZoos，radio-radios但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。 如：radio-radios，zoo-zoos，photophotos，pianopianos，kilo-kilos，tobacco-tobaccos，zero-zeroszeroes，kangaroo-kangaroos一些名词的缩写形式变复数时，词尾加s，

5、egphoto(photograph)-photos，kilo(kilogram)kiloszero变复数时，既可加s，也可加eszeroszeroes(5)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时，先把f或fe变为v，再加es。egwife-wives，leaf-leaves，half-halves，knife-knives，thief-thieves shelf-shelves(yes读音为vz)(注意例外情况：roof-roofs，chief-chiefs，gulf-gulfs)(6)有些名词由单数变复数时，不是在词尾加s或es，而是变换其中的字母，egman-men，woman-women，pol

6、iceman-policemen， Englishman-Englishmen，Frenchman-Frenchmen， foot-feet， tooth-teeth， child-children，mouse-mice， (7)还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。egChinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，fish，salmon(鲑鱼)，trout(鳟鱼) a sheep five sheep a deer five deer(8)有些名词本身即是复数形式，例如集合名词，指代的是一个群体，因此不可用作单数。egpeople，police这类名词指的是全体人民，全体警察。Peop

7、le in this country are very friendlytrousers，pants，clothes，scissors，glasses这类名词是成双成对的，因此用作复数形式，作句子主语的时候谓语动词用复数。egThese clothes are mine注：当一个名词作定语修饰另一个名词时，变复数时只把后一个名词变成复数。egan apple tree，five apple trees； a girl friend，two girl friends；a shoe factory many shoe factories；a car accident，three car accid

8、ents；但是，当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时，要把man和woman也变成复数形式。eg a man teacher, two men teachers； a woman doctor, three women doctors2不可数名词一般没有复数形式，但是可以用一些量词来表示不可数名词的数量。(1)表不定数量时，一般用much，(a)1ittle，a lot oflots of，some，any等词修饰。egmuch money, a little bread，a lot of ice cream，some juice(2)表确定数量时，一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词。变

9、复数时可以把前面的量词变成复数。ega bottle of milk；a glass of water, a can of beer, a piece of papertwo bottles of milk，two pieces of paper, two glasses of water注：我们也可用“量词+of+名词复数”这一结构表示可数名词的数量。ega box of oranges，two bags of books，a room of students3(1)有些物质名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词，但词义有所变化。eg：fruit水果-fruits表示不同种类的水果；food食物

10、-foods各种食品；fish鱼-fishes鱼的种类；drink饮料、酒-a drink一杯一份饮料、一杯酒；cloth布-a cloth桌布、抹布； sand沙-sands沙滩；tea茶-a tea一杯茶；chicken鸡肉-a chicken小鸡；orange橘汁-an orange橘子；glass玻璃- a glass玻璃杯，glasses眼镜；paper纸-a paper试卷、论文；wood木头-a wood小森林；room空间、余地-a room房间2)有些抽象名词变为复数时，词义有所不同。good(好处，益处)-goods(货物)， custom(风俗)-customs(海关)，

11、spirit(精神)-spirits(情绪)，manner(方式)-manners(礼貌)，force-forces(武装力量)，communication(通讯)-communications(通讯系统，通讯工具)，cloth(布)-clothes(衣服)，content(内容)-contents(目录)，convenience(便利)-conveniences(便利设备)，humanity(人类)-humanities(人文科学)，necessity(需要)-necessities(必需品)，pain(疼痛)-pains(辛劳)，ruin(毁灭)-ruins(废墟，遗迹)，sand(沙子)

12、-sands(沙地，沙滩)，wood(木材)-woods(树林)，work(工作)-works(工厂，著作)，air-airs(架子，神气)。 二、代词1.人称代词主格宾格形容词性物主代词(短)名词性物主代词（长）我Ime my mine你 you you your yours他 he him his his她 she her her hers我们 we us our ours你们 you you your yours他们 they them their theirs口诀：主格应该作主语，放在句子的开头;宾格应该作宾语，放在动词介词后；形容词性的物主代词不能单独用，必须接名词或其他词；名词性的

13、物主代词，单独使用就可以。如：I am a student.What is your name?His bag is on the desk. That one is not his.We can from America. We are friends.Let me help you.These shoes are nice. Try them on.They are drinking tea.2.代词的指代问题1）不定代词 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone，someone，everyone，no one，及whoever和person在正式场合使用时，可用he

14、，his，him代替。Nobody came，did he？谁也没来，是吗？2）动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替，有时也用he，she，带有亲切的感情色彩。Give the cat some food. She is hungry.给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。3）指代车或国家，船舶的名词，含感情色彩时常用she.I like China . Because she is very beautiful.3.并列人称代词的排列顺序1）单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：第二人称 第三人称 第一人称you he/she/it IYou，he and I should return on time.

15、2）复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：第一人称 第二人称 第三人称weyou They注意：在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面：a. 在承认错误，承担责任时，It was I and John that made her angry.是我和约翰惹她生气了。b. 在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称，如：I and you try to finish it.c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时，I and he are good friends.d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。I and the tall girl are in the same class.三、动词1. b

16、e动词：am is are 2. 实义动词：have go come take get buy pass sit stand have talk walk see catch put等。动词的变化形式：动词的第三人称单数、动词+ing、动词的过去式（详见 时态）3. 情态动词：情态动词can, must, should 后面直接用动词原形。如： I / He / She / They can sing. You should keep quiet in the library. You mustnt play with fire. Can you help me?4. 使役动词：have, m

17、ake, let后面直接用动词原形。如：Let me help you.Mother made Jim stay at home all day.四、疑问词1. what who whose which where when why how 2. “Wh-” questions:What are you doing?What colour is it?What time is it? Whats the time?Which is your watch, the yellow one or the white one?Whos the man with a big nose?Whose bag

18、 is it?When is your birthday?Where is my ball pen?Why do you like summer?How many books are there in the school bag?How old is the young man?How much is the toy bear?How do you go to school everyday?五、形容词big small little large tall long short fat thin old new young clean dirty warm hot cool cold fas

19、t slow lazy busy cheap early late high low tired hungry thirsty beautiful delicious expensive favourite friendly popular六、副词副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。一、副词的位置：1） 在动词之前。2） 在be动词、助动词之后。 3） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。注意： a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。 We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. b

20、. 方式副词well，badly糟、坏，hard等只放在句尾。 He speaks English well.二、副词的排列顺序：1） 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。2） 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。 Please write slowly and carefully.3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。 改错：(错) I very like English. (对) I like English very much.注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名

21、词前后都可。 I dont know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to 七、比较级和最高级1一般在形容词或副词后+erolder taller longer stronger 2. 多音节词前+moremore interesting more exciting 3. 双写最后一个字母，再+erbigger fatter4. 把y变i，再+erheavier earlier5. 不规则变化：well-better much/many-mo

22、re6. favourite 没有比较级和最高级如下表：形容词（原级） 比较级 最高级 old older the oldest new newer the newest thin thinner the thinnest big bigger the biggest heavy heavier the heaviest early earlier the earliest boringmore boring the most boring difficult more difficult the most difficult expensive more expensive the most

23、 expensive八、介词in on at under in front of behind after over across into out of beside near next to 九、时态（一）一般现在时，通常用 “usually, often, every day, sometimes”。 1一般现在时表示经常或习惯性的动作，也可表示现在的状态或主语具备的性格和能力。 2一般现在时中，没有be动词和情态动词，主语为第三人称单数的肯定句，动词要按规则加上s，主语是非第三人称单数的肯定句，动词用原形。 3在一般现在时中，句中有be动词或情态动词时，否定句在be动词和情态动词后加n

24、ot，一般疑问句将be动词或情态动词放在句首。 4在一般现在时中，句中没有be动词或情态动词时，主语为第三人称单数的否定句在动词前加does+not (doesnt)，一般疑问句在句首加does，句子中原有动词用原形；主语为非第三人称单数，否定句用do+not (dont)，一般疑问句在句首加do，句子中动词用原形。 动词+s的变化规则 1一般情况下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks 2 以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes 3以“辅音字母+y”结尾，

25、变y为i, 再加-es，如：study-studies （二）现在进行时 be doing, 通常用 “Look!”“now”.1现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。 2现在进行时的肯定句基本结构为be+动词ing. 3现在进行时的否定句在be后加not。 4现在进行时的一般疑问句把be动词调到句首。 动词加ing的变化规则 1一般情况下，直接加ing，如：cook-cooking 2以不发音的e结尾，去e加ing，如：make-making, taste-tasting 3如果末尾是一个元音字母和一个辅音字母，双写末尾的辅音字母，再加i

26、ng，如：run-running, stop-stopping （三）一般将来时be going to 1be going to 表示将要发生的事或打算、计划、决定要做的事情。 2肯定句：be going to +动词原形，如：Jim is going to play football. 否定句：be not going to +动词原形, 如：Jim is not going to play football. 一般疑问句：把be动词调到句首, 如：Is Jim going to play football? 特殊疑问句：疑问词+be+主语+going to+动词原形？如：What is J

27、im going to do? 疑问词当主语时：疑问词+be+going to+动词原形？如：Who is going to play football? will1表示将要发生的事。2肯定句：I will go to the zoo tomorrow.否定句：I will not (wont) go to the zoo tomorrow.一般疑问句：Will you go to the zoo tomorrow?特殊疑问句：Who will go to the zoo tomorrow?Where will you go tomorrow?When will you go to the z

28、oo?（四）一般过去时 1一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。 2Be动词在一般过去时中的变化： am 和is在一般过去时中变为was。（was not=wasnt）are在一般过去时中变为were。（were not=werent） 带有was或were的句子，其否定、疑问的变化和is, am, are一样，即否定句在was或were后加not，一般疑问句把was或were调到句首。 3句中没有be动词的一般过去时的句子 否定句：didnt +动词原形，如：Jim didnt go home yesterda

29、y. 一般疑问句：在句首加did，句子中的动词过去式变回原形。如：Did Jim go home yesterday? 特殊疑问句：疑问词+did+主语+动词原形？如：What did Jim do yesterday? 疑问词当主语时：疑问词+动词过去式？如：Who went to home yesterday? 动词过去式变化规则： 1一般在动词末尾加-ed，如：pull-pulled, cook-cooked 2结尾是e加d，如：taste-tasted 3末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-ed，如：stop-stopped 4以“辅音字母+y”

30、结尾的，变y为i， 再加-ed，如：study-studied 5不规则动词过去式： am,is-was, are-were, do-did, see-saw, say-said, give-gave, get-got, go-went, come-came, have-had, eat-ate, take-took, run-ran, sing-sang, put-put, make-made, read-read, write-wrote, draw-drew, drink-drank, fly-flew, ride-rode, speak-spoke, sweep-swept, swim

31、-swam, sit-sat十、There be 句型1. 单数 可数名词There is an apple on the plate.Is there an apple on the plate?There isnt an apple on the plate?2. 复数 可数名词There are some apples on the table.Are there any apples on the table?There arent any apples on the table.3. 不可数名词There is some water in the glass.Is there any

32、 water in the glass?There isnt any water in the glass.十一、祈使句1. 祈使句的定义祈使句是用来发出命令或指示，提出要求、建议、劝告等的句子。祈使句的第二人称主语you通常不表示出来，而是以动词原形开头。例如：Be careful. 小心。Have a coffee, please. 请喝杯咖啡。Dont worry. 不要担心。2. 祈使句的主语(1)省略第二人称的主语Look out! Theres a car coming. 小心！有车来了。Dont touch me. 别碰我。(2)祈使句如需要强调对方时，亦可把you说出来。You

33、 be quiet! 你们安静！Dont you open the door.你不要开门。(3)祈使句亦可用第三人称作主语。Somebody open the door.（注意：要用动词原形）来个人把门打开。Henry read the poem first. （注意：要用动词原形）亨利先读这首诗。Parents with children go to the front. 带孩子的家长到前面去。Dont anybody open the door.（注意：要用dont而不是用doesnt）谁也不要开门。3祈使句的肯定与否定（1）肯定：a. 动词 多数的祈使句是以动词原形开头的Look rig

34、ht. Look left. Stand up. Sit down.Keep silence. Help! Close the door. Let me try.Let me see. Lets go.b. 形容词+表语Be quiet. Be quick. Be careful. Be seated.Be on time.Have a cup of tea, please.（2）否定：a. Dont +动词原形Dont walk. Dont litter. Dont touch. Dont move.Dont cry. Dont worry. Dont run. Dont write.Don

35、t make noise in class.Dont hit other children.Dont climb the trees.b. Dont + be 动词 + 表语Dont be late.Dont be nervous.c. No + 名词或动名词No swimming. No parking. No food. No smoking.No cameras. No bikes.祈使句的否定形式一般是在谓语动词前加上do not或dont（口语中），有时也可用never。若祈使句有主语，否定词dont或never要置于主语之前。Do not come in unless asked.

36、 非请莫入。Dont you believe it.决不要相信它。Dont anyone make any noise. 谁也不要吵吵闹闹。Never be late again next time. 下一次千万不要再迟到了。4. 祈使句：不同的口气Would you kindly open the door? （最客气）Will you please open the door? （客气）Please open the door.（客气）Open the door, will you? （客气）Just open the door.（对熟人的要求）Open the door.（略带命令口气）

37、Open the door, you? （傲气十足）5. 祈使句：强调可以在祈使句的动词原形之前加上do表示强调。Do be honest. 一定要诚实。Do be quiet a moment. 一定要安静一会儿。Do let me go. 一定让我去吧。Do tell me the reason. 务必告诉我理由。6. 祈使句：其他表达法Patience! 要有耐心！（名词） Hands up! 举起手来！（名词）Bottoms up! 干杯！（名词）After you! 您先请！（介词短语）Quickly! 快！（副词） 十二、必背句型1. What is your name?My na

38、me is Li Ming.2. How old are you?Im twelve (years old).3. How are you?Im fine, think you.4. What are you doing (now)?I am watching TV.5. What are you going to do tomorrow?I am going to play football.6. What will she do next?She will go shopping.7. What did you do yesterday?I saw a film.8. What colou

39、r is it?It is pink.9. What time is it? = Whats the time?Its 7 oclock.10. What your favourite subject?English is my favourite subject.11. Which is your watch, the yellow one or the white one?The yellow one.12. Which season do you like best?I like summer, because I can swim.13. Whos the man with a big

40、 nose?He is my uncle.14. Whose bag is it?Its my mothers.15. Whose socks are these?They are Jimmys.16. When is your birthday?My birthday is December, 12th.17. Where is my ball pen?It is in your pencil case.18. Why do you like summer?Beacause I can eat ice cream.19. How many books are there in the sch

41、ool bag?There are five books in my bag.20. How old is the young man?He is 70 years old.21. How much is the toy bear?It is 20 yuan.22. How do you go to school everyday?I go to school by bus everyday.23. Linlin is good at drawing./ Charle is not good at dancing.24. Jim is tall. Tom is taller than Jim.

42、 Sam is the tallest in our class.25. Betty dances well. Amy dances better than Betty. Sally dances best.26. There are four seasons in a year, spring, summer, autumn and winter.27. I like bananas. / I like running.28. Its time to go home.Its time to go to school. = Its time for school.29. Excuse me.3

43、0. You are welcome. = That all right.31. Nice to nice you. = Nice to see you.32. 打电话：Who is that?This is Tom (speaking).Exercises:一、Be动词用am, is, are 填空（不需要的用“/”表示）。1. My grandma _ a doctor.2. Xiao Ming _ twelve years old. He _ tall and thin.3. Lucy and Lily _ twins.4. There _ an eraser in the pencil

44、-case.5. There _ bananas on the table.6. There _ a book and three pencils on the desk.7. There _ a banana and some pears in the fridge.8. _ you a policeman?No , I _ not.9. _ she a student?Yes, she _.10. Who _ they?11. They _ my classmates, Wang lin and Zhang Jun.12. It _ 8 oclock.13. What day _ it t

45、oday?14. It _ Tuesday.15. PE _ my favourite class.16. This _ a yellow dress.17. These _ my old clothes.18. I Li Lei. She Lucy. She and I good friends.19. What these over there? Oh, they my sweaters.20. your book red? Yes, it .21. your book and pen red? No, they not.22. your books red? Yes.23. My clo

46、thes blue. His yellow.24. Lucy and Lily twins. They American. They look the same.25. Miss Gao our English teacher. She has a son.26. His name Sun Huimin. He in our class.27. The students of Class Three on the hill now.一、用a,an或the填空（不需要的用“/”表示）：1. This is Ann. She has apple. Its red apple.2. Can you

47、see teacher in the classroom? Which one?3. Where is teschers desk? Its near window.4. We can find “f” in the word “family”.5. Whats time? Its four oclock.6. Whos man in Picture One?7. Wheres cat? Its under table.8. Dont look at me. Look at teacher.9. students of Class One are playing football.10. It

48、s seven twenty in morning. Its time to go to school.11. Li Lei is at home. He wants to go to classroom.12. What colour is bird? Its white. Its white bird.二、用a, an, some 或any 填空。1. This is _ eraser.2. Its _ interesting movie.3. The race had _ exciting finish.4. My friend John is _ engineer and his wi

49、fe Susan is _ teacher. They have two daughters, Anna and Christine. They are not childern. Anna is _ air hostess and Christine is _ hairdresser. Anna has _ Italian car, but Christine has _ English bicycle. They dont live with therir parents: they have _ apartment. It is _ very nice apartment.5. Do y

50、ou have _ smaller trousers?No , we dont. But we have _ shorts.6. There is _ tea here, but is there _ sugar in that tin?No, there its _ sugar in this tin.Are there _ biscuits in the cupboard?There were _ here yeaterday, but there arent _ here now.7. Good morning, Mrs. What would you like?Id like _ meat.Ok. The beef is nice, too. Would you like _?No, thanks. My husband